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About The Oregon daily journal. (Portland, Or.) 1902-1972 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 7, 1910)
y i THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL. .PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING, AUGUST 7, 1910. V7 T7T7T. T7rr rut mfm Remarkable Field of Service , Open to Air Craft as Scouts : in Future Conflicts-Waged . in Three Dimensions. . (Copyright, 1910, by Waldemar Kaempf- 1 - ! T - i fert ' (HE battle of the future will be von by that army which has the swiftest flying .machines manned by, the most fearless men. Unlike -any battle 'that has ever been .".fought In the world's history. It will be - a conflict waged In three dimensions, Long before It- will have occurred, long before Its artillery, wlllhave volleyed '. and , thundered, ; each great military power : Will- have endeavored Jto secure the command of the air by the building of - dirigible airships and aeroplanes larger and speedier than those of Us rivals. The fighting-arm of a nation will hence-' '-.forth beiextended, not merely pver land . and sea, but upward -into the hitherto unconquerable air. itself. ." ' : ''' To'the layman . the aeroplane's chief function in this battle ef , the future wou Id seern to be the droppi ng of exr plosives on & hapless and helpless army below. Tho military strategist knows better. .' In , the first' place, ,. he ' knows that the actual amount of damage which could thus be inflicted would be disap pointingly umalL A hole may , be torn , In .the ground, "the windows of a few buildings may. be broken, a battleship's superstructure may be blown away, but , that wholesale .destruction of 4if e and property which", would; seem obviously to follow' from the.- mere, existence of, military flying machines, freighted with .bombs and grenades, is not to be looked t for. . Even were it possible thus to de stroy part Of a stronghold the difficulty. , of hitting the object aimed at is nearly Insurmountable. . '';. , . Every small boy has tried to hit some passerby in the- street with a missile hurled from a third-story window. Usu ally he has failed, because the target . was moving and "because the wind de flected the projectile. The air marks man is much worse' off. Seated in a craft which is not only skimming at' a speed hardly less than 35 miles an hour,' V and poBstbly as great as 60 .miles a . i hour,, but sklmtning at a height of per- haps half a mile, Jhe chance that ha will ever be able to hit his target by making; the proper allowance for the' horizontal momentum . which hts bomb would receive, as- well as for the pre- .vaillngwlnd, seems woefully remote. Dropping Projectiles. ' "7 During the Los Angeles meeting Lieu, tenant Beck was taken tip -by raulhan - to make the experiment of .hitting a target from a swiftly trawling aero plane, .. Time and time again the lieu- tenant gilded over a " marked squaTe, measuring about 20 feet On each side, and tried to drop, a projectile within its boundaries. Only once did he succeed. The tests proved conclusively that the hand and eye alone are too uncertain for such work. If bombs are to be dropped on forces below, it must be by means of a tube which will, both project and dl , rect the missile and which will -be pro-' , vlded with wind gauges and height Jndl s catora for the proper guidance of the .. marksman. .,.,,.. . By A. H. Harris. ' THE earliest account of the navi gation 6f the Columbia and Snake rivers is contained in a diary kept, ; by W. H. Gray,, who began his . work : as: master' of a ' canoe .) in 136". For a number of years Captain Gray operated boats' on the Columbia' and' during the time kept an , account ; of his .experiences and of the efforts to carry the freight of the Inland Em pire by the river route. "7-- " Captain Gray tells of starting in a ' canoe . with two Nes Perce Indians in . Uecembes, 1836, from the mouth of the KooskiaCnow Clearwater river), going down' the Snake, encountering L an ice ,J.im near the mouth of the ;, Palousa river, portaging the canoe along the Jam and " proceeding down the vColumbia, leaving the canoe at Hudson Bay fort at the mouth of the Walla Walla river, ' .and walking to AVUlatpu Inow Whitman . station on the O., R. & N.) to consult with Dr. Whitman. Returning thty went on -down the Cblumbla, portaged around Tumwater (now Celilo FaWs), ... but . rode ; through the , dalles In their canoe. - - '.'-. - He-deserlbes the dalles as "a rolling, boiling, tolling, moiling mass of water that ' tossed our . canoe around . like : a . thip, over which the Indians had won-.. derfuh con itrol; and I was glad when we were thrown into the still waters bclOW." ' ' -:j.