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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (June 30, 1918)
THE SUNDAY OREGONIAX, PORTXAXP, JUXE 30, 1918. fflNMUNNEE Uncle Sams New School Jbr Gun Experts cat spring field Armory, rrro.crpe r - 4 .i i p-m r.-M-" y :r . (Copyright. 1B18. by Frank G. Carpenter.) PRINGFIELD, Mass. The treat war of today consists of killing man by machinery. This letter has to do with some of the deadliest ma chines used on the battlefield. It Is a war of mechanics. This let ter has to do with training the experts who show the mechanics how to handle the machines. It is a war of Inventions for the spreading- of death and destruction. This letter has to do with the greatest or such inventions and the man who created it: a man who ranks to modern gunnery as Edison does to electricity and Bell to the telephone. The letter is about the machine gun, and especially the new Brownings, and the man who invented them. It also tells about the new school which Uncle Sam has created to train teachers to show our soldiers how to use the guns In fighting the Germans. I shall take up first the story of the new machine gun inventor. His name rou will not find in the American Who's Who, or In any encyclopedia. Still he has been the inventor of nearly all the Winchester rifles from that of 1873 to that of 1906. He is the man who per fected the Stevens 12-gauge repeating shotgun, and who invented the Rem ington auto-loading rifle. He is the, originator of the Colt automatic gun, whic is used in many of the armies, and the designer of the Colt automatic pis tol, of which more than 1.000,000 are in the hands of our soldiers. More than all, he Is the inventor of the new machine guns which we are now mak ing in quantities for our men in the field, and of the airplane rifle, which will shower fronabove death and de struction at the rate of 1000 shots to the minute. The name of the Inventor Is John M. Browning. He comes from the desert highlands of Utah, and his home is at Ogden, only a gunshot or so from Salt Lake City. He has been making guns of one kind or another in his labora tory there since he took out his first patent in 1880. That was for the Win chester single-shot rifle, and he made BOO of those rifles in his little shop there from forgings shipped in from the East. A little later the patent was bought by the Winchester Company, and since then the Winchester rifle has been known all over the world. Later on Mr. Browning invented other Winchesters, Remingtons and Colts. He created the Remington auto-loading shotgun, and he was decorated in 1914 by the King of Belgium when the num ber of automatic pistols made at the factory of Liege bad reached to 1,000, 000. I have already written of the Browning -automatic pistoL It is among the greatest assets we have in the war. I understand that Mr. John M. Browning is mow in Connecticut, where he spends a great deal of his time at the various factories, supervising his Inventions. He Is not easy to meet and his modesty is such that he Is not interviewed. He has been described as a square-jawed American Yankee who minds his own business and cares for but little outside his work. There is one thing sure and that is that he Is a patriot and not profiteering upon the United States Government. His Inven tions are so much used that his normal royalties on those used by the Army and Navy would be more than $1,000,000 a week. He has given all of them to the Government, for the term of the war, for only a little more than one- half that sum. The 'actual price named 1 was $1,500,000. or as much as he might have collected in the space of 10 days. But upon that came an income tax of 60 per cent, or $900,000, making his ac tual receipts froiri his million-a-week possibility a 'total of only $600,000 for the whole term of the war. I am told this in Springfield by men who should know. The Idea of a gun to shoot by ma chinery is not new. There is a double barrel bronze gun in the Boston Navy yard which was captured in Corea in 1870, and it has a Chinese inscription upon it,' showing that it was made in 1607. It weighs 14 pounds, or one pound less than the light Browning. It is double-barreled, and it was so made that three shots in succession could be fired from each barrel. Long before our Revolutionary War attempts at machine guns were made in Eng land, and in 1662, while we were still ' fighting the Indians with old flintlocks. Pepys wrote in his diary that there had just been exhibited in London a gun that, without reloading, would dis charge seven shots in succession. The guns of that time were called organs, from the number of pipes or barrels they contained. These were mounted on carts and shot by men. The French had some not more than two feet long that fired 50 shots at one round. The first machine guns of practical value appeared about the time of our Civil War. Among these was the Gat ling gun, invented by Dr. Richard Jor dan Gatling, of Indianapolis. His gun consisted of 10 or more parallel barrels with a grooved carrier and