y i
THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL. .PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING, AUGUST 7, 1910.
V7 T7T7T. T7rr
rut mfm
Remarkable Field of Service ,
Open to Air Craft as Scouts
: in Future Conflicts-Waged . in
Three Dimensions. .
(Copyright, 1910, by Waldemar Kaempf-
1 - !
T
- i fert '
(HE battle of the future will be von
by that army which has the
swiftest flying .machines manned
by, the most fearless men. Unlike
-any battle 'that has ever been
.".fought In the world's history. It will be
- a conflict waged In three dimensions,
Long before It- will have occurred, long
before Its artillery, wlllhave volleyed
'. and , thundered, ; each great military
power : Will- have endeavored Jto secure
the command of the air by the building of
- dirigible airships and aeroplanes larger
and speedier than those of Us rivals.
The fighting-arm of a nation will hence-'
'-.forth beiextended, not merely pver land
. and sea, but upward -into the hitherto
unconquerable air. itself. ." ' : '''
To'the layman . the aeroplane's chief
function in this battle ef , the future
wou Id seern to be the droppi ng of exr
plosives on & hapless and helpless army
below. Tho military strategist knows
better. .' In , the first' place, ,. he ' knows
that the actual amount of damage which
could thus be inflicted would be disap
pointingly umalL A hole may , be torn
, In .the ground, "the windows of a few
buildings may. be broken, a battleship's
superstructure may be blown away, but
, that wholesale .destruction of 4if e and
property which", would; seem obviously
to follow' from the.- mere, existence of,
military flying machines, freighted with
.bombs and grenades, is not to be looked
t for. . Even were it possible thus to de
stroy part Of a stronghold the difficulty.
, of hitting the object aimed at is nearly
Insurmountable. . '';.
, . Every small boy has tried to hit some
passerby in the- street with a missile
hurled from a third-story window. Usu
ally he has failed, because the target
. was moving and "because the wind de
flected the projectile. The air marks
man is much worse' off. Seated in a
craft which is not only skimming at' a
speed hardly less than 35 miles an hour,'
V and poBstbly as great as 60 .miles a
. i hour,, but sklmtning at a height of per-
haps half a mile, Jhe chance that ha
will ever be able to hit his target by
making; the proper allowance for the'
horizontal momentum . which hts bomb
would receive, as- well as for the pre-
.vaillngwlnd, seems woefully remote.
Dropping Projectiles. ' "7
During the Los Angeles meeting Lieu,
tenant Beck was taken tip -by raulhan
- to make the experiment of .hitting a
target from a swiftly trawling aero
plane, .. Time and time again the lieu-
tenant gilded over a " marked squaTe,
measuring about 20 feet On each side,
and tried to drop, a projectile within its
boundaries. Only once did he succeed.
The tests proved conclusively that the
hand and eye alone are too uncertain for
such work. If bombs are to be dropped
on forces below, it must be by means of
a tube which will, both project and dl
, rect the missile and which will -be pro-'
, vlded with wind gauges and height Jndl
s catora for the proper guidance of the
.. marksman. .,.,,.. .
By A. H. Harris. '
THE earliest account of the navi
gation 6f the Columbia and Snake
rivers is contained in a diary kept,
; by W. H. Gray,, who began his
. work : as: master' of a ' canoe .) in
136". For a number of years Captain
Gray operated boats' on the Columbia'
and' during the time kept an , account ;
of his .experiences and of the efforts
to carry the freight of the Inland Em
pire by the river route. "7-- "
Captain Gray tells of starting in a
' canoe . with two Nes Perce Indians in .
Uecembes, 1836, from the mouth of the
KooskiaCnow Clearwater river), going
down' the Snake, encountering L an ice
,J.im near the mouth of the ;, Palousa
river, portaging the canoe along the Jam
and " proceeding down the vColumbia,
leaving the canoe at Hudson Bay fort
at the mouth of the Walla Walla river, '
.and walking to AVUlatpu Inow Whitman .
station on the O., R. & N.) to consult
with Dr. Whitman. Returning thty
went on -down the Cblumbla, portaged
around Tumwater (now Celilo FaWs), ...
but . rode ; through the , dalles In their
canoe. - - '.'-.
