MORNING, JUNE 81, 1914.
MAKING LIFE IM RUSSIA INTLEiRABt.ETOR JEWISH PEOPLE
V
Two
Thousand "Elucidations" frpm the Senate at St Petersburg r
9 I
THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL, PORTL AND, SUNDAY
-v -
By Kurt Aram.
Fourth Article.
(Copyright for Tn Oregon Journal by
th Kw York Time Company.)
n
wo can keep In oar ear th echoes ,
of those Russian bella, and In oof
mlnd'a era the sergeant's level on
which the Zarskl Listok stands, and
If we do not forget the ferocity with
watch fhe Gengbia Khan of Russia to
day warka against a?l intellectual ad-
vancement. even ' though it progress
toward nothing more than a conatlta
, tionai m one rc hy then shaU we be In a
, fairly suitable trans of mind to under
, a tend anti-Jewish legislation In Russia
i this modern malleus maleflcarum, a
duplicate of wtlch doe not exist any.
where la tha whole world.
Th beginning of this legislation
data from the time of Alexander IX.
' According to It. all Jews who war
I Russian subjects possessed tko right
( of domicile la the 29 Polish and too
, 14 neigh boring governments. At first
, glaaea thia swim a good deal, bat It
, makaa considerable .difference wbea
i ono eosaea to realise that Russia owns
about t administrative district, gov
ernments and province.
Therefore, at that time the Jews
possessed the right of domicile In only
' a quarter of the wkola of Russia. Th
Russlaa police at the time shut both
, eyes to this law, howerer. Under It
, four classes of Jews possessed the
, right of domicile In Russia. First,
i Jewish craftsmen of the first guild.
Including; the Jew In their employ-
y
s
t i
, v -
t
1 1 -
Minister of Justice Schezlovftoff,
ment craftsmen of this guild are such
ns pay 800 to 1000 rubles in trade
taxes. Second, Jews who had passed
throuirb some high school, pharmacists',
chemists' assistants, certificated den
tists, army surgeons, midwives and
students. Third, Jewish workmen and
their apprentices during the time of
their apprenticeship. Fourth, Jewish
soldiers after leaving the army. '
Then there is a fifth class, which
up t the present day possesses the
' most desirable freedom in the entire
sacred Russian empire, but which is
always shamefacedly Ignored th
class of prostitutes, whom the Russian
, like to call the "yellow ladles," be- -caus
th police furnish them with
yellow certificates. It would seem
. that those belonging to this profession
war considered by the police as an
i especial prop of their system, because
among- all th professional In Russia it
1 th on that suffers the fewest mo
' 1 station from the polio.
Strange "Elucidations."
Sine th year 1482 this Initial leg
i jslation has undergone more and more
peculiar "elucidations" as they are
! called by th senate at St. Petersburg,
1 which la th highest resort of Russian
' legislative Interpretation. The ten
, dancy to make the life of the Jews In
, Russia a perfect torture becomes ever
, mors apparent, and grow ever more
, startling In it mod of expression.
. Th October manifesto of Nicholas II
la th year 1906 has changed nothing
whatever In this respect. The gloomy
ghost of Pobiedonostsev has begun to
walk one more, and will find no peac
' until, that condition ha been reached
' which he considered ideal. L e., that on
third of th Russian Jews should be
killed and -on third forced to emigrate,
o that the remainer of about 2,000,000
.could be assimilated by 100,000,000
Russian Innocent without endangering
their Souls. Even Pobiedonostsev did
not wish to do altogether without the
Jew. Spain' eeonomlo ruin speak
too forceful a language!
Sine Alexander III came to th
throne of bis fathers, th "laws by
highest command" aa well as the de
cisions of th various ministries and
th legal "elucidation" of the aenatt
. that hav to do with the Jews ai
ii-yeaslng continually. Within the last
20 year they have become so numerous
that volume could be filled with them.'
For this legislation . there are alone
2000 "elucidations" 1 by r the' senate.
" Therefore w shall mention only a few
of the most characteristic of them..
On January tO, 1882, th minister of
noKe ,xne acu vines oi students
Conditions
finance Issued th order that Jewish
craftsmen living outside the permitted
radio of domicile had the right of
domicile only If hand machine were
used In their .workshops, otherwise
they were not craftsmen, but manu
facturers, and, as such, to be exiled.