lock cylin der, the whole being secured upon a main shaft. As the gun revolved the cartridges dropped into the grooves of the carrier and were pressed home, ready for- the discharge. Many im provements were made on the Gatling, and it was considered a wonder of ef ficiency. It was used In our Army and was tested out by the Germans. It had a long life, being fired side by Bide with the latest automatic machine guns in the bpanish-American War. It was used by the British in the Ekvd tian and Sudanese campaigns and also In the Boer War, and in the war with the Zulus. Some of the later Gatlings could be made to fire almost 1000 shots a minute. I knew Dr. Gatling during the later part or his lire, when I had several interviews with him about his machine gun. He once told me he believed his gun would be a benefit to humanity in that it -would make war so terrible that the nations would not dare to fight. He said also that for every man killed in battle five died of disease, and that he felt that if he could invent gun that would do the work of 100 men the other 99 could remain at home and be saved for the country. Dr. Gatling got his first large order for guns during the Civil War. It came from General Benjamin F. Butler, who bought 13 of him at $1000 apiece, and used them during his James River campaign. That was about 1863. Later Dr. Gatling went to Europe, where he met Napoleon III, who wanted to lay in some of the guns to use against the Germans, with whom he expected to have war. That was during the Paris Exposition of 1867. Dr. Gatling told me that one of his guns was smuggled out or the exposition building at mid night and carried to the testing grounds near Versailles. It was there fired in the presence of the Emperor, and then secretly returned. During the same visit Dr. Gatling met the Austrian Emperor and later took the guns to Vienna to show them He met also the old Kaiser of Germany and got several orders for guns for the German army. He was received by the Czar, who bought 300 of his guns, made at the Colt factory in Hartford. He f - - cfm r : . Y Tfe- - ti'-t: tie- IM , - y t VjpsS"- jjT1" l' V, VV; ... jJ ' M ) ) - gJcM I WtjN rfVi ; -v If- - - .f;, 0 i XiWut -r- - . V . i y , i I '"""'v. . , ' ' '- SUg,r ?SA t!i'!wWWlit. Miil0""-'rr::r also sold some guns to the Germans at Munich, and was paid for them in sil ver. The bags were so neavy mat iney almost broke down his carriage on the way to the bank. Other guns of the Gatling type were invented and then came the automatic and semi-automatic guns which are now divided into two. classes. One of these is operated by the gas of the ex plosion acting upon a piston much like the gas from the cylinder of an auto mobile. This gas feeds in the cartridges and fires the gun as long as the finger is kept on the trigger, sending forth bullets at the rate of 400 and upward per minute. In this class are the Colt automatic gun and the heavy Browning and also the Hotchkiss and Yama nouchi, invented by a Japanese, as well as the Benet-Mercie, which has been used so largely in our Army and Navy. The other class of machine guns con sists of those operated by the recoil of the barrel when the piece is fired. This includes the Maxim automatic gun, the Maxim-Nordenfeldt, the Driggs and others. The Lewis automatic machine gun, many of which are used by the allies in Europe, was invented by Colonel I. N. Lewis of the Coast Artillery. It is a light air-cooled gun of the gas type fed from a magazine. It weighs 26 pounds and can be handled by one man. Some of the Lewis guns were used on the Mexican border in the Summer of 1916. A number of machine guns have been used by the United States Army, and The country expects every farmer to do his duty by raising poultry. Much attention has been given to the hen. But the farm flock is not complete with out other poultry, such as tur keys, guinea fowls, ducks and geese, which may be raised to advantage because they will thrive upon waste places, at small expense for grain feed, except for fattening. BY PROF. JAMES B. MORMAN. Former Expert for the United States De partment of Agriculture. W" E cannot do better than begin with the American turkey. The wild supply Is rapidly decreas ing and domestic birds are not pro duced as much as they should be. Farm ers complain that they are hard to raise, but that is because the rules for successful management are not well known. The best time to hatch chicks is June or July. A turkey usually lays about 18 or 20 eggs. But to have the eggs fertile and the chicks strong, each male bird should be limited to 16 hens. A good plan is to daily remove the first seven or eight eggs laid and set them under a chicken hen. The rest of the eggs laid can. be safely covered by the turkey herself. All eggs set should be marked, because a turkey often lays an egg or two after beginning to sit. The period of incubation is from 26 to 29 days. The turkey is a persistent sitter. After she has settled down to incubation she should be daily removed from her nest for food and exercise Care should be