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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Dec. 1, 1918)
3 REVIEW OF WORLD-WAR ONE OF GREAT HISTORICAL VALUE TIIE SUNDAY- OREGOXIAN, PORTLAJTO, DECEMBER 1, 1918. time to prepare for defense. The land ing; waa made on narrow, exposed beaches near the tip of the peninsula by the British and French, farther east on the north side by the Anzacs. under an Intense fire, in which terrible loss was suffered. The allies fought their way by i ieer bulldog tenacity anddar lns; up the cliffs, but, they could" not sain the heights during; the next three months. ' On August 7 another expedition land- j ed at Suvla Bay. farther east, while the Anzaca made an attack In concert. 1 The Turks were surprised and held the -place lightly, so that If the British had pushed forward vigorously they could have a-alned the straits and cut off the j TnrV lh armv from th mainland. Aomin ' there waa blundering, both by the transport officers and the Generals, the advance was delayed, the Turks occu- j pied the hills in force and the oppor tunity was lost. After vain efforts to advance, the entire army was with drawn in becember and Januarv with out loss of a man. the Turks being ' caught napping. Never was such valor displayed as at Gallipoli, but all the i s honors of the campaign went to the : soldiers and sailors, noae to the Gen- ersla Saea Caul Attacked. The Turks and Germans took the of fensive against Egypt and In February made an attack on the Suez Canal, but were quickly routed. Turkey proclaimed a holy war, which stirred the Sensussl fanatics of the desert west of Egypt to hostilities, but they were .routed, and dispersed by a flying expedition, in which armored motorcars played a prominent part, especially in the final pursuit into the desert. The British expedition up the Tigris made such good progress that Kut-el-Amara was taken in September and. gainst his protest that his force was not strong enough. General Townabend was ordered to push on to Bagdad. On reaching Ctestphon. about IS miles from that city, about November 21. he de feated the Turks, but lost heavily, and the arrival of large reinforcements fo the enemy caused him to retreat down the river to kut, where he encamped on e Pecember I to await relief. The Turk laid siege to him and blocked the wa of relieving forces by holding stron positions extending from the nort bank of the river to the marshes. They could not be taken by frontal attack, as several attempts proved, and. every effort at relief failing. Townshend tar rendered with about 0l0 men on April 31. ll. An Investigation of the ex pedltion exposed serious mismanage' ment by officials in both England and India, with horrible neglect of wound ed and sick. Having destroyed the offensive now r of Russia for the time, the central powers now turned their attention to their original purpose the opening of the gateway to Turkey oy the con quest of Serbia- The blindness of al lied diplomacy to the real situation In the Balkans made all circumstances favor this situation. At the outbreak of the war Greece was ready to Join the allies, but they chilled her enthusiasm by saying they preferred that she re main neutral. Thus they played Into the hands of the pro-German King Constantlne, who had been deeply Im pressed with German Invincibility when shown all or the Ivalsers hideous de vices In Berlin in March. 1914. who had learned that Austria was to be split Into several kingdoms to be ruled by the Kaiser's sons and who was anx ious to become a tributary of Germany and to have his kingdom enriched with German capital. Fro-ally sentiment was at first so strong that the king did not venture to oppose it. but when Great Britain asked help for Serbia In November 1314. no guaranty was offered of pro tection against attack by Bulgaria. When they decided to attack the Dardanelles, the allies re-opened the matter and offered territory in Asia llnor. venlieloe wa willing to accept, and proposed to Con stantine that Bulgaria should be given .tasters Macedonia as the price of neu trallty. but the king betrayed the let ter, which contained remarks irritating zo jtuawia. to tne uxar. Balgarla Gets Leaa. A few days later Bulgaria obtained a loan from Germany, and the Greek Premier gave "P hope of her remaining neutral. When the naval attack on the straits began, he proposed to the king that 10.000 troops be sent, being con fident of success, as there were only (000 Turks on the peninsula and It was not wen fortified, but Constantine re fused his consent. The proposed army was reduced to 15.900, but again the Xing refused. Though Russia had ob jected to Greek aid In the expedition, Britain and France finally trot her con sent, but by that time the pro-German party at Athens was so strong that the cnanc was lost. Veniselos resigned on March and won the election of a new Parliament on the war issue on June 13. but the king delayed his re turn to office till the middle of August. Throughout that year the allies were striving to reconstitute the Balkan league in support of themselves by ob taining cessions of territory from both Greece and Serola to Bulgaria. Though those two states knew that Bulgaria was already secretly