- He-deserlbes the dalles as "a rolling,
boiling, tolling, moiling mass of water
that ' tossed our . canoe around . like : a .
thip, over which the Indians had won-..
derfuh con
itrol; and I was glad when
we were thrown
into the still waters
bclOW." ' ' -:j.-V. ?':
In writing of the .cascades. Captain
'Gray says: . : -,'.,--'"
"After breakfast. this . morning wtj
went through the Cascade Rapids. After
passing through the swlft watei the
wind began to blow, and we made camp
near a large rock several hundred feet
high (Castle'Rock), and were two days
more reaching Fort Vancouver." His
Indians Lmust have been expert canw
lsts.and wanted to try .the, white man's
nerve.
The'Vp'trip was "made" In a Hudson
Bay battcau as far as Fort Walla Walla
(now Wallula). ' v , ; ,- ' ;.
! Twenty years later the Caytise war
brought-troops, and coating by white
- men was begun ; on tho ' river.' Sailing
loops and schooners were operated suc-
bestfhu tea vnd WaUulliL '''- Th eia '
vBla Innmiiui i ai .nj i. ism
there were several schooners capablo
nf rnrrvlnr tvnm Alt tn in nna ...
; EARLY NAVIGATION ON UPPER COLUMBIA AND SNAKE RIVERS ; ,
plying on thertver. I V V IV '-:, and cabin above. : .-5 tongue to the back of the buckets and growing at the head of the Klickitat f? ,r Ji,"a. :"ur"1 al"8 'n EIT
After Jiavigatlng the Columbia for a "A man from Mississippi with capital from the outside of the hub of one hind valley which, sloped to the north -away L Sl ;Jh.n.
number of years Captain Gray returned of '410.000 was invited to become a wheel to the outside of the hub of the from the river. : The south, or river r,"e,aL L 1 vil oo.nL v;
to hist 'old-horns in-New. York, leaving stockholder and manage the steamboat. ; other, and the measurement computed end, of the valley ended abruptly on the "P'"M i,"10.08 'vJw ?J Z .JtiA
Ms son, W. P. Gray, In charge of the He rode on horseback to John Day Rap- Into tons of 40 feet each. The wagons top of a mountain 2000 feet high. , , wua "ax and-PHClt. rrom gum picKea
work. : Perhaps, no man has had as ids. 16 miles above Deschutes, and upon 'were then knocked down : and stored "In the winter of 1861-62 .the Oregon up. under thS pins trees.The Boat was
much experience on the two rivers aa -examination declared that -steamboat, aboard the boat On the trip the boat Steam Navigation -company contracted reaay wnen tne jce meitea in tne laics,
.has Captain Gray, who' for half a cen- could -never be, navigated up or down carried something over 2000 tons. This with R. Mallory & Co. to purchase- M9r aJ'ta-4?w-':Uw t1?'-- 0B-My.-
tury has been identified with the work through those raelds. and declined to matter of high-finance seemed to be cords of wood on the banks of the Co- lu 161. , v
of improving the rivers. The last ses- invest ; Itvwas known that sloopB and highly appreciated by the head army of- lumbla at or near John Day Rapids, at "Arriving .wiUiout mishap at Ces
sion of the Washington legislature made schooners could go up' over the rapids ftclals as tile officer that approved the $15 per cord. The Umber was but in the chutes (two miles above where Celllo
Captain Gray a member of the commia- when the summer - gales - were - blow-, accounts died a few years ago a retired Klickitat valley, hauled; to the brink of now is), father found that machinery
Ston to remove obstructions from the ing, so a mast and sail were installed quartermaster general. - the mountain and rolled down 2000 feet could not be had without cash; so put
Columbia river above Pasco and as far in the Colonel Wright, to help her over K'The .greatest problem to be solved in to -the bapk of the river and split into ting in mast and sail he took a,-load of,
as Kettle Falls,. " , , the rapids in case the steam failed. The the navigation of the rivers was to se- .cordwood. J Even this auxiliary to the freight t.0 Lewlston, the nearest river
Captain W. P. Gray became active on nail was a great help Jrt straight river, cure fuel , for .the steamboats. There driftwood was not enough and wood was point to the Oroflno- and Pierce City .