taken that she does not wander off, as she is apt to do, and leave her nest for more than 20 min utes. A limited grass run should be provided. If possible. Besides this daily feeding and exercise, water and soft food should be left within her reach. Managing Turkey Chlcka. v For six or eight weeks turkey chicks are delicate. . They should be kept from wet grass and rain storms. A slight shower, even in warm weather, may cause the death of half a brood. It is therefore wise to provide special shel ter for young broods during this criti cal period. Damp ground may prove fatal, so that a board floor is advisable. A building with protected walls, well roofed and well ventilated, is a profit able investment for turkey chicks. A good food for the first week is hard-boiled eggs, mixed with dande lion plants chopped small. At the end of ten days some bread crumbs or bar ley meal may be added to the egg ra tion. Boiled eggs should be gradually discontinued. About this time boiled potato may be added to the ration. A week or two later small grain may be given. Milk curds make an excellent food. They are easily prepared by add ing a pinch af alum to a measure of slightly warmed milk. When about two months old the red excrescences on the neck and throat begin to appear. This is a sign of vigor. When this red is well developed the chicks have become poults. They are as hardy now as any other fowl and can stand almost any sort of weather without risk. Take reasona ble care of them and they will become the hardiest birds of the farm flock. Turkeys prefer to roost in trees and the contracts awarded for the heavy Browning are for more than 350.000. The Benet-Mercie automatic machine rifle has been in the hands of our troops since 1909. It was the first au tomatic machine gun light enough to be portable. And then we have the Colt automatic machine gun, which weighs 35 pounds, and, with the weight of the tripod, 56 pounds. It Is fed with belts of cart ridges somewhat like the Browning. It is adjusted to shoot 400 shots and up ward a minute. The Maxim automatic machine gun and the Vlckers machine gun are also largely used; they are of somewhat similar construction. The Maxim weighs 73 pounds and the Vick ers 38. including the water in the jack et. The water boils after the first 600 shots, and it evaporates at the rate of a pint and a half every 1000 rounds after that. We are now using the Vlck ers. I saw them made in the Colt fac tory at Hartford. Our best guns by far are the heavy Browning machine guns and the light Browning automatic rifle. These have been perfected only since the war be gan, and they are now being made in quantities in several of the large gun factories of the United States. By July we shall be making 18,000 heavy Brownings a month. The heavy Brown ing will shoot 500 shots and upward a minute. It is light when its efrictency is considered. It is used with a tripod. The light Browning can be handled by one man and it will be one of the chief arms used by our soldiers, in going over the top. It will fire 20 -shots In two seconds. It weighs only 15 pounds. It rarely take shelter in the henhouse. , An open shed containing high perches should be provided if trees are not available. Success With Guinea Fonli. The guinea fowl, sometimes called the Gallina or Pintado, is not kept on farms so much as its merits warrant. It is as good for giving alarm at night as any watch dog. When dressed for the table its flsh is as delicate as that of any game bird. But Guinas mate in pairs, so that an equal number of males and females must be kept to provide high fertility in eggs. The hen lays freely from May to August. She is a very shy bird. If eggs are taken from her nest while she Is around she will forsake It and seek another. Therefore a few eggs should be left In the nest, which should not be visited wbw the guinea Is in sight. It is best to set the first eggs under a chicken hen, as the guinea fowl of ten becomes broody too late to rear a brood. But if she sits early enough she rarely fails to hatch nearly all her eggs. The period of incubation is about the same as. turkey eggs. If a farmer desires to make a start with guineas it Is best to procure eggs and set them under a chicken hen. If mature birds are purchased they are likely to wander off and never return. If hatched and reared In the farmyard young guineas will remain where reg ularly fed. To this end guineas should always be fed one meal at night or they are not likely to remain at home. Like turkeys, they much prefer to roost In the branches of trees. Guinea chicks require food about six hours after hatching. The plan out lined for feeding turkey chicks may be successfully followed for guinea chicks. But the latter may be allowed more liberty, though they require more con stant feeding. Young guineas have sturdy legs, and in fine weather they may be allowed to wander with their mother. To rear them successfully and keep them in good condition, espe cially in Winter, guineas need more animal food than turkeys or hens. The flesh of guineas is