-V. ?': In writing of the .cascades. Captain 'Gray says: . : -,'.,--'" "After breakfast. this . morning wtj went through the Cascade Rapids. After passing through the swlft watei the wind began to blow, and we made camp near a large rock several hundred feet high (Castle'Rock), and were two days more reaching Fort Vancouver." His Indians Lmust have been expert canw lsts.and wanted to try .the, white man's nerve. The'Vp'trip was "made" In a Hudson Bay battcau as far as Fort Walla Walla (now Wallula). ' v , ; ,- ' ;. ! Twenty years later the Caytise war brought-troops, and coating by white - men was begun ; on tho ' river.' Sailing loops and schooners were operated suc- bestfhu tea vnd WaUulliL '''- Th eia ' vBla Innmiiui i ai .nj i. ism there were several schooners capablo nf rnrrvlnr tvnm Alt tn in nna ... ; EARLY NAVIGATION ON UPPER COLUMBIA AND SNAKE RIVERS ; , plying on thertver. I V V IV '-:, and cabin above. : .-5 tongue to the back of the buckets and growing at the head of the Klickitat f? ,r Ji,"a. :"ur"1 al"8 'n EIT After Jiavigatlng the Columbia for a "A man from Mississippi with capital from the outside of the hub of one hind valley which, sloped to the north -away L Sl ;Jh.n. number of years Captain Gray returned of '410.000 was invited to become a wheel to the outside of the hub of the from the river. : The south, or river r,"e,aL L 1 vil oo.nL v; to hist 'old-horns in-New. York, leaving stockholder and manage the steamboat. ; other, and the measurement computed end, of the valley ended abruptly on the "P'"M i,"10.08 'vJw ?J Z .JtiA Ms son, W. P. Gray, In charge of the He rode on horseback to John Day Rap- Into tons of 40 feet each. The wagons top of a mountain 2000 feet high. , , wua "ax and-PHClt. rrom gum picKea work. : Perhaps, no man has had as ids. 16 miles above Deschutes, and upon 'were then knocked down : and stored "In the winter of 1861-62 .the Oregon up. under thS pins trees.The Boat was much experience on the two rivers aa -examination declared that -steamboat, aboard the boat On the trip the boat Steam Navigation -company contracted reaay wnen tne jce meitea in tne laics, .has Captain Gray, who' for half a cen- could -never be, navigated up or down carried something over 2000 tons. This with R. Mallory & Co. to purchase- M9r aJ'ta-4?w-':Uw t1?'-- 0B-My.- tury has been identified with the work through those raelds. and declined to matter of high-finance seemed to be cords of wood on the banks of the Co- lu 161. , v of improving the rivers. The last ses- invest ; Itvwas known that sloopB and highly appreciated by the head army of- lumbla at or near John Day Rapids, at "Arriving .wiUiout mishap at Ces sion of the Washington legislature made schooners could go up' over the rapids ftclals as tile officer that approved the $15 per cord. The Umber was but in the chutes (two miles above where Celllo Captain Gray a member of the commia- when the summer - gales - were - blow-, accounts died a few years ago a retired Klickitat valley, hauled; to the brink of now is), father found that machinery Ston to remove obstructions from the ing, so a mast and sail were installed quartermaster general. - the mountain and rolled down 2000 feet could not be had without cash; so put Columbia river above Pasco and as far in the Colonel Wright, to help her over K'The .greatest problem to be solved in to -the bapk of the river and split into ting in mast and sail he took a,-load of, as Kettle Falls,. " , , the rapids in case the steam failed. The the navigation of the rivers was to se- .cordwood. J Even this auxiliary to the freight t.0 Lewlston, the nearest river Captain W. P. Gray became active on nail was a great help Jrt straight river, cure fuel , for .the steamboats. There driftwood was not enough and wood was point to the Oroflno- and Pierce City . the river as early as 1888, and has given but a nuisance In the rapids and' bends, was not a .tree' more than six Inches in boated up the Columbia from near the mines In Idaho, which were then new many Interesting reminiscenses of early "She f was a success from the first,. diameter and very-few -of those grow- Cascades to The Dalles, hauled by wag- gold mines and were, considered fabu day-transportation problems.;1 Speaking especially financially. -The Contractors ing on the banks ef the Columbia be- on- 15 miles to .the Deschutes and dellv- lously rich. Old rlvermen shook their of the first steamboats to ply the. up- received $100 per ton measurement for tween Deschutes Falls and Priest rap- ered to the Steamboats. s - - heads when the boat, with sails, started," per Columbia, Captain Gray said; ; freight, and the little 'Colonel Wright. Jds. On Snake river there was one pine . 