the river as early as 1888, and has given but a nuisance In the rapids and' bends, was not a .tree' more than six Inches in boated up the Columbia from near the mines In Idaho, which were then new
many Interesting reminiscenses of early "She f was a success from the first,. diameter and very-few -of those grow- Cascades to The Dalles, hauled by wag- gold mines and were, considered fabu
day-transportation problems.;1 Speaking especially financially. -The Contractors ing on the banks ef the Columbia be- on- 15 miles to .the Deschutes and dellv- lously rich. Old rlvermen shook their
of the first steamboats to ply the. up- received $100 per ton measurement for tween Deschutes Falls and Priest rap- ered to the Steamboats. s - - heads when the boat, with sails, started,"
per Columbia, Captain Gray said; ; freight, and the little 'Colonel Wright. Jds. On Snake river there was one pine . 'I believe the first steamboat to nav. but the trip was made successfully. On
"Ini 1858, nipon the advice of someof whose full carrying capacity was about tree on the south bank of the ' river 40 igate Snake . river was . the 'Colonel, the return trip of the boat I joined her
the sailboat captains; the men who had 100 tons weight' had the record Of car- miles above - the'' mouth, which gave a fWrlghC She carried a big load of gov at s Wallula where I f had brought the
the contract; for cnrryjng the govern- rying the greatest number of , tons- of name to the rapids at that point. There : eminent freight to the mouth of .the Pa- ; family - from . Osoyoos with pack sand
m en t freight from Fort Vancouver to freight that cwas ever carried on the were three pine trees just below Almota Ioufs river in the , summer of J860. riding' horses, and, forwarded .them on
first "steamboat to operate above Celllo boat i .... , , i . n ; : " Little Pine Tree rapids, 14 miles below built a boat l feet long "and 1J. f eet "Arriving at - Deschutes, father .pro
Falls. She was built a.t the mouth of ., "The. ' United States quartermaster Lewlston. , , There ,-was v, considerable beam at Osyoos lake, the head, of the ceeded to The Dalles and Portland, try
the Deschutes rivet and christened "Col., had a large number of army wagons for driftwood scattered along the Banks Okanogan rivet, with the intention of ing to secure another load of freight for
Wright," after the famous Indian fighter the troops at the' different posts. Be- which was cut by the - Indians and taking It down the Okanogan and Colum- Lewlston, where prices Were high and
1 who stopped th-"Cayue Indian war by fore taking the wagons on the boat the white men and sold to tne steamboats at bla rivers to the mouth of the Deschutes the influx of gold hunters caused a fear
corralling several thousand - Indian tongue was placed in position, the bbws -110 and 12 per cord. j This supply of river, putting , in the machinery and of . famine the following , winter. But
a - - - - w w vv .Vila cm-,,
Some such possibility may have been
at the bottom of the declaration signed
by the delegates of the United States to
the second international rpeace confer
ence held at The Hague in 1907 a dec
laration .which prohibited the discharge
of projectiles and explosives from, the
air. - The declaration reads: . ' .
"The contracting powers agree to pro
hibit, for a period extendlrjgjto the close
of the' third peace conference, the dis
charge ' of projectiles, and explosives
from, balloons or by other new meth
ods of a similar nature."
The delegates of the United States
signed,7thls ; declaration. . The countries,
which' did not sign the declaration for
bidding the launching of projectiles anfl
explosives from air-craft were: Ger
many, " Austria-Hungary, ; China, Den
mark, Ecuador, Spain.; France, Great
Britain, Guatemala, Italy, Japan, Mex
ico, ,, Montenegro.' Nicaragua; Paraguay,
Roumanla, : Russia, Servia, ' Sweden,:
Switzerland, Turkey and Venezuela.
It appears that the United States Is
the. only .first class power .that signed
this agreement and -an analysis of the
.text of the agreement itself shows that
no serious attempt was made to settlo
.the question fUjallyv..--'---. 4 , ' -
To be effective, a bomb must be
fairly large. Moreover, a considerable
supply of bombs must be available, The
aeroplane is a thing of t comparative
lightness.! r. cannot carry much am
munition of that "sort.7 Hence, even ad
mitting the-possibility of dropping ex
plosives upon any desired spot, the de
struction wrought must necessarily be
limited in extent. Lastly, there is alto
considerable danger-In unbalancing the
; machine by the; sudden .removal of the
load from one side. , , - , : t
For Scouting Purposes. ;
7 In the - war of the" future 'the aero
plane will, take the place of the present
cavalry , scouting force; for ' Its 'chief
function , wilt be : that, of gathering In
formation of the enemy's ; , position,
movements and strength." Two men will
be seated In its frame, one to pilot tho
machine and one to sketch and photo
graph the terrace below. From, the
trained eye of the spy in the air noth
ing will be concealed. He. will be like
a vulture wheeling in the blue, watching1
for carrion below. 'The click of his '
camera- shutter may , be a death knell,
for it .will record instantaneously the
position of some battery cunningly hid
aeri behind a ridge, an earthwork thrown
up across a pass, a stream spanned by
military . pontoon bridges.;,,' His pencil,
when ' it touches the , page of a note
book, may spell the death sentence of
a regiment; for it will unerringly note
those details of position and -numbers
which the photographic plate may not
be j able to , register..;; When he has
learned all that he can learn, he gives
the signal to his companion to return.