allied with Ger many, they consented finally. While the negotiations dragged on. the allies wltheld military aid from Serbia, though the army which was wasted at Gallipoli might have saved her. Bulgaria began to throw off the mask by making a treaty whereby Turkey ceded the railroad to the Bul garian port of Dedeagatch on the Aegean Sea with an adjoining strip of territory. That mask was lifted higher when the Bulgarian army was mobil ized on September 1. The allies then awakened, and Britain pledged military aid to Serbia on the 28th and obtained from Veniselos consent to the landing of an army at Salonika. Russia forced a-tlon by sending an ultimatum to r'j'fia on October 4. and the following day the first allied troops landed at Salonika. The Greek Chamber adopted a resolution In favor of the allies, but the king refused to act on it. and on the tth Veniselos resigned. M. Zaimis was appointed Premier, the Chamber was dissolved, a proclamation of "benevo lent neutrality" toward the allies was issued on October IS and the king dis solved the Chamber and began absolute rule In defiance of the constitution, on November 13. The allies had guar anteed Greece constitutional rule when she became independent, and would have ben Justified in com pelling the king ' to call an im mediate election, but they did noth ing. In deference to the prejudice of Russia. Constantino mobilised the army, ostensibly to preserve neutrality, but actually to disqualify the soldiers from voting when an election should be held. Dsssbe Is Creased. The Germans and Austrlans crossed the Danube on October t. In spite of strong resistance from Serbia, and took Belgrade on the 9U and Semendri on the 11th. the French advancing into Eerbia along the Vnrdar River on the 8th. Bulgaria declared war on the 14tb and attacked Serbia on the flank, while her army was being driven back by superior force from the north. The Bui gars cut the railroad at Vranj on Octo ber 1 and Captured Uskub on the 24th and Nlsh on November 6. The French were fighting their way up the Vardar Valley in an effort to link up with the Serbs at Babuna Pai on the west, but the Serbs were driven from Prilep and the pass on November 17 and had no alternative to annihilation except re treat to the wet, for a wedge was driven between them and the French, who had not been able to advance be yond Krlvolak. while the British had not been able to reach the border north of Lake Dolran. Prlsrend and Monastlr were lost on November . 30. and the -r-rw- .urjr'M.n 5 tk ' , . . , J . ..;..v. . . V.. . .. r. . .w 1 C -n. 5,; ''Sn '-i .1 it . - - f - in ir- it i 1 1 jk. a I Lit i ,,. - ..y-- 1 I .- ..- .... .. . m - -cm-,. ., .,k.4giWa- ' ?-f , l " li Sum Mi M" mar0-,mrmX-rrjmmK . - i GENERALS WHO COMMANDED THE ALLIED ARMIES IN THE FIRST YEARS OF WAR. Serbs, worn, hungry and without trans port, marched through the fresh snow of the Albanian mountains to Durazso, abandoning their artillery, but taking all the boys who were. old enough to march. On December, 10 the allies with drew from Serbia to a line of entrench ments Just south of the border and to an entrenched camp around Salonika. Macedonia, east of the Struma River, was occupied by the Greeks. The Serbian refugees were taken by allied warships to the Island of Corfu, where their wants were relieved and they were re-equipped and reorganized to Join the army of Salonlkl. Xeateaea-rw la Iavaded. Invasion of Montenegro by the Aus trlans began on December 1 and, though the people fought with their traditional bravery, they were swamped by auperior force. On January 11. 1916, they were driven from ML Lovchen, the peak which towers over the Aus trian port of Cattaro. and on January 14 they lost Cettinje. their capital. King Nicholas and the remnant of his army fled to the coast, whence the allies car ried them to the Italian island of Sardinia. This campaign opened the corridot through the Balkans, which Serbia had blocked, and Pan-Germany, stretching from the North Sea to Bagdad, became fart. On December 9, Chancellor Von Bethmann-Hollweg said to the Reichstag that it was time for the al lies to ask for peace, but that terms must be based on the military map. That boast ignored the fact that the western allies had not yet developed their full strength; that Russia was still fighting and that the blockade had made the food situation in Germany so serious that the government took over distribution of the food supply In Oc tober. The allies met the suggestion ,-ith defiance, and the war went on. In the west the year 1915 began with reverse for the French, who were driven from the north bank of the Aisne opposite Soissons. When Spring , opened they began a determined attack cn the German positions on the hills of Notre Dame de Lorette north of Arras, and by savage fighting which contin ued to the middle of June, drove th enemy thence and from an intricate svstem of trenches to the east, called the Labyrinth. The French also tried n April to cut out the St. Mlhiel sallen and stormed Les Eparges on the wes but made little progress on the south, and lost some ground in the Argonne forest, farther west. The British began operations on large scale by a drive from Ncuve Cha pelle northward to Ypres on