'I believe the first steamboat to nav. but the trip was made successfully. On "Ini 1858, nipon the advice of someof whose full carrying capacity was about tree on the south bank of the ' river 40 igate Snake . river was . the 'Colonel, the return trip of the boat I joined her the sailboat captains; the men who had 100 tons weight' had the record Of car- miles above - the'' mouth, which gave a fWrlghC She carried a big load of gov at s Wallula where I f had brought the the contract; for cnrryjng the govern- rying the greatest number of , tons- of name to the rapids at that point. There : eminent freight to the mouth of .the Pa- ; family - from . Osoyoos with pack sand m en t freight from Fort Vancouver to freight that cwas ever carried on the were three pine trees just below Almota Ioufs river in the , summer of J860. riding' horses, and, forwarded .them on first "steamboat to operate above Celllo boat i .... , , i . n ; : " Little Pine Tree rapids, 14 miles below built a boat l feet long "and 1J. f eet "Arriving at - Deschutes, father .pro Falls. She was built a.t the mouth of ., "The. ' United States quartermaster Lewlston. , , There ,-was v, considerable beam at Osyoos lake, the head, of the ceeded to The Dalles and Portland, try the Deschutes rivet and christened "Col., had a large number of army wagons for driftwood scattered along the Banks Okanogan rivet, with the intention of ing to secure another load of freight for Wright," after the famous Indian fighter the troops at the' different posts. Be- which was cut by the - Indians and taking It down the Okanogan and Colum- Lewlston, where prices Were high and 1 who stopped th-"Cayue Indian war by fore taking the wagons on the boat the white men and sold to tne steamboats at bla rivers to the mouth of the Deschutes the influx of gold hunters caused a fear corralling several thousand - Indian tongue was placed in position, the bbws -110 and 12 per cord. j This supply of river, putting , in the machinery and of . famine the following , winter. But a - - - - w w vv .Vila cm-,, Some such possibility may have been at the bottom of the declaration signed by the delegates of the United States to the second international rpeace confer ence held at The Hague in 1907 a dec laration .which prohibited the discharge of projectiles and explosives from, the air. - The declaration reads: . ' . "The contracting powers agree to pro hibit, for a period extendlrjgjto the close of the' third peace conference, the dis charge ' of projectiles, and explosives from, balloons or by other new meth ods of a similar nature." The delegates of the United States signed,7thls ; declaration. . The countries, which' did not sign the declaration for bidding the launching of projectiles anfl explosives from air-craft were: Ger many, " Austria-Hungary, ; China, Den mark, Ecuador, Spain.; France, Great Britain, Guatemala, Italy, Japan, Mex ico, ,, Montenegro.' Nicaragua; Paraguay, Roumanla, : Russia, Servia, ' Sweden,: Switzerland, Turkey and Venezuela. It appears that the United States Is the. only .first class power .that signed this agreement and -an analysis of the .text of the agreement itself shows that no serious attempt was made to settlo .the question fUjallyv..--'---. 4 , ' - To be effective, a bomb must be fairly large. Moreover, a considerable supply of bombs must be available, The aeroplane is a thing of t comparative lightness.! r. cannot carry much am munition of that "sort.7 Hence, even ad mitting the-possibility of dropping ex plosives upon any desired spot, the de struction wrought must necessarily be limited in extent. Lastly, there is alto considerable danger-In unbalancing the ; machine by the; sudden .removal of the load from one side. , , - , : t For Scouting Purposes. ; 7 In the - war of the" future 'the aero plane will, take the place of the present cavalry , scouting force; for ' Its 'chief function , wilt be : that, of gathering In formation of the enemy's ; , position, movements and strength." Two men will be seated In its frame, one to pilot tho machine and one to sketch and photo graph the terrace below. From, the trained eye of the spy in the air noth ing will be concealed. He. will be like a vulture wheeling in the blue, watching1 for carrion below. 