But within the permitted radiu a
craftsman la a man who works with
his hand only. If, therefore, Jewish
workman do not wish to lose their
right of domicile outside the radius,
and their profession within it, they
may under no condition make us of
modem mechanical inventions. A
smith who no longer use .the old
hand bellows . would. In consequence,
no longer be a smith, but a manu
facturer. -
la this - pure nonsense, or isn't ltT
A first class confectioner was ban
ished from Moscow because . ha not
only aold cake, but coffee also, aa 1
the custom In similar shop all over
the world. But because ho sold coffee
he did not "follow, hi profession,1
and wu sent out of Moscow.
The earn fate befell a watchmaker
in Samara becauae he aold watch
chains which, he had made ' himself.
A hundred example of . such tommy
rot could be Instanced.
By order of the ministerial council
of January 28. 1884, the Jewish School
for Mechanics' at Schitomir, which was
supported entirely by Jewish , money.
closed. WhyT
In the towns and villages of th
southwestern xadlu Jewish workmen
ar 1 th majority, and therefor
hinder th development of the local '
workmen. A special Jewish school for
mechanics is accordingly, in view of
the lack of a similar institution for
the Christian population of the radius,
a weapon In the hands of the Jews for '
suppressing local work.
On March 18, 1884, a reading of th
senate was issued to the effect that
masons, stonecuters, decorators, cart
ers, gardeners, and butchers ar not
to be considered as workmen, and
therefore have no right of domicile
outside the radius.
Then the chambers of commerce of
Mosoow and Smolensky noted from
which quarter the wind was blowing
and refused to admit Jews into their
corporations By this process they are
no longer considered craftsmen, and
can any day be banished to Poland. N
According to the reading of the sen-,
ate of August 6, 1888, the Jewish
workman Is forbidden to buy estates
outside the radius. A year later work
men were also forbidden to trade. A
watchmaker, for example,. who wishes
to get rid of his wares by trading from
place to place, can be exiled because
he 1 no" longer a watchmaker but a
trader. '
At the end of the year a new "eluci
dation" withdrew from Jewish work
men the right to live in Siberia at all.
In 1891, the right of domicil wa
withdrawn from' all Jewish work
men In th. government district as
well as In the city of Moscow itself.
A a result of thi. about 10,00o' fami
lies lost their means of livelihood.
In 1898, fish salters, piano tuners, and
surveyor were excluded from the
category of craftsmen, and to this were
subsequently added Ink maker and
menders of goloshes! Truly the Rus
sian government had Its full measure
of worries!
"In 1899, the manufacturers of arti
ficial mineral water suffered th
same fata After October 4 of that
year th Jewish workmen In Kurland
no longer bad the right of domicile in
th rest of the empire. Since 1908,
typesetters also have no longer been
considered as workmen.w
Why is It that the Russian govern
ment has Its ey o particularly upon
mo jewisn , eraztsmanr A it is a
"privileged" profession, the Jews of
th poorer classes do all in their power
to become craftsmen. Legislation does
all it can to prevent this and to kick
them back into -; the most i miserable
proletariat. And in this the govern
ment Itas succeeded admirably, for th
number of paupers those who depend
entirely upon th charity of others
v Vjflf II ' IV ,v ,.a I'iVf ( 1 according to th order, of April 10.
tVl . 'H 11 II f.V V H -W rr-i,. IJE; 11 1 Why then, do Jwih doctor, become
;ViT : M 1 "V W W 17 .nny .urgeonsT
Are Growing Worse;
rose among th Jewish population
In the nineties to over 20 per, cent.