Marcn iu, in which they took the former town and won and lost Hill 60, south ol Tprcs, In deadly fights. First Gas Attack Made. They were soon compelled to concen trate all their force farther north, for on April 22 the Germans Intro duced - a new weapon when they began a mass attack on the line extending several miles eastward from the Yser Rive-, northeast of Ypres. This was poisonous gas, dis harged from tanks and rolling witn the wind close to the ground to the al lied trenches, where it choked the sol iers. filled their lungs and caused eath In acute agony within a few days. The attack was directed at the French colonial troops, who fell back n panic gasping for breath. The way was open to Tpres, but the Canadians, who were to the right, swung back al most to right angles and, fighting furiously against tremendous odds, held the enemy. it bay while reserves were rushed forward. The battle extended all around the Tpres salient and con tinued with great fury until May 7, hen the Germans abandoned this sec ond attempt to break through to the channel. It was followed by counter attacks. In which the allies regained some ground, and on May 22 the in domitable Canadians captured several uns. Only minor engagements and raids ere made until beptember Z4. wnen determined effort to break througl. th German lines was made by the British Loos and Hulluch. south of La Bassee. and by the French in Cham pagne from Souain. east of Rheims. to Massiges. The British captured Loos and the supposedly impregnable Hohen sollern redoubt and held most of their gains. Though the over-eager troops went beyond their objectives at some points, reserves came up too slowly to help them and they bad to fight their way back. But they beat back all counter attacks and inflicted terrible losses, though they lost heavily. In Champagne Castelnau carried the whole first line, and at places pen trated the second line, but could not hold the gains. He took 2S.000 prison ers and 155 guns. The object of these battles, it was announced, was not to break through, as Germany pretended. but to take pressure off Russia, and it succeeded In checking the Russian retreat. The French pushed forward through the Vosgea Mountains into Al sace till they held the eastern slopes secureiy. In fact, the main effort of the two western allies was to hold the Germans while Great Britain developed her man power and industrial resources to the point where they could take the of fensive successfully. Germany's main effort In that quarter was to hold the allies while she demolished her eastern foe. Maay British Volunteer. Britain began the war by making Lord Kitchener, her greatest military organizer. Secretary of War and by call ing for volunteers, who flocked to the ranks faster, than they could be clothed. boused and equipped. All the colonies and India rallied to the flag and did likewise, and strife In Ireland ceased for a time, Unionists and Nationalists vying with each other in devotion. But an attempt was made to do "business as usual" and it was not realized that war had become a business of manu facturing vast quantities of munitions, wiUiout which, tne soldiers would be defenseless. Many men whose knowl edge and skill would have made them worth a thousand soldiers were en listed and killed as privates, this being the result of the unscientific volunteer system. The ranks in France and el- glum were stiffened witn a contingent of about 70,000 Indian troops, with the European troops from India, whose went through the first line, while the French progressed south of the river to within three miles of Peronne. Fighting to gain woods infested with machine guns continued, and on Jul 14 the second advance began by the British and continued till they won the village of Pozieres. On August 15 the French had gained the third line on December (, but his note only drew forth some lame, mendacious excuses. Germany showed that no law could re strain her by sinking the British hos pital ship Anglia with 100 wounded soldiers on November 17, and the liner Persia In the Mediterranean on Decem ber 30. At the same time the United States nlr. rmH h now natives and I waa ivarmlni with German consDlra- I the south and on the lgth the British with th. rir mnMnianta from Canada tors and destructive agents, who blew I took the great Leipsig redoubt on the miles of Galatz early in December. and Australia. These, added to the ter- up ships and munition factories, ana ". ocun.ucr o lUcIO Roumanians Are Defeated. rltoriais, formed the bulk of the rein- with agitators who supportea tne tier- u, Roumanians had menaced his forcemeWsent to the front In 1915. man cause by championing neutrality allies had I ga ined the rest : of the . hills I"?TtonZl A reverse suffered in May at estu- or meir own Kino, ana oy mUn. Rnstohuk on October 2. but were driven bert. attributed to lack of artillery. striKes. rne initiative oi inese acn k..t . i j. i.u. n n.nh.r 1 a and narticularlv of high explosive shell was traced to the embassies of the for tne tnira line Degan, ana tne no- ---- - I.T r" Vn central powers, ana ur. Nemours, "",-" , V" ;-, " p.,,,ni,.m Lttrkrt th Roumans in and trenches, caused a demand for rad- German. .was sent nome on mar r". "w.h