'The click of his ' camera- shutter may , be a death knell, for it .will record instantaneously the position of some battery cunningly hid aeri behind a ridge, an earthwork thrown up across a pass, a stream spanned by military . pontoon bridges.;,,' His pencil, when ' it touches the , page of a note book, may spell the death sentence of a regiment; for it will unerringly note those details of position and -numbers which the photographic plate may not be j able to , register..;; When he has learned all that he can learn, he gives the signal to his companion to return. .Hardly two hours have elapsed since 'he was dispatched on his . quest Yet within that time he Is able to give his commanding officer Information that a regiment of cavalry could not have x; 'i.:.v.'':':;-vi'F:..V;., horses ' on -Spokane ; prairie near , the present site of the ulty of SDokane. This craft was a flat bottom stern- .t.-.i. .i,k n .,n n vnt a l. wuccic. t. i l 1 1 an uucu null, m iiaii ijii. V-' jty ':'v: ' If 1-1 i 1 L 1 --- I - - f, t , v. y; . Hp . lcu riim.ii.iimiUi,..- i, aeromano will do more than to m Keriarho.-rlcout at battle of the future, which we can all see In, our mind's eye. it will ,,v . ronr-ai tn nori f 'th. t.ot. tie ground where the force of a mag- object is always, difficult to hit but But with what? Not with revolvers when every available means of soaring ply wastage of war, which is enormous netlc personality is needed to turn .de- trebly so when it soars half a mile up or rifles, for their range is too small lhe '. ,s destroyed. and increases in enormity as the mate feat into victory. And , the poet who in the sky. , ' . ; ". for effective shooting at an' aeroplane Command ot the air, like command of rial becomes more complicated and cost- will sing of that' victo.ry will sing of Not upon his artillery will the ene- - wheeling around some thousands of the-sea, will depend on men and mate- ly. In the matter of armament, however, whirring motors, of flashing propellers," my' rely, but on aeroplanes and airships yards away; not with a field piece, for rial, without men of courage and skill, cost Is not the guiding principle, Noth of planes soaring over hill and valley of his own. He must fight steel With it could not be earried on a contrivance flying machines are useless. Without ing is so expensive as defeat and to and of, the arrival that , cheered the steel. ; When he sees a blacl speck in in theY construction of which weight efficient flying machines, on the other avoid defeat the most efficient aircraft hearts of a faltering army corps. . It the eky;, moving toward him, he gives , must be saved; but with a machine gun 'hand, It is obvious that men cannot fly. must be provided in sufficient numbers, will be V ballad vastly different from a qotck command. A monoplane or a ofespecially" light construction; a gun The situation Is much the same in that Battles, aerial or terrestrial, are won by that in 'Which Sheridan gallops his way biplane; perhaps two, start with a whir which would pour forth so many nun- respect as in naval affairs. England has financial resources and hard fighting; 16 miles to Winchester, but no less stir- from his camp 'and soar to meet that dred shots a minute in a steady stream, dominated the sea because she has had .--wi-, . . '' ' ring. .-''. i 1H& J&mVs for the cover set up and the feed buck- ets hunir on behind. A measurement was. then taken from tne ground to the .a th i iiii ur , 1 1 ruvri, iiuju urn cnu i , i u If the consummation of generalship is to be found, as one authorHy as-' Berts, in maneuvering the enemy into untenable situations and thereby fore- ' ing a decisive result, with a minimum loss of life and treasure, then the aero plane will be the chief reliance of our future Von Moltkes and Grants. It is , often a military necessity to conduct a reconnolssance in force to ascertain the enemy's dispositions, a tactical neces sity which may require a detachment of several thousand men from - the main army for a considerable period of time. An aeroplane will accomplish the same result In a fraction of -the time One of the bloodiest encounters the 'world has ever seen was the Japanese attack on 203 Meter hill. Yet the sole purpose of that great slaughter was the- placing of two or three men at the summit of the hill to direct the fire of the Japa nese' siege guns upon- the Russian fleet , in the harbor of Port Arthur. ' . Frontiers Obliterated. , , Major George O. Squier of the United States signal corps has pointed out that the realization of aerial navigation for military purpose brings forward new questions as regards the limitation of frontiers. He states that as long ' as military operations -are confined to the ( surface