of excellent flavor, resembling the pheasant. The body is equal to the Leghorn, but it is more plump and - well proportioned. When fed for table use a guinea should never be crammed or overfed. Ordi nary feeding is good enough for these fine-flavored birds. Darks and Geeae. Where farms have plenty of water ducks and geese can be profitably added to the poultry flock. They are water fowl, though they can be raised and made to thrive on land where the only evidence of a pond is in low places after heavy rains. The flourish best, however, where there is running water or ponds. Ducks will do well in a garden or on a range where they can procure plenty of snails, slugs, insects or worms. A pond, natural or artificial, however small, will serve to satisfy their water habits. . In keeping ducks it should be re membered that in the wild state a male mates with one female. Domestication has changed this somewhat, but for strong fertility not more than three ducks should be allowed to one drake. A duck usually makes a good sitter. She likes to cover her eggs with loose straw when leaving her nest, therefore a good supply of this material should surround her. The young may be hatched with chicken, hens or ducks. The period of may he fired from the shoulder or from sy r-r r- 7 T. the hip. being supported there by a I . J, "7 j ft? strap over the shoulder. lfS' "-Jv 111 It Is necessary that the thousands of our soldiers -who will handle me chine guns should understand all about them. They have to know how to put the - guns together, and take them apart; and they must know thoroughly their operation. Including the forward and backward movements, and what each part plays In the gun. In order to teach the soldiers, the Government has to train experts who can be sent to the various cantonments and to Europe to instruct and train machine gunners there. For this pur pose there has been established here at Springfield what might be called a normal training school for machine gun experts. The students are select ed by the officers of the various troops throughout the country and sent here to be trained. They are picked out for their mechanical skill. Yankee in genuity and general capability, and according to soldier records as well. There are several hundred now in the school, and new men are always arriv ing to take the places of those who are sent out to teach. The idea of establishing this school arose during our troubles In Mexico. When Villa and his band raided Co lumbus in 1916. the trot ps there had fcur Benet-Mercie guns and they kept some of these going in the darkness and confusion of the attack until the last strip of ammunition was exhaust ed. Nevertheless the gunning was crit icised and this brought about the incubation Is about 28 days. Ducklings require stimulating food. A good ra tion is cornmeal well mixed with sour milk or boiled meat. They can be made fat in six or eight weeks on this diet and bring good prices. Ducks should have a separate house with a masonry floor; this should be frequently washed and spread with clean straw. They should be kept In their house every morning until they have laid. The duck is a careless layer and will often drop her eggs while swimming or walking about. Hence the advisability of keeping them con fined until they have laid. The great advantages of keeping ducks are that they forage for a large part of their food, are quite hardy, need little attention and find a ready sale at good prices. No farmyard should be without a flock of ducks to help out on the present need for animal foods. Care f Geese. With regard to the management of geese little need be said. Not more than four should be allowed to a gan der, and a house eight feet square will do for this number. The nest should be about 2H feet square. As a goose will always lay where she deposits her first egg. there should be a nest for each bird. If they lay In separate nesta the eggs may be left: otherwise the eggs should be romeved dally. The incubation of eggs takes from 30 to 40 days. The goose sits very steadily but she should be encouraged to come off daily and take a bath. She should have within reach .a good supply of food and water, or hunger will force her, to eat the eggs. The gander is usually kept away. Goslings should be allowed to hatch by themselves. They should have fresh turf when first put out for a few days. Feed them on boiled oatmeal and rice, and give them plenty of drinking water In a shallow dish. They should not be allowed to swim for two weeks. During this period the mother goose should be kept In a coop. After two weeks the goslings can shift for themselves. They should be protected from heavy raina until feathered. In addition to what they find to eat, goslings should have one or two feeds of grain dally. Barley and oats are good grains for geese. For fattening these birds they ahould be penned In a dark shed and fed on barley meal. Before being killed they should be let out several hours for a last bath In order to clean their feath ers. In fitting for exhibition, geese