.Hardly two hours have elapsed since
'he was dispatched on his . quest Yet
within that time he Is able to give his
commanding officer Information that a
regiment of cavalry could not have
x; 'i.:.v.'':':;-vi'F:..V;.,
horses ' on -Spokane ; prairie near , the
present site of the ulty of SDokane.
This craft was a flat bottom stern-
.t.-.i. .i,k n .,n n vnt a l.
wuccic. t. i l 1 1 an uucu null, m iiaii ijii.
V-' jty ':'v:
' If 1-1 i
1 L
1
--- I - -
f, t , v. y;
. Hp .
lcu riim.ii.iimiUi,..-
i, aeromano will do more than to
m Keriarho.-rlcout
at battle of the future, which we
can all see In, our mind's eye. it will
,,v . ronr-ai tn nori f 'th. t.ot.
tie ground where the force of a mag- object is always, difficult to hit but But with what? Not with revolvers when every available means of soaring ply wastage of war, which is enormous
netlc personality is needed to turn .de- trebly so when it soars half a mile up or rifles, for their range is too small lhe '. ,s destroyed. and increases in enormity as the mate
feat into victory. And , the poet who in the sky. , ' . ; ". for effective shooting at an' aeroplane Command ot the air, like command of rial becomes more complicated and cost-
will sing of that' victo.ry will sing of Not upon his artillery will the ene- - wheeling around some thousands of the-sea, will depend on men and mate- ly. In the matter of armament, however,
whirring motors, of flashing propellers," my' rely, but on aeroplanes and airships yards away; not with a field piece, for rial, without men of courage and skill, cost Is not the guiding principle, Noth
of planes soaring over hill and valley of his own. He must fight steel With it could not be earried on a contrivance flying machines are useless. Without ing is so expensive as defeat and to
and of, the arrival that , cheered the steel. ; When he sees a blacl speck in in theY construction of which weight efficient flying machines, on the other avoid defeat the most efficient aircraft
hearts of a faltering army corps. . It the eky;, moving toward him, he gives , must be saved; but with a machine gun 'hand, It is obvious that men cannot fly. must be provided in sufficient numbers,
will be V ballad vastly different from a qotck command. A monoplane or a ofespecially" light construction; a gun The situation Is much the same in that Battles, aerial or terrestrial, are won by
that in 'Which Sheridan gallops his way biplane; perhaps two, start with a whir which would pour forth so many nun- respect as in naval affairs. England has financial resources and hard fighting;
16 miles to Winchester, but no less stir- from his camp 'and soar to meet that dred shots a minute in a steady stream, dominated the sea because she has had .--wi-, . . '' '
ring. .-''. i
1H& J&mVs
for the cover set up and the feed buck-
ets hunir on behind. A measurement
was. then taken from tne ground to the
.a th
i iiii ur , 1 1 ruvri, iiuju urn cnu i , i u
If the consummation of generalship
is to be found, as one authorHy as-'
Berts, in maneuvering the enemy into
untenable situations and thereby fore- '
ing a decisive result, with a minimum
loss of life and treasure, then the aero
plane will be the chief reliance of our
future Von Moltkes and Grants. It is
, often a military necessity to conduct a
reconnolssance in force to ascertain the
enemy's dispositions, a tactical neces
sity which may require a detachment of
several thousand men from - the main
army for a considerable period of time.
An aeroplane will accomplish the same
result In a fraction of -the time One
of the bloodiest encounters the 'world
has ever seen was the Japanese attack
on 203 Meter hill. Yet the sole purpose
of that great slaughter was the- placing
of two or three men at the summit of
the hill to direct the fire of the Japa
nese' siege guns upon- the Russian fleet ,
in the harbor of Port Arthur. ' .