Such a proportion Is, found nowhere
else on earth I In Germany, for In
stance, th pauper of the same period
were 3.4 per cent; in England, 2.9 per
cent, and In America, only 0.14 per
cent " . '
Further Oppressions
Not even the. Jewish midwlves are
left in peace by the government, al
. though they are -neither very numer
ous nor could they be called danger
-SSRtSSSSSL -- 'it
. iu'l." i if t it-Pi ii r ; ?i if r,vimAtiusiMi--u-J- .t; ., ihb
Market In the Jewish Quarter, Warsaw, Poland
ous to absolutism. According to th
senate's reading of September 12, 1894,
they are forbidden to take their pa
rents to live with them, even if these
are old and infirm. By a previous
"elucidation" it was settled that mid
wives possess for, their persona only
the right of domicile, but they are for
bidden, if their husbands do not pos
sess this right, to keep their children
with them outside of the radiu. And
an order of November IS, 1497, declare
that in the government of Moscow
Jewesses are forbidden to become mid
wives at all. ;
The Jewish soldiers also are a thorn
UDO A NEW VEGETABLE, IS GAINING FAVOR
CONSIDERABLE numbers of Amer
icans are beginning, to Ilk udo,
and' it has been served success
fully at large dinner parties in Wash
ington, so it is atated In a recent bul
letin of the United State department
of agriculture. fc
Udo is a vegetable which has long
been esteemed in Japan and China,
and an attempt Is now In progress to
Introduce It Into general us In the
United Staes. Th author of tko bul
letin. David Falrchlld. agricultural ex-
piorer in charge of th office of for- ,
eign seed and plant Introduction, ex
plain that 10 years ago the sugges
tion was first mad that udo bo grown
by Americans, but It la only recently
that the oriental visitor has begun to
get any vogue. ' Y ':.-'
It has been grown by Mr. Falrchlld
in Maryland and by '-private Individ
uals In various part of th country,
but it has not yet become a commer
cial factor. But Mr. Falrchlld says
that It has now arrived at a point
wher It might be pushed by any
careful, enterprising 1 advertiser , of
fancy vegetables."
He says that "udo has already won
many adherents among thos who car
for new vegetable.'" Ho adds- that it
la winning Its way eteadlly, ft popu
larity being shown by th Increased
demand for plants and the lmporta-
' tiona of seed from Japan,
Udo has not yet obtained any hold
on " th affection of Europeans, al
though Mr. Falrchlld quotes a French
. authority as saying that It is the on
- Japanese vegetable which deserve to.
' be Introduced into - cultivation In
Franca' . .
The vegetable has a distinctive fla
for which, declare the author, people
; i.'.
ana worKmen
In the government's side. Although It
conscripts as many as possible, ap
proximately SO per cent more than
from the rest of the population. It
withdraws all possible rights from
them which other soldier in Russia
enjoy when they hay left th service.
Up to the time of Alexander III all
soldiers who had left the service' pos
sessed without any exception the right
of domicile all over Russia, To the
Jewish ' solider, according to th sen
ate's -elucidation" of October J, 1485,
all Russian villages are eloped. If th
Jewish soldier. were conscripted after
1874, they had. according to th order
lssyed by the home secretary, on No
vember 11, 1485, no- right of domicil
at all outside the radius, except in
towns and larger villages.
Nor are Jewish soldier allowed to
accept posts at th Intendancy, a
military clerks, or in the frontier,
fortress or quarantine service, and
never in the fleet, and are consequent
ly soldier of the' very lowest order.
If a Jew withdraws himself from mili
tary service, hi family become an
swerable for him and Is fined 800 ru
bles. By the term "family" 1 un-
can learn to like "as they have learned
to like celery, asparagus, and egg
plant." He describe th flavor as
"distinctly aromatic. Ilk celery or
parsnip, but different from either.":
Udo must be carefully cooked to be
palatable. The bulletin says:
When properly prepared It is one of
the most delicious of vegetables, but
unless properly cooked it Is sur to
meet with ridicule. The reason for
this lies in the fact that its stems
contain a resinous substance which
tasted raw".
give them a decided flavor of pin
when tasted raw. There are many
?eople who never get further than thi
lrst taste and condemn udo on the
spot, forgetting how disagreeably raw
vegetaoies orten taste.
It Is simple culinary practice to boil
strong flavored vegetables in two (or
even three; waters, and this Is advis
able as a general recommendation, al
though when used for soup it does not
appear to be always necessary. An
hour's stay in ice water will remove
'this resin from the ehoot. provided
they ar out into thin slices or shav
ings. -
Little is known regarding the food
value of udo further than that anal
yses show it to have about the same
dietetic values as celery or asparagus.