should be shut up in the dark and fed liber ally on barley and oats thrown into water. For great weight they should be kept very quiet and be let out Into water for half an hour each dav. Raising large numbers of geese will Increase our meat supplies and prove a factor in maintaining the farmer's household. This bird can well fill the place of the turkey at Thanksgiving. Its flesh has a fine flavor, and its fat Is as valuable as butter. The feathers, too, are valuable, and bring top prices, especially the white ones. HOUSEBOAT ON f HE STYX (Continued from First Page.) and is about to be struck down, when Albert of Belgium leaps into the midst of the fray, followed uy St. George and Garibaldi. Uncle Sam Is seen sitting on a fence off to one side whittling and selling pink lemonade to the thirsty. The fight grows hotter and hotter, and Potsdam Bill joined by founding of machine gun schools at San Antonio, and later at Harllngen. Tex., where I understand they are still training gunners. These schools were organized by Captain J. S. Hatcher, n ho has now reached the rank of Major. He is per hpps the best-informed man on ma chine guns and gunnery in the United States service. He has v rltten a text book on machine guns, and is consid ered an authority in connection with them. He acted for a time as the head of the Harlingen school. and then came to Springfield to take charge of the school opened hre just after the var was declared. His first class con sisted of twenty civilians, chiefly ma chinists from the factories and arsen also of New England. The most of them have since gone to France as machine gun experts. The second class comprised about fifty volunteer stu dents from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They have also fur nished many machine gun instructors for our soldiers in Europe. Since then many other students have been en rolled. The course of instruction takes about seven weeks, and there is a reg ular procession of would-be machine gunners coming in from and of trained experts going out to the camps. No man Is graduated without he can prove his efficiency. To show you what It means to be an Siegfried and his Dragon breathing deadly gases, and the deadly Vultures of the Bosporus, their beaks dripping with the blood of Armenian Babies, seems to be getting the upper hand, when old Uncle Sam jumps off the fence, kicks over his lemonade stand, and removes his coat; and Just as Bil and his pals are reaching over to grab their prey he bangs 'em over the head with a crowbar: the band strikes up the Star Spangled Banner, bombs burst In air, and the rockets' red glare paints the universe to match, and the scene closes with the whole bunch sitting on Bill's head." Some action to that,' said Brutus approvingly. "I'd hate to be Bill at the first rehearsal." "But how about the explosion?" asked Ananias. That will be a masterpiece," said Shakespeare. "It comes in Scene sec ond. Bill and the Turk are prisoners, and as such are led over to Mount Vesuvius. There they are rammed down into the center of the crater as far as they'll go. packed In with a lot of red, green and yellow lights, where upon we fellows down here in Hadei touch Vesuvius off with a billion tons of dynamite. The crater gives a vio lent quake, rumbles like a sixty-thousand centimeter lion in the throes of appendicitis, and the last we see of Bill he and the Turk are pirouetting after each other off Into the furthest depths of space, followed by the big gest blare of noise the world has known since the day chaos Itself came tumbling down into order." - "Ripping," said Diogenes. "A corker," said Brutus. "It won't be very safe for Democ racy while It's going on, though," sug gested Ananias. "But the climax?" cried Sir Walter, excitedly. "A transformation scene," said Shakespeare, "showing rescued Liberty standing on top of a rain-bow, with Joan of Arc. Albert of Belgium, St. George. Garibaldi and Uncle Sam. grouped about her. while suspended from the centre of the arch hangs a brilliant shield holding a star for each one of the free nations of the earth, surmounted by the flaming legend: THE UNITED STATES OF THE . WORLD IN UNION IS PEACE. "Some Movie. Bill. I congratulate you." said Raleigh. "Thanks. Walt." said Shakespeare. "I thought you'd like it. and you can have It on one condition." "What's that?" asked Raleigh. "That you have It copyrighted in my name before Bacon gets a chance to claim It," said Shakespeare. Why Snore 7 Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, who conducts a department of foods, sanitation and health in Good Housekeeping, invites Inquiry from readers, and in doing bo, lays himself open to surprising re quests. A woman recently asked the doctor why her sister snored and how she could be cured of the unpleasant accomplishment. Dr. Wiley gave the following explanation of snoring: "Snoring takes place only when the mouth is open and almost always when one is sleeping on his back. Adenoids or other obstructions to the nasal pas sages are frequent causes of snoring. Usually snoring