h p.nh .hn h.H Transylvania, drove them back Into Bulgarian army to attack It He took the fortresses of Turtukar and Silistrla on the Danube, ' pressed the outnum bered but stubbornly resisting Roumans back through the Dobrudja, captured the port of Constanza. was only pre vented from crossing the river by the destruction of the ' great Czernavoda bridge, and was not halted until he had taken Braila and was within a few ical reorganization of industry, for vast recall of Dr. Dumba, the Austrian Am- expansion and for government control; I bassador, was demanded on September also for a national coalition Cabinet 9. and that of Captains Boy-ed and of all tiar-1 Von Papen. attaches of the German ties in place of the Liberal Cabinet otiemDassy. on uecemger o. x.ii uucui, Rarhcrt H. Asauith. The coalition was agent of the Hamburg-American line. . . . a . r I . I I 1 . 1 hi. ail kn.fllliat.. WAP. tormea ana a Ministry oi numuoni auu -.. . I crun nests and sDi-cadinir consternatl was established In charge of David sent to. prison for .Ma lng 'rged P coSternat extended their line north of the river, the mountains, trapped large numbers won Bouchavesnes and Deniecourt. In and after gallant fighting in the passes this lat nush the British tanks took which continued well into November part for the first time, and did good penetrated into the plains of Wallachla. service in smashing strongly held The City of Craiova was taken on No houees and woods, crushing m-chine- vember 22, a stand for defense of on Bucharest was defeated tnrougn De- the enemy. On the 18th theltrayal of the Roumanian plans and the was uuuii-uc. .u - i ---,-- - . - -i-l among the enemy. On Lloyd George, who Induced the labor papers ror snips w"'" "."".V- formidable quadrileteral was carried, capital was taken on December 6, the unions to suspend their restrictive rules, German raiders at sea ana similar id the 5th tnj aUles had won the eovernment neeln north to Jassy. A to forbid strikes and to submit dis- prosecutions loo i'""' " villages north and south of Combles, new line of defense from the Car- putes to public tribunals. This soon I the country. T" j'0 ecame squeezing the enemy out of that place, pathlans along the Sereth River to the made the country a great hive of in- convert w Zt while the British took the strongly for- Danube was taken by the Roumanians, dustry. women by nunareas OI tnou- tified ThienvaL Rain fell so con-1 h wao maintains with sltsrht rhansre. sand taking men's places la factory pacifism and pro-rmamsm were sun stantly in October as to make move- Roumania made war in reliance on and on farm. rue ana on j.muc. " ment over the shell-torn ground im- Russian help, which came in insuffi- At the same time there arose a move- startea a orB , t, - "', th I Possible, but on November 9 the cient amount to save her and was de- ment for conscription, but it made slower progress and was favored by the Premier only as a last resort. In stead, strong pressure was used on everv fit man to enlist and the Ger mans helped by bombing the capital and vicinity from Zeppelin airships. In a last effort to avoid conscription na tion-wide registration of men to be called into service by classes when needed was effected by the Earl of Derby, Europe to "get the boys out of the trenches before Christmas" an enter I prise which, of course, . ridiculously failed. British Win la Africa. weather had cleared and the British llberately withheld. She was betrayed lintsned tneir worK by taxing tne vu- by Russia and some of her own gen- lages ana catacomDs aiong tne river erals Ancre, Including the strong point of The Serbian army was transported to Beaumont .name., wnere tney got 4U0U Salonlkl In May. 1916. but the allies de- In the course of the year the British prisoners. . layed their advance because the duplic- South African army conquered South-I Prussian Guards . Suffer. ity of King Constantine made their rear west Africa and received the surrender I I Insecure. His treachery vent so far of the last German force In July, and terrible 8laugnter tnat German soldiers l.h " May 2? J?'8 ,tr?p8 the British and rTencn compietea tne rir.rtprt .. to . . . i ui .wa vau.a i,u bv a, v mu uuiuiuo saainsBt nf TTamAriin. wherft thfl I , , - . , . . It produced 2,800.000 registrants after -""jVe, welcomed del verance from no gave it tne name oi tne Diooaoatn. ". nnn nnn vnluntoora hari alreadv en- nattve" weicomeu aeiiverani-o The supposedly . invincible Prussian w listed but U regaled hundreds of Gerraan "tal"y- , The British had a Guards iwere t and Va L8'- ?nt 1. ..U . more difficult task in German East German eovernment B t'A the ef- ing the Struma Valley, to the Bulgars, who then took Drama, Seres and Ka valla without resistance. One Greek dl hMianria nf nnmarrlAri alaekers. I . . . . ... . j. su.ci mucin u icucu uic ci-1 . .v.. ; i Africa ana remainea on iao ueicmuo i. ti,t ,oinioj. . m to vtermany, ninuus ir mc though the total number or volunteers . oula DO 8ent from South rT.r.n Kaiser against Italy in . the Fall of swelled to 4,000,000 berore tne ena oi .fries, and India. , , l917. The farce of Greek neutrality the year. I Th(. vear loie was looked forward I .,.., vjj ! , .. continued until Venlzelos called