The Chinese, who are prone to ascribe
mysterious properties to many of their
foods, have given to udo, which they
call dotooki. dokll quarts, or dosjen.
medicinal properties which are more
curious than probable. , . i
Besides ' being served : with 1 whit
sauce, udo may bo eaten as a salad or
oup may be prepared from It. Mr,
Falrchlld continues: - : '-: ri :J
Notwithstanding Its centuries of cul
ture In the orient, it is still a vege
table whose potentiality remain quite
. undertermined. It is highly desirable
that many amateurs should experiment
with it, and th public get acquainted
with it In order that a ufficisnt de
mand may be created to encourage
grower to Investigate it on a sufn-
- clently extensive scale to determine
whether it has any really eeonomlo ad-
. vantages - over such annual crop as
celery or such perennial crop as as-
' paragus.
It has been estimated that when
grown -on a large scale it would re
quire much les labor than celery, and
that It furnishes a crop from seed at
derstood not only th parents, but
grandparents and brothers In fact an
blood relation.
. ! But what are all these annoyanoe
In comparison with th law and sen
ate reading which hamper a Jew who
has a desire to make use of th gen
eral mean of education, such as
schools and universities! W know
how official Russia think about edu
cation. In th legislation for th Jews,
Russia was able to give free rein to
the prejudice against cultural advance,
i In the year 1442, the maximum for
I. lrEE -
Th medical acad-
emy for the army in SC Petersburg
is considered the best medical faculty
In all Russia. It 1 customary for
the Jewish student to go to the best
sources of Information when he studies
medicine. And once he is in this acad
emy it is the usual thing to become
an army surgeon. Today Jews are
forbidden to study at this academy at
alL The love that was felt for Jewish
army surgeon at the war office 20
years ago 1 evideneed in the fact
that they are allowed to have as offi
cers' servant only Jews, "because
they have a demoralizing influence
upon Christian servants."
; If, in th year 1882, discrimination
is directed against army surgeons only,
the year 1484 Improved on It. Accord
ing to th "elucidation"' of March 4 of
that year, free Jewish university stu
dents have no privilege in regard to
domicile. Considering that within the
radiu of domicile there are only two
universities, Warsaw and Odessa, stu
dent ar excluded from all other Rus
sian universities. - A . later "elucida
tion" read that students outside th
radius have a right of domicil only in
the university town. .
; A Jewish student who was ill had
taken the liberty of going to Jalta for
change of air. By torder of March 24,
1893, Jalta wa excluded from the ra
dius in which It bad belonged up to
that time probably because Nicholas
II was in th habit of going there in
the autumn. Th unfortunate Jewish
student did not know this, or bad for-
least a year sooner than asparagus,
and there may be other advantages
which will appear during the long
process of adaptation through whlcn
every new plant Introduction ' must
-pass before it become a real factor
In th diversification of. our agricul
ture. .
As to th climatic requirement of
udo, Mr. Falrchlld writes:
From th fact that udo is grown sll
over Japan, one might assume that it
Is adapted to a wide range of climate,
bat it must be borne in mind that Ja
pan ha an Insular climate, and that
none of Its plants are subject to
drought. The udo has done best la
the moist region of thi country, es
pecially in the New England states.
Canada and the Atlantic state aa far
south aa the Carolina, in th rainy
region of Puget sound, and In the
trucking sections of California, about
Sacramento. The fact that it die
down In the winter and can be covered
make it possible to grow it where
temperatures go far below aero.
The bulletin says further:
i There 1 no doubt that the udo la
Worthy of adding to our list of spring
vegetables, for it is easily grown, it
shoots ar readily blanched, and it re
quires little care. A patch of it can
b forced every spring for at least six
years, and probably much longer.
When properly prepared its blanched
boot ar delicious. Space for space,
udo wtlt yield about th cam amount
of food for the table a asparagus and
will be ready for use at about th same
time in th spring. Possibly mors
; labor 1 required to blanch th shoots
of udo than those of asparagus but
. the udo Is probably somewhat easier
to take car of and yields sooner.