Frontiers Obliterated. , ,
Major George O. Squier of the United
States signal corps has pointed out that
the realization of aerial navigation for
military purpose brings forward new
questions as regards the limitation of
frontiers. He states that as long ' as
military operations -are confined to the (
surface of . the earth, it has been the-'
custom to protect the geographical lim
its i of a -country fly ample preparations
In time of peace, such as a line of fort
resses properly garrisoned. At the out
break of war these boundaries repre
sent real and definite limits to military
operations. Excursions into the enemy's
territory usually require, the backing
of a strong' military force. Under the
;;new conditions;- however,- these geogra
phic , boundaries . no longer offer' the
same definite limits to military move
ments. With a thtrd dimension added
to the theater of operations, it will1 be
possible to pass over this .boundary on
rapid - raids for obtaining information,,
accomplishing demolitions, etc., return
ing to safety in a minimum time. We
may, therefore, regard the advent of
military scouts of ths, air as. in a meas
ure, obliterating present national, fron-i
tiers In conducting military operations.
Is the enemy altogether defenseless?
Can he offer no resistance It is Incon
ceivable that he shall He at thl mercy
of a -great artificial vulture, as helpless
as a carcass. He will have his special
artlllery-i field pieces so constructed
that they can. be elevated for high
angle fire. Againdt that military bird
of prey which he sees hovering far
above- him and whose errand he divines '
only too well,, he-will train these weap
ons -made for hint after a pattern of
Krupp. If his whistling shrapnel should
strike a motor, a propeller blade , or an
ignition device, -If it should cut a til
ler roDe. or solinter a steerin'sr rod. that
great bird above him must glide down
wounded at least. It is not necessary
to kill the pilot, but merely . to strike
a vital rart of the drlvinsr mechanism,
. - ...... ... ,
"Df jn, vue air may guae aown n
rfty. but his information Is lost to
his commanding officer. The question
arises: "Can the aeroplane be struck
so easily? ; Probablv not. A movinn
speck. .When machine encounters ma-
driftwood was partially renewed by the
freshets- every . summer, but not to
.satisfactory extent. Thfcre was a small
, --..Pnu ttmK
.uacab. v& 17 , 1 1 r, , nnu .uiiin 1 v.n v -1 1 v.
chine In the sky what will happen?
They dare not ram each other; That
would mean the Inevitable destruction
of both; for loth would fall ' to the
.,,,J -.. ..4 H.t4
...vA..u ..v.
nietai -and wood. .They must fire at
other.
A , , ...
Aenai jviacnine uun.
like a Jet of water spurting from a
bringing freight up the rivers to the
Kettle river mines, which were then con-
B,,Jr0- rlcn We whlpsawed
Paid 1 1 a pound to haye ne
the lumber.
necessary iron
. .. . . . .
. , '
'
hose. That battle in the sky will be
won-by the swiftest and' most readily
controlled flying machine by the aero -
plane, in a word, which can run and
k.. It. .n.ltl.. ..J ..... U-
vvvm unn ,ju.i..vii iUu us. nv
it may well be that ir i our Imaginary
battle 6f the future. that general
triumph whose aeroplanes are the
speediest. Surrender may be inevitable
the ships and a well-trained Industrious
shippers were afraid to risk their goods Oregon: Steam Navigation company
by the boat and reports were fife that agreeing to keep off the Willamette and
Snake river was so slow that flat-bot- the People's Transportation company
tomed skiffs were unable to come down, agreeing td' keep off tlfe Columbia and
Men were being drowned every , day. Snake. ..'..
Men from boats wrecked on the rapids ."The freighting business consisted
were walikng Into Wallula every day entirely of supplies shipped up the river,
ytth hard luck stories ef shipwreck, lost There was nothing proauced east of the
companions and disaster., . Cascades for export except horses, cat-
"Not -to' be deterred, father mort- tie and sheep. Even flour and veg-
gaged his boat. ; horses and household etables were shipped from the Wlllam-
goods for 15 tons of provisions an ette valley. .
started for Lewlston. ' "I was pilot- on the steamer 'Nes
r; "We sailed to - Wallula, but from -erce Chief," I think it was in 1866.
" there oii we had very little help from when a sample shipment of 10 tons ef
the wind."; The boat was too large , to Walla Walla flour was taken on board
tow, , or v pole against the current. I for Portland. It had been hauled by ox
was 16 years old. but used to swift team rrom walla Walia to Wallula. We
water. "We had a small skiff that took it to Celllo, where It was put oa
.would Just carry two colls of small carg and hauled to-The Dalles, taken
rope, a boy two years older than I, and r a steamer from there to the up
myself, ,f the water was smooth.. We peT cascadeSi transferred to a steamer
would take tho lines in the skiff and ,n(i taken to Portland. .