on his Italy Declares War. tn the allies aa the vear of decision. j i,.i .i i. ..n adherents to loin him in fighting for . M. . . , . . ...... . r I uvi ...cuo, c.au li.v. i. wlc. ivca o -l 11 I . .. a . . . jiiiw vain enures vy uiijiuiuauj i Th.v nad arrangea auring ino wmitr l. . , i-. v,i . tne allies ana tney iiocKea 10 mm ai obtain recognition by Austria of her I for closer co-operation on the several miHion men. I Salonlkl, where the allies equipped claims to Unredeemed Italy, Italy on I fronts and the new British army was j This battle compelled the Germans to I them and where he set up a provisional .may 4, rvi, aenouncea in iriLiie am- to De reaay to join in niajui weaken their army at Verdun and so I government. ance, which had already become a dead slve. Steady reinforcement was pro- relieved the pressure on the French Tlle allies gave formal recognition letter, and on May 23 declared war on I vlded by a conscription law which waj .v., thev tnnlc th nffmisiva Tn . on October 16 and occuplei. the Pi Austria, affording sorely needed relief introduced in Parliament on January series ef sudden springs forward, they raeus, the navy, railroads and forts, to Russia by engaging a large part of 2, and became law on May 25, but the retook Fleury and Thiaumont on They followed this step on October the Austrian army. THer friendly attl- first battles were to be fought by what August 3 and 4, Fort Douaumont and 25 by demanding surrender of large tude to the allies had been shown a was named Kitchener's army. four miles of the German line on Octo- quantities of arms. After some hag week before wir broke out by a secret The Germans, too, struck for a deel- Der 24, and forced the enemy to aban- gling he agreed, but his ministers ad lntimation to France that she would e0n and were determined to have the ,jon Fort Vaux on November 1. Before vised that the allies make a show of remain neutral, thus relieving tnat first blow. They began in January Winter set in the French had recovered force in order that the people might country of anxiety about her south- with local attacks in Champagne, almost all the ground they had lost think they were not given up volun- eastern frontier, and events had been Artois and the Vosges, and tn ebruary I east 0f the Meuse. Estimates of the I tarlly. Two thousand French and Brit- anticipated by the occupation of I extended them to Ypres. iney retooK German losses in the Verdun battles lsh marines were accordingly marched Avlona. Albania, on December 25, 1914, some ground on Hartmannswellerkopf, ran as high as 600,000 dead alone to Athens, despite the warnings of the to secure control of both shores of the a mountain 4000 reel nign in Aisa.ce, i while those of the French range from Venizelists. while the king's staff se Otranto Straits. Italy began the cam- and forced their way down tne ridge 120,000 to 400,000. Verdun was more cretly placed 10 times as many Greek paign Dy occupying tne outlets or tne east or xpres, uui ino nau.u io- man a rortress; tt became a symbol of troops with artillery on the hills com AlDlne Dasses in Trent and the Dolo-I took what they had lost. But the real German determination to hi-eair I manriinir th ritv. Fir a waa onennd on mites, by crossing the Isonzo River and point of attack was Verdun, which the through, split the French line in two December 1 and a short battle followed. taking tne coast town oi juoniaicone in istaii, now ucaucu uj vrnc.o.. iana marcn on to t-ans, ana or irencn in which 116 allies ana loo ureeKs were a move on Trieste. An attack on Falkennayn, ooasiea it womu viuao u determination to nold fast, and France killed. Admiral du Fournet began to Gorlzia was made on June , but failed I four days. I won. . I shell the king's palace from his ships, for lack of positions on the command- After a bomoarament witnoui prece- in Great Britain events happened whereupon he let the marines march ing heights. Fine deeds of daring were dent by 1500 guns, an army of 120,000 which had a profound influence on the out unmolested. The Rovalists then performed in seizing heights across the men advanced in dense, successive course and outcome of the war. In raided the houses of the Venizelists, Upper Isonzo and great engineering waves against positions north of the June the cruiser Hampshire was sunk killing some and imprisoning hundreds, genius was displayed in carrying men, city, which were held by only 12,000 by a mine off the Orkney Islands, and while the allied ministers took refuge artillery and supplies by cable tram- French. They gained the outer posi- Lord Kitchener, the great war minister, on the warships. Demands for repara- way to tne lorty peaas ana snowiieias. i iiono, ami wem ncm m iu ... was arownea while on his way to Pe Naval warfare in 1915 was chiefly days, lor juarsnai jouro nau neeu troarrad to confer with th Russia confined to submarine operations by warned and had concentrated great staff. He was succeeded a month later the Germans and patrol work by the quantities or guns ana sneu in me rear, by Mr. Lloyd George, the coming man. Rrltlsh aairia from tha bnmharriment kept supplies pouring In on motor Tn (Via Fall r?isa t Isfonflnn with lha r. of the Dardanelles, after a German trucks