. - A an ornamental, udo ha a been
known to nurserymen for 20 year or
more under the nam of Aralia oordata
Thunb. It might be termed a rank
growing perennial, with a large, fleshy
r2?1 .t?ckv. 161 down each fall
after th first frost and come up
. again, much asSasparagu and rhubarb
do. It grows td a height of 14 feet or
: more If on rich soil, producing a very
ornamental mass of large green leaves,
and in th late summer long, loose
flower clusters, sometimes three feet
la length. Th flower attract bees
and flies In great number, and as a
, honey plant the, udo would appear to
. warrant the attention of beekeepers.
A field of udo is generally humming
with insects. , ' .7
i A"-:' ' ;'';;;-'' - -. v v.
: lass,
Ml'
mmm
gotten It. Besides, it is practically im
possible to remember all these "eluci
dations," since there are more than
2000 of them. The student was ac-.
cordingly driven out of Jalta and hi
work was then confiscated by the sen-
. eta, ...
The year 1'88S brought forth, on De
cember 4 the Imperial order from the
Minister- of education by which the
.percentage of Jews in th upper
schools and ; universities in Russian
town wa not to exceed 4 per cent,
in the towns, outside the radius, B per
cent, and in those inside the radius 10
per cent. But as not infrequently the
Jewish population was as much as 80
to 60 per cent of the general popula
tion, for Jews are forcibly driven by
the' state into th settlement districts,
this imperial, order is an effective and
energetic kick to a people naturally
Inclined toward education. At that
time a great many Jewish students
escaped to foreign universities, espe
cially thos of Switzerland, Paris, and
Germany, so ; aa to be able to pursue
their studies undea less harassing con
ditions But they had reckoned without the
Russian government, for this, did not
suit it at all. In the following year,
on January 26. an "elucidation from
the senate ordered that Jews who had
been graduated from an upper school
outside of Russia could not belong to
the privileged class .of owners of di
plomas who have the right of domicile
all over Russia They were therefore
forbidden to settle anywhere outside
the radiu. .
Outside this radius, consequently,
such Jews are forbidden to settle down
at all; inside the radius, of course. -only
within the limit of 10 per cent.
But even this did not satisfy the gov
ernment. The law of November 8,
1889. that further admlnissjon of Jews
to the bar required an especial per
mission from the minister of Justice.
Private' lawyers needed an additional
permission from the tnlnister of fi
nance. This mean nothing else than
that Jews are not allowed to become
lawyer at all, and it la in thi sens
that th law Is carried out.
Until a few years ago th percentage
of the entrance to th upper school
and universities was managed so that
the 10 per cent or 4 per cent or 4 per
cent were composed of such Jewish
pupils as bad the best certificates, or
had influential parents. Lately the
percentage of Jewish pupils Is simply
determined by drawing lot in th
presence of the school rector and son
ata Thus studying has become a sort
of lottery. Whoever draw a blank la
excluded from the university, however
intelligent and capable he may be. H
who draw a number may enter. Th
excluded pupil baa one hope left if hi
father happen to be wealthy. Every
Russian minister has the right to ma
triculate one Jewish student In any
Russian university. A father, there-
fore, who is prepared to pay, puts him
self into communication with the pri
vate " secretary of some minister, and
' th secretary obtain matriculation for
th lad whose father has paid most
for th coveted position. The price 1
between 1(00 and 2000 rubles.
The Order of Dec. S, J 886.
Bat the Imperial order of December
5, 1886 was tlll mor grotesque. I
applied to th tat schoola and private
but privileged schools that ar allowed
to take only the aforementioned per
centage of Jewih pupils Her for
example, the Christian father of thre
or four pupil of on class within th
radius of domicil pay nothing at all.
in aplte of repeated warning. Then
on day th clas tutor appear with '
troubled fac and says that such and
such Christian pupil, because they
have not been paid for, must be exclud
ed, but that also. In consequence of the
nil of It per cent, on Jewish pupil
will be excluded.