is prevented by sleep ing on one's side. Mechanically, an elastic band under the chin and over the top of the head will keep the mouth closed. The annoyance which is caused to other people by snoring Is by no means the worst feature of this trouble The air that enters the lungs directly through the mouth is more likely to carry dust and infection into the lungs than if the breathing takes place through the nasal passages. These pas sages are tortuous in character, and the particles carrted in the air stick to the mucous membranes of the air pas sages. Thus the lungs are protected from infection." efficient gun expert, I have visited the school In the United States arsenal and watched the gunners at work. I have seen them experimenting in the shoot ing gallery, and have seen them blind folded, taking the various kinds of guns apart and putting them together again without once removing the bandages from their eyes. Some of the machine guns have in the neigh borhood of 200 parts, ranging in size from a screw not much bigger than those you have in your watch to the round stovepipe-like water jacket which keeps the barrel cool when it is sending forth bullets at the rate of 500 shots a minute. The student when he comes in has to learn every part of each gun. and he is told upon entry that he should be able to dis tinguish and name each of these parts blindfolded at the end of week. He learns to put the parts to gether with his eyes open, and after that there are contests to see who can more quickly take the various guns apart and put them together again with a bandage tied over h eyes. During my stay In the school I saw one of the teachers take Browning gun apart and put it to gether in seven minutes, and the student who followed did the same work In eight minutes. Both were perfectly blindfolded. The only tool used In disconnecting the gun and in assembling the parts was the or dinary cartridge used by the Army. In the same room where these blind folded men were working 1 saw per RECIPES THAT WOMEN keepln readers of Good House- g have sent in recipes they have originated to save meat, sugar, fat and wheat. These are printed in the current issue and among them are the following: Save the Meat : Rice and Chese Bundles 1H cupfuls of cooked rice, i cupful of grated cheese. 6 large cabbage leaves, salt, pepper, paprika, 1 tablespoonful vegetable fat. Season the rice well with salt, pep per and paprika, and add the grated cheese. Mix thoroughly, having the mixture quite stiff. If too stiff, a little rice water may be added. Blanch the cabbage leaves In boiling water to cov er until limp, but not broken. Drain off the water. Fill each cabbage leaf with some of the mixture, and roll up carefully like a bundle. Lay the rolls in a well-buttered baking dish, and sprinkle with salt, pepper, paprika, and bits of fat. Cover and bake in a slow oven until the cabbage leaves are tender. Mabel G. B. Milieu. Bryan. Tex. Cold Boiled Tongue with Spanish Sauce 1 beef tongue. 1 cupful mild vinegar, 2 tablespoonfuls sugar, 'i tea spoonful ground cloves, 1 onion, 6 sweet cucumber pickles or fresh cu cumbers (small ones), 1 sweet green or red pepper, 6 olives. Boil the tongue in sufficient water to cover until tender. Skin and allow to cool. Slice thinly and spread Willi the sauce made in the following man ner: Chop the peppers, onion, cucum bers, and olives finely. Cover with the vinegar, sugar, and spices. Let boil 15 minutes. When cold, spread on the tongue. The part of the tongue not suitable for slicing can be used in hash or a scalloped fish. Mrs. Harry Baird. Norway, la. Save the Wheat Steamed Brown Bread 1 li cupfuls corn-meal, l'.j cupfuls rye flour, cupful molasses, l'j cupfuls butter milk, 1 teaspoonful soda, 1 teaspoonful salt, "j cupful raisins. Mix together the dry ingredients, re serving some flour for the raisins. Add the molasses, buttermilk, and floured raisins. Beat well and steam in mold for three hours. One-pound baking powder cans are very satisfactory for this purpose. Mrs. A. L. Case. Des Moines, la. War Cocoa Cake 1 cupful sugar, 4 tablespoonfuls melted shortening, 1-3 cupful cocoa. 1 cupful sour milk, 1 tea spoonful soda, '.a teaspoonful salt. M teaspoonful cinnamon, 1 a cupfuls of flour. Mix the sugar and melted shortening together, add the milk and stir well. Sift the dry ingredients and add to the mixture. Beat and pour into a greased and floured cake-pan. Bake in a-moderate oven three-quarters of an hour. Mrs. Mildred Williams. Utica, N. Y. Sure-to-Like Cookies 1 cupful sug ar, 1 cupful shortening. 1 cupful molas ses, 1 cupful hot water. 1 teaspoon fuls soda. 1 teaspoonful salt. 2 tea spoonfuls cinnamon. 2 '4 cupfuls buck wheat flour. 