on the rdad from Bar le Due and ganization of the government grew so squaaron met disaster on an attempt I "an pui uc. intense that an open quarrel arose be- to raid the British coast on January tne aeiense. n " ."""i" tween Lloyd George and Premier As 24. It was chased by the British battle hills west or tne river meuse ana inus quith. The latter resigned and the for tion and apology followed, also for the transfer of the whole Greek army to the Peloponnesus, . and more haggling followed. Serbians Attack Bnlgars. By August 10 the rear was held safe enough to warrant an advance and the Serbs, supported by the- French, at tacked in Western Greece, driving the Bulcars before them in several harct- the cruisers Doerflinger and SeydHtz, assault Poivre and Talou ridgeB. After Liberals, Conservatives and Laborites I fought battles. A heroic charge up a cruisers under Admiral Beatty. which brought a flanking fire against the mer formed a new coalition cabinet sank thejeruiser Bluecher and disabled troops in b , T wltl1 an inner war cabinet, in which suffering onlv the disabling of the the first five days tne uermans nau not ..rir. ir nf th. hatti. miiur yet reached tbe chief outer torts. Tiger. Aside from the British and On February 26 the famous Branden- hVonr h Innst In th trfllr th fArmap I DUrK xicKiniciii. iuub. run Lfuuauiuuui, lost the battleships Formidable. Lord northeast or tne city, out its terriDiy Nelson and Goliath and a transport thinned ranics were surrounaea ana with 1000 men in the Mediterranean, rorcea to surrender to me equally were represented. Irish Cause Titrable. One cause of this change was a rebel lion In Ireland, which brake out on April 24, made Dublin a scene of bat tle throughout Easter week and steep, rocky ridge gave them command of the Czerna Valley. The Serbs con tinued to gain ground among the rug ged heights until they forced the Bul gars to abandon Monastir on November 20, and they recovered their ancient capital. The British meanwhile ad vanced east of Vardar and took Doiran. t,u. t,. pr.nK ,. k.. i..t.. famous Iron Division. During the next suppressed witn severity. It was the Leon Gambetta and other largo ships three aay the Germans again tooK tnis result or a conspiracy Detween ice sinn They aiso crossed the Struma and In the Straits of Otranto. A squadron ,ort also Poivre and Talou ridges, but Fein society and Germany, the latter drove the enemy out of several villages of British submarines entered the were exposea to a terrioie lire irora senuins basement, an ansnman. wun on th0 ea8t bank. The Italians -co-op- Baltic and on October 13 sank a num- lne n"ls on lno weBt- iney fa""" , uppy i arma. hmuimi wai cap- erated by exUnding their lines from ber of German ships and other vessels Marcn , wnen tney reneweaine assaun iurea on isnmiig iwo uay ueiore ine AvIona acroSs Albania to Join the Ing the Sea of Marmora and raiding " " ,,. 7k Xi- o h. ..Tp.TI. 7.knl .., Ion both sides of the river. By sending I outbreak and the arms did not land. that the dead were piled thick on the I and Casementas shot after conviction of treason, in London. The administra tion of Chief Secretary Birrel was held 1-.lrtak .kin. Blockade la Declared. I summit of Mort Homme Hill, but they On the pretense that Great Britain I could go no farther, and the first stage I largely responsible, and he resigned. was trying to starve Germany, that country on February 4 proclaimed a blockade all around the British Isles and along the French coast and warned neutrals that their ships would take risks by entering the defined area. This brought a strong protest from the United States, which warned Germany that she would be held to strict ac countability' for any injury to Ameri cans. The new system of ruthless war began on February 18, and Its first startling result was the torpedoing of the passenger steamer Falaba in the Irish Sea on March 28, and the shelling of the fleeing sailors and travelers. of the battle ended in April, having cost the Kaiser 250,000 men. Hob Gas Kills Own Men. Diversions were made on April 29 at Ypres. where the boches sent forward a gas cloud whlcn was blown bacK and slew their own men; at Vlmy Ridge, in May. where allied attacks brought little result, and again at Ypres In June, but on May 3 the Germans returned to the assault on Verdun. They had only half taken Mort Homme in the first stage, but now gained all of it at prodigal cost, also Hill 304 to the west, but then were blocked and had to face Serbs. Austria began a determined effort to I drive the Italians from the mountains of Trentino and to reach the Lombard plain on May 24. They made much progress during the first few days, but Mecca proclaimed the Independence of Arabia and was recognized as King. He soon shut the Turkish garrisons in the cities and began operations in concert with the British. The latter reached El Arlsh, on the eastern border of Egypt, on December 21, and routed and made prisoners of almost the whole force. A force at the neighboring town of Maghdaba met the same fate, and the way was open to invade Palestine. The greatest naval battle of the war was fought off Jutland Bank in the North Sea on May 31, 1916. The German high sea fleet was sighted about 