pole or wade and. k push the skiff up a newspaper of that day in "comment
stream as far as we thought the ropes ,ing 0JJ thft BbJpmen compared it to
; woild reach, tle the opes to a rock Bhl plnjf coalg to Newcastle, and ven-
or leaf and paddle back to the b'WP. tUred the assurance that the farmers of
when they would put.lt ajround a home- the WJllamette valley, need not worry
made , capstan and wind In the rope, h , t0 com ete wlth' wu
n.u.r-"-.-"... -.--k
trm W ,n U iliva from Wal-
stream. We were 40, days from wal
lula to Lew ston. . And every nan on n ho raUlng, ; stockraislng
board was tired to the utmost. We g ptincV industry and ; that
boys had to rur , the lines wading, and not furni8h the desired amount of
w,te,?n!r nThS I?da In October anS tra' Oregon Steam Navigation
November U niade Ifo ' d if frence if company'"
banks were lined with ice and the .Z t
ter chilled us to the bone the lines of the Inland Empire was inaugurated,
must be run Rates t were reduced to oelow cost of
"The discovery of gold In several" handling exports, but were maintained
localities and general development ci Import".;-The country developed,
the country caused the several steam- business Increased, more and larger
boat arid sailboat companies that were boats were built for the different part
operating on the Columbia from Port- of the river. '
land to the lower Cascades and from 'Thousands of tons of merchandise,
the upper Cascades to The Dalles, and farm machinery, grain and produce were
above Tumwater to, unite and form the carried on the steamboats , plying above
Oregon Steam Navigation Co. r There Celllo on the Columbia and Snake rivers,
was a wagon road from lower to upper and the portage railroads around The
Cascades, on the Washington side, six Dalles and Cascades were taxed to their
miles; a wooden railroad with mule utmost to handle the business.
power, from Bradford's Landing to up-r "Steamers of 500 tons carrying ca
per Cascades, three miles on the pre- paclty were plying dally between Port
gon side; also a good wagon road from ' land and the Cascades and the Cascades
The Dalles to Deschutes. In the spring and The Dalles. . ,
of 1862 an iron railroad was com- . "In June, 1879, I was captain and
pleted around the Cascades on the pilot of the 'Harvest Queen,', a stern
Washington side, and , in the spring wheel steamboat 200 feet long. 88 tout
of 1863 the railroad from The Dalles beam, 20-lnch f cylinders and 10 foot
to Celllo was completed and a regular ttrok. v.;.jv.,'fwUfi..: '-.''-ij.,1,
through line established by river and , "We would i be loaded and' ready to
rails. take passengers that had left Portland
"In the spring of 1863 the , People's tho same morning; and leave Celilo
Transportation company, which was P- ; Friday evenings at 6 o'clock with 425
erating a line of steamers on the Wil- -tonB 0f merchandise, distribute the
Jamette river from Portland up, realised freight and . passengers at their dif
that the development of the mines east ferent destination as far as .Lewis
of the Cascades had created a valuable ton on tne Snake river; returning take
B-ths Columbto.rtvsf.ii...Ths on board 450 tons of grain at the-dif-built
the, Iris to ply between the upper f t ,mpptn polnti along tn8 rlver,
C'uHiiaAeH unA The Dalles, and formed . ' . ?. . .. . Z. ,
a combinatWith lhe owner, orthe
lively opposition was Inaugurated. . The
cade. 7 The'Dalle. ' But whole traffic i?f the Inland EmP,r?
the sympathy of the people 1. always vwft carried on the rivers. Bince tn t
with the; under dog in the fight One .time one obstruction to the free navt
trip two ateamer. ' were ; in Lewlston sratlon of the, rivers hae been jvrn. w
ready to start down the river. : The hy the construction of-.tfie. Casead ,
toegojaStearNaYigationompanya
steamer Tenlno offered to take passeiTTanuJtWr-rtWfrtrnrH,
gers from Lewlston to .Portland free'; the government engineers, around T
the People's Transportation company Dalles are completed, we hp. u,
Charged 35: 125 passengers went on the the rivers once more utll!wd m f -..
Cajrjise and 10 deadheads on the Tenlno. boats flying through their .".:
The fight , wa finally, settled by the yore."
1 body Of civilians to fight them. Acqulsi-
tion of material Is merely a matter of
, Bpending money. The nation that spends
u i...
:
h ... , j k t miinna n,
'Zi
1 n L?.Vnf .tw " k !!'
success will depend not only on abun-
dant material, but on the ability to sup-
JTeat Sunday, "Wlio Owns the Air."
Walla grain raisersr
. .
tr&&t i
- " hour, of day and nlfeht ruu-
ning.
'.'The old-timers know that prior ti