of . the earth, it has been the-' custom to protect the geographical lim its i of a -country fly ample preparations In time of peace, such as a line of fort resses properly garrisoned. At the out break of war these boundaries repre sent real and definite limits to military operations. Excursions into the enemy's territory usually require, the backing of a strong' military force. Under the ;;new conditions;- however,- these geogra phic , boundaries . no longer offer' the same definite limits to military move ments. With a thtrd dimension added to the theater of operations, it will1 be possible to pass over this .boundary on rapid - raids for obtaining information,, accomplishing demolitions, etc., return ing to safety in a minimum time. We may, therefore, regard the advent of military scouts of ths, air as. in a meas ure, obliterating present national, fron-i tiers In conducting military operations. Is the enemy altogether defenseless? Can he offer no resistance It is Incon ceivable that he shall He at thl mercy of a -great artificial vulture, as helpless as a carcass. He will have his special artlllery-i field pieces so constructed that they can. be elevated for high angle fire. Againdt that military bird of prey which he sees hovering far above- him and whose errand he divines ' only too well,, he-will train these weap ons -made for hint after a pattern of Krupp. If his whistling shrapnel should strike a motor, a propeller blade , or an ignition device, -If it should cut a til ler roDe. or solinter a steerin'sr rod. that great bird above him must glide down wounded at least. It is not necessary to kill the pilot, but merely . to strike a vital rart of the drlvinsr mechanism, . - ...... ... , "Df jn, vue air may guae aown n rfty. but his information Is lost to his commanding officer. The question arises: "Can the aeroplane be struck so easily? ; Probablv not. A movinn speck. .When machine encounters ma- driftwood was partially renewed by the freshets- every . summer, but not to .satisfactory extent. Thfcre was a small , --..Pnu ttmK .uacab. v& 17 , 1 1 r, , nnu .uiiin 1 v.n v -1 1 v. chine In the sky what will happen? They dare not ram each other; That would mean the Inevitable destruction of both; for loth would fall ' to the .,,,J -.. ..4 H.t4 ...vA..u ..v. nietai -and wood. .They must fire at other. A , , ... Aenai jviacnine uun. like a Jet of water spurting from a bringing freight up the rivers to the Kettle river mines, which were then con- B,,Jr0- rlcn We whlpsawed Paid 1 1 a pound to haye ne the lumber. necessary iron . .. . . . . . , ' ' hose. That battle in the sky will be won-by the swiftest and' most readily controlled flying machine by the aero - plane, in a word, which can run and k.. It. .n.ltl.. ..J ..... U- vvvm unn ,ju.i..vii iUu us. nv it may well be that ir i our Imaginary battle 6f the future. that general triumph whose aeroplanes are the speediest. Surrender may be inevitable the ships and a well-trained Industrious shippers were afraid to risk their goods Oregon: Steam Navigation company by the boat and reports were fife that agreeing to keep off the Willamette and Snake river was so slow that flat-bot- the People's Transportation company tomed skiffs were unable to come down, agreeing td' keep off tlfe Columbia and Men were being drowned every , day. Snake. ..'.. Men from boats wrecked on the rapids ."The freighting business consisted were walikng Into Wallula every day entirely of supplies shipped up the river, ytth hard luck stories ef shipwreck, lost There was nothing proauced east of the companions and disaster., . Cascades for export except horses, cat- "Not -to' be deterred, father mort- tie and sheep. Even flour and veg- gaged his boat. ; horses and household etables were shipped from the Wlllam- goods for 15 tons of provisions an ette valley. . started for Lewlston. ' "I was pilot- on the steamer 'Nes r; "We sailed to - Wallula, but from -erce Chief," I think it was in 1866. " there oii we had very little help from when a sample shipment of 10 tons ef the wind."; The boat was too large , to Walla Walla flour was taken on board tow, , or v pole against the current. I for Portland. It had been hauled by ox was 16 years old. but used to swift team rrom walla Walia to Wallula. We water. "We had a small skiff that took it to Celllo, where It was put oa .would Just carry two colls of small carg and hauled to-The Dalles, taken rope, a boy two years older than I, and r a steamer from there to the up myself, ,f the water was smooth.. We peT cascadeSi transferred to a steamer would take tho lines in the skiff and ,n(i taken to Portland. . pole or wade and. k push the skiff up a newspaper of that day in "comment stream as far as we thought the ropes ,ing 0JJ thft BbJpmen compared it to ; woild reach, tle the opes to a rock Bhl plnjf coalg to Newcastle, and ven- or leaf and paddle back to the b'WP. tUred the assurance that the farmers of when they would put.lt ajround a home- the WJllamette valley, need not worry made , capstan and wind In the rope, h , t0 com ete wlth' wu n.u.r-"-.