2:20 P. M. by a scout of the British grand fleet, which signaled to Admiral Beatty, In command of the battle cruiser di vision, which promptly gave chase to the German battle cruisers, though they were falling back on the main battle fleet. At 3:4S the action began and in Its first stage the British battle cruisers Queen Mary and Indefatigable were sunk. Eight British destroyers also engaged 15 of the enemy and beat them back, also firing torpedoes at the German -battle cruisers. At 4:33 tbe main German fleet was sighted, and Beatty turned northward to lead them towards the main British fleet, which was approaching from that direction. The Germans had the advantage of be ing shrouded In mist, while the British stood out against a clear sky, but th battle cruiser Lutzow fell out crippled. the destroyer Engadine set another on fire with a torpedo and others showed distress. On sighting Admiral Jellicoe's fleet, Beatty turned eastward to force the enemy on a course where Jelllcoe could destroy him. At this stage the British battle cruiser Invincible and the cruisers Defence. Warrior and Black Prince were sunk, while the battle cruiser Warsplte was disabled, but the Germans lost a light cruiser and one of their battle cruisers was disabled. - Kalaer Claim Big Victory. On seeing the British battle fleet.-Von Scheer. the German commander, turned southward In flight, Beatty tiursulng and Jelllcoe closing up. Several Ger man ships were seen to drop out of line, disabled, or to heel ovar in flames, and from 6:17 P. M. they began to re ceive the full fire of the British battle, ships, which made frequei t hits, though the mist hid most of the effect, but tbe return fire was feeble. The chase con tinued till darkness, when proximity to mine fields forbade Jelllcoe to close in, and the battle was continued by de stroyers on both sides, which fired many torpedoes, but could rarely see the result. The Germans had disappeared by morning, leaving the field to the Brit ish. The Kaiser promptly claimed a great victory, but gave no details of his losses and his fleet never came out again. The British admitted the loss of three battle cruisers, three light cruisers and eight destroyers, and claimed to have sunk three dread naughts, two battle cruisers, five light cruisers, nine destroyers and one submarine. Tn I Ha firmt VAar nf Ih. wat in August 1.915, the allies reported their total naval losses at 71 ships of 327,000 gross tons and those of the central powers at 89 ships of 262,000 tons, the disparity in tonnage being due to the fact that the big Teuton ships seldom left . port. During the year 1916 the British lost the battleships King Ed ward VII and Russell and the cruisers Nottingham and Falmouth by mines and torpedoes, while the French lost the cruisers Provence and Gallia. Submarine ravages continued unre strained until March 24, when the channel passenger steamer Sussex vaa damaged but not sunk and several Americans were killed. President Wil son demanded an explanation three days later, but- Germany denied that a submarine was responsible. On April 18 the President sent an ultimatum to Germany and informed Congress, tier many then agreed not to attack with out warning, but threatened to resume sin-on-sight methods unless the United States induced Great Britain to ral.we the blockade, a condition which the President refused to accept. Ruthless ness continued and sinkings of ships increased. The United States was de fied by the appearance of the U 53 at Newport, R. 1., on October 7, and by the sinking of five ships on the next day off Nantucket, almost within sight of land. The British were exasperated by the execution of Captain Fryatt, who had Brussels early in the war and who had recently been captured, and by the sinking of the hospital ship Britannia on November 22. The President, on December 12, warned all the' belliger ents that the United States was being drawn to the verge of war and asked all of them to state their war aims. Almost on the same day Germany made an offer of peace, but in a defiant tone. The allies replied with equal defiance and plainly stated their aims to Mr. Wilson, while Germany's reply was vague. Portugal Join in Conflict. The republic of Portugal was added to the number of the alltes on March 8, 1916, when Germany declared war as a retort to the seizure of 36 German and Austrian ships which had been in terned 1n Portuguese porfY An armv of South Africans and In dians was landed in Earft Africa under command of General Smuts, . and on March 11 began a campaign against German East Africa I which met with uninterrupted success, disposing of the main enemy force and occupying al most the whole colony. The German commander. Von Lettow-Vorbeck, fin ally fell back on guerrilla war, to which tbe country is well adapted. The review of the war from the be ginning of the year 1917 to the sign- ng of armistice, Including the story of American participation, will be pub- ished next Sunday. H-H-r A Stubborn Cough Loosens Right Up Mr. Lloyd George negotiated a compro- General Cadorna hurried up new forces and by June 3 had stopped the enemy on the plateaus south and east of the frontier. On June 16 he con"ter at tacked and drove them back almost to their