2hi cupfuls rye flour, 1 cupful rolled oats. Cream shortening and sugar to gether. Add molasses, hot water, and the sifted dry ingredients. Mix well and allow to stand in a cool place over night. Drop by spoonfuls on a greased pan and bake in a moderate oven. Clar ified drippings or any of the hardened vegetable fats may be used for the shortening. This recipe makes at least 50 cookies. Mrs. Mildred L. Williams, Utica. N. Y. Save the Fat Sweet Green Pepper Jelly Salad One tablespoonful granulated gelatin, cupful cold water, 1 cupful liquid in haps twenty groups of soldiers, each group surrounding a teacher who was explaining one of the machine guns used by the Army. The kinds taught are the Lewis, the Colt auto matic, the light Browning and the heavy Browning, the Hotchkiss and the Vlckers. In addition is the Hell cat or Lhauchat. the light French ma chine gun. used for going over the top nd the Marlin-Aerinl. which is shot from the airplane. Each of these guns has scores of parts, some of which are as small as the minute parts of a. Swiss watch. The men nave to know every part by the touch. nd must be able to take the gun apart in the dark. They must learn to fix it if it is broken and some of the training consists of the inserting of defective parts by the instructor or of little pieces of stick or dirt. When the gun docs not work the student has to find. the reason for the stoppage, and he Is marked according to the time it takes him to discover what is wronff and put the gun in operation. During their course in the school tha soldiers study text books on machine guns. They have lectures by the in structors, but the most of the work is practical shopwork with the guns in their hands. The schoolroom 1 visited covered about one-third of an acre. It was walled with windows, and had a, blackboard at the end. A large-part of th walls was covered with photo graphs and drawings of guns, some of them made by the students. The room was filled with long tables with rough pine benches on each side of them, and about the tables the men -were sitting or standing studying the guns. The students fire thousands of shots, every day. and a part of their in4 struction consists of going out on th range and shooting the guns as though, they had an enemy in front of them. The students have not only a well planned system of instruction. but they have practical training in test ing the various guns and kinds of ammunition the Army Is using. They fire thousands of rounds of ammuni tion, and learn the good and bad parta of the chief weapons in use. They also have access to the museum at the Springfield Armory, where they can study the gradual evolution of the sword and gun and. In fact, their business is to cram into their heada a great amount of practical knowl edge In the least possible time. SAVE AND SERVE which asparagus Is cooked. 3 or 4 stalks of cold boiled asparagus. tea spoonful celery salt. teaspoonful salt. If needed; bay leaves, parsley. cupful mayonnaise, 3 small, sweet green peppers. Soak the gelatin In the cold water. Scald the peppers, remove stems and seeds, and put with the asparagus through the meat chopper, using a coarse knife. Have one cupful of boil ing water in which the tough ends from a bunch of asparagus have been boiled together with a few pieces of bay leaves and parslev. Pour this boil ing liquid over the gelatin and stir un til thoroughly dissolved. Add the chopped peppers, asparagus, salt, and celery salt. Mold in custard cups. Serve with mayonnaise on crisp let tuce, garnished with slices of radish or finely-dired cold boiled carrots to giv a touch of color. If canned asparagus and peppers are used, cut them in small pieces and use the liquid in the can. i Anne McClintock, Gloucester. Mass. Raisin Cake I cupful brown sugar, 1 cupful water. - tablespoonfuls chick en fat. 'a teaspoonful salt. l2 pound raisins, N teaspoonful baking-soda. v cupful barley flour. cupful wheat flour. S teaspoonful cloves, S tea spoonful cinnamon. Boil together for five minutes the sugar water, shortening. talt. and rais ins. Let stand until thoroughly cold and add the dry ingredients sifted to gether. Bake in a loaf-pan about one hour in a slow oven. This may be served as a dessert with a auce if de-a sired. Mrs. Edward E. Chaudlee, lioy. Ian. Pa. Save the Sugar War-Time Nut Candies 1 cupful shreded cocoanut. 2 teaspoonf uls vanil la. 4 tablespoonfuls peanut-butter. Use the sweetened prepared cocoa nut. Mix the Ingredients all together in a bowl very thoroughly. Shape into small balls and put them in a cold place to harden. Edith Whitney, Ames, Iowa. Company Pudding 1 cupful rolled oats. 1 cupful cake crumbs. 2 teaspoon fuls soda. 1 teaspoonful baking powder. 2 cupfuls buttermilk, 1 egg, well beaten: 1 teaspoonful salt, H. cupfuls chopped dates or fiRs. Va cup ful top milk. 2 bananas. 1 tablespoonful powdered sugar. Pour the buttermilk with soda dis solved in it over oatmeal and crumbs add other ingredients, except the last three. Bake in moderate oven three quarters of an hour. Serve with the top milk warmed and beaten into ban anas mashed with the powdered sugar. Nellie Hubbard Ermatinger, Mil waukee, Wis. Ills Girl. The day you went away to France I came back through the streets alona With burning eyes and feet that dragged. And for my happy heart a stone Folk parsed me smiling, so I rmiled To see how dark the world had grown. I came home to my father