-"... -.--k trm W ,n U iliva from Wal- stream. We were 40, days from wal lula to Lew ston. . And every nan on n ho raUlng, ; stockraislng board was tired to the utmost. We g ptincV industry and ; that boys had to rur , the lines wading, and not furni8h the desired amount of w,te,?n!r nThS I?da In October anS tra' Oregon Steam Navigation November U niade Ifo ' d if frence if company'" banks were lined with ice and the .Z t ter chilled us to the bone the lines of the Inland Empire was inaugurated, must be run Rates t were reduced to oelow cost of "The discovery of gold In several" handling exports, but were maintained localities and general development ci Import".;-The country developed, the country caused the several steam- business Increased, more and larger boat arid sailboat companies that were boats were built for the different part operating on the Columbia from Port- of the river. ' land to the lower Cascades and from 'Thousands of tons of merchandise, the upper Cascades to The Dalles, and farm machinery, grain and produce were above Tumwater to, unite and form the carried on the steamboats , plying above Oregon Steam Navigation Co. r There Celllo on the Columbia and Snake rivers, was a wagon road from lower to upper and the portage railroads around The Cascades, on the Washington side, six Dalles and Cascades were taxed to their miles; a wooden railroad with mule utmost to handle the business. power, from Bradford's Landing to up-r "Steamers of 500 tons carrying ca per Cascades, three miles on the pre- paclty were plying dally between Port gon side; also a good wagon road from ' land and the Cascades and the Cascades The Dalles to Deschutes. In the spring and The Dalles. . , of 1862 an iron railroad was com- . "In June, 1879, I was captain and pleted around the Cascades on the pilot of the 'Harvest Queen,', a stern Washington side, and , in the spring wheel steamboat 200 feet long. 88 tout of 1863 the railroad from The Dalles beam, 20-lnch f cylinders and 10 foot to Celllo was completed and a regular ttrok. v.;.jv.,'fwUfi..: '-.''-ij.,1, through line established by river and , "We would i be loaded and' ready to rails. take passengers that had left Portland "In the spring of 1863 the , People's tho same morning; and leave Celilo Transportation company, which was P- ; Friday evenings at 6 o'clock with 425 erating a line of steamers on the Wil- -tonB 0f merchandise, distribute the Jamette river from Portland up, realised freight and . passengers at their dif that the development of the mines east ferent destination as far as .Lewis of the Cascades had created a valuable ton on tne Snake river; returning take B-ths Columbto.rtvsf.ii...Ths on board 450 tons of grain at the-dif-built the, Iris to ply between the upper f t ,mpptn polnti along tn8 rlver, C'uHiiaAeH unA The Dalles, and formed . ' . ?. . .. . Z. , a combinatWith lhe owner, orthe lively opposition was Inaugurated. . The cade. 7 The'Dalle. ' But whole traffic i?f the Inland EmP,r? the sympathy of the people 1. always vwft carried on the rivers. Bince tn t with the; under dog in the fight One .time one obstruction to the free navt trip two ateamer. ' were ; in Lewlston sratlon of the, rivers hae been jvrn. w ready to start down the river. : The hy the construction of-.tfie. Casead , toegojaStearNaYigationompanya steamer Tenlno offered to take passeiTTanuJtWr-rtWfrtrnrH, gers from Lewlston to .Portland free'; the government engineers, around T the People's Transportation company Dalles are completed, we hp. u, Charged 35: 125 passengers went on the the rivers once more utll!wd m f -.. Cajrjise and 10 deadheads on the Tenlno. boats flying through their .".: The fight , wa finally, settled by the yore." 1 body Of civilians to fight them. Acqulsi- tion of material Is merely a matter of , Bpending money. The nation that spends u i... : h ... , j k t miinna n, 'Zi 1 n L?.Vnf .tw " k !!' success will depend not only on abun- dant material, but on the ability to sup- JTeat Sunday, "Wlio Owns the Air." Walla grain raisersr . . tr&&t i - " hour, of day and nlfeht ruu- ning. '.'The old-timers know that prior ti