What doe th father of th Jewish
pupil do? Ifh can, ho pays th fees
tor the Christian pupils, so that his
own son may remain at th school. In
Russian newspapers within th radiu
the following notice appeared frequent
ly last summer: "Twenty Christian
pupils can enter th privileged inter
mediate school of X. in J." Thi
means. In other word: "Th attention
of wealthy Jewish parents is called to
the fact that In the school X. In J. two
places for Jewish pupils are vacant if
the Jewish father is prepared to pay
the fees for 20 Cbrintlan pupils."
Yet this was not enough. Outside .
the four privileged classes and th
Jewish students, th great bulk of
Jewa that did not fall under this cate
gory had to experience the govern
ment's kind care and attention. The
law of May 4. 188S, made this pU&n
enough. Since then it has been for
bidden to all Jews until "th general
revision of law" to settl In th ra
dius of domicil outside tows and
large villages A a "general revision
of law" will of course never take
place so long as absolutism reigns,
the Jewish population is simply being
driven from the country and queted
Into the villages
What are these places like? In the
official list of town settlements a
great many such little towns are
named that are ruled not by a town
government, but by a village adminis
tration. There appeared promptly
"elucidation" from th senate that
degraded small towns more and mor
to the class of villages. Consequently
the Jews bad to leave them. The few
large towns within th radiu cam to
be the only places of refuge, and the
Jews became more and mor prole
tarianlsed by force.
Cruelty to the Sick.
Th government- of Nicholas II can
also claim the honor of extending its
care to the sick Jew as well. Just
that sick Jew was driven out of Jalta
because he was not privileged to live
there, so are all sick Jews treated out
side the radius, as, to my knowledge,
there are no health resorts worthy the
name. 8ince June 27. 1888, it ha
been the same with nonprivilege'i
Jews in Finland. But even medical
advice the Jews In Russia may obtain
only outside of Warsaw and Odessa an
long as they are bedridden. Accord
ing to the Ideas of the Russian gov
ernment a Jew Is III only so long as he
lies In bed. As soon as the Illness in
not in his legs and he 1 capable of
walking, a Jew, according to Russian
government conception, is healthy,
however diseased his lungs, heart, or
anything els may be. The benefits
of ambulance treatment for non-privileged
Jew outside th radius, theie
fore, ar unobtainable. A
But w hav not yet done. The care
of the Russian authorities extend be
yond the healthy and the sick even to
the dead. Not even a dead Russian
Jew Is sur of btlng left In peace by
his government. If a little town be
comes degraded to a mere village, then
the dead and buried Jews, if the police
wish It, must leav their village, sine -they
no longer possess "a right of
domicile." Their corpses ar then dug
up and exiled.
Many more grotesque laws and
"elucidations" might be mentioned, but
It would tax too much time to make
them half-way comprehensible to the
non-Russian reader. Th foregoing
remarks may suffice to cause on to
ask: "But what doe all this man?" .
If on addrease such a question to
sny Russian authority on receive th
calm answer, given with as '"Im
movable" countenance, "Thi entire
legislation has no object, other than
that of protecting the Jew." "From
what?" "From posslbl ill-will on th
part of th local population."
Th non-Rnsslan may not grasp this .
at one. But I pray you. dear reader,,
take the following example, and you
will agree that the Russian government
is absolutely right. For instance, you
ar taking a walk along th street.
Let ua say that th shape of your no ...
1 displeasing to some of your fellow
men. They point at you. mock, and
laugh. A policeman come' up to you
and says, "Excuse me, sir. you are
causing an unpleasant disturbance; ..
please come with me and I will ptfect
you." . ' . .
And you go with him, an the
' thoughtful policeman locks yow up.
Can there be any better protective for
you? Must you not be grateful o th
dear policeman for taking car f you
so nicely? Tou shake your head, non
Russian reader? Then I will tell you
something mora For such cases there
exists a still mor effective way of :
protection. The dear policeman does
not -lock you up, bot kill you out
right. Tou must agree that ther -could
be no more effective and radical
methodof preventing any sort of dis--turbanca.
A corps need not fearv
dangera, near or far, need It? Very
wall. That is precisely th Russian'
remedy for Russian subject who are '
Jewa And the above mentioned rad
ical method has been tried, and, what
1 more, carried out very thoroughly.
In Russia the nam of this method 1
pogrom. "
. ' .
Fifth article of this series wilT
appear la next Sunday Journal. .