former positions. In aukusl, while Austria needed every man In the east, the Italians opened an nsinlt along the Isonzo, took Monte Sabotino and Monte San Michele on tne west bank on the 7th, and Gorlzia on the 9th. They pushed on to the Carso pla teau and took a line of hills with 8000 prisoners on the 12th and a further stretch of the plain with 19.000 pris oners and 30 guns on the 15th, adding 15.000 prisoners in a further drive on November 1. British Fleet Gives Cbase. The Grand Duke Nicholas, who had been given 'command in the Caucasus when relieved of the chief command. led the Russian army against the Turks reparation and saying that this Na-juajor RaynaL the commander, ordered cut up the Austrian armies, took 400,-I in the snow soon after the year opened 1 K. mlse on home rule between the Ulster Unionists and the Nationalists, but it fell through, owing . to the opposition cf Lord Lansdowne, a member of the cabinet. The Mesopotamia scandal, the Gallipoli fiasco and the Inopportune in tervention of Roumania In the war, ending in her subjection, were evi dences of Asqulth's Incompetence, and caused his fall. - With a reorganized army. Russia re sumed the offensive in Bukowina on January 1, extended it to Riga in Feb ruary and to Lake Narotch at the cen ter in Marcn. On June 4, the new gen eral. Brousslloff, began a general at tack on the whole line from the Pripet marshes to Bukowina, drove a deep a 4 art m -nunf or attarlr n , . I ha nnitmi. a..o wnmo " TS , ',. "t Ridge. Another push, in which "! B'fV """ """ waves of men pushed each other for L.usiuania on ine -irisn coast, wnicn I .. k..n, r ri.ari i-nnr caused the death of over 1200 non- took Thiaumont and Fleury and weige into the Austrian lines, recon conbatants, one-tenth of whom were brought them within four miles of quered Bukowina, penetrated Galicia to Americana ..i hut thev did not aln Fort within 30 miles of Lemberg and threat- The United States sent a note tolvr.,,-, ,ii .ft.. f e. I fned the great railroad Junction of Germany demanding disavowal andVarians had been shot down. Then I Kovel in Poland. He drove back and . ! r. J ...... 1 . 1 . i L : V- " I ... A..r..v1nv. nl.B rt". 1 ifld tion would "omit no word and no act" necessary to defend its rights. But that was only the beginning of a long cor respondence, in the course of which the pacifist Secretary of State Bryan re signed on June 7. The crisis seemed to be come acute when the steamer Arabic was sunk with further loss of Ameri can life on August 19, but It passed when Ambassador von Bernstorff on October 6 finally disavowed the act hia men to retire and remained alone " prisoners ana nunareuu ui sunn, ana capturea tne great tortress tn iirndr Shniitinlr their warrrv I Klliea or wounueu ei musij ovu.vuv ii i nrzerum Dy storm pn reornnry "They shall not pass," the French stood tne enemy ana iorcea von ninuenours. their ground against incessant mass attacks, and often regained critical points, recovering Thiaumont on June 30. The center of interest was changed to the Somme about the middle of June, when the allies began a storm of shell at the entrenchments for about 25 miles and promised reparation, Germany I north and south of the river Somme who became chief of the German staff f on August 29, to send reinforcements from the west lust when they were needed on the Somme. But this campaign became merged In one farther south. On August 27 Roumania declared war on Austria and Germany to deliver ber brethren in Transylvania. and sent an army Trebizond, on the Black Sea, on April 18, and Erzingan on July 2o. lie vneri advanced around Lake Van and took Bitlis and Mush, but the Turks with new forces regained those cities about August 8, only to lose Mush again on tbe 24th. Turkey's last threat to the Suez Canal was removed August 4, when the Brit ish marched 23 miles into the desert of having already agreed on September 1 in front of Albert The infantry attack I through the Carpathian passes to seize Sinai and routed their army at Romani, to attack no more passenger ships. But began on July 1. by the British from that province and link up with the taking over 3000 prisoners. The British Austria was involved when one-of her Gommecourt to the river and by the Russians farther north. The Austrlans then began to push a railroad and submarines torpedoed the Ancona in I French thence to a point west of I withdrew to the foothills after slight! great water main across the desert, a the Mediterranean and shelled the I Chaulnes. On the northern end from I resistance. But Roumania had left her I distance of 150 miles to the frontier of escaping passengers. Disavowal of this i Gommecourt to Thlepval the advance I eastern flank weakly defended, and I Palestine. They won a new ally on act waa demanded by. - Air. Wilson on was blocked, but thence to the-river ltMarsUal Von, MackenBen led a Cerraan-juae, 8, when .he, . Grand Shereef . of This home-made remedy In a wonder X T for quick mult. KaaUy and A. T cheaply made. Here is a home-made syrup which mil lions of people have found to be the most dependable means of breaking up stub born couchs. It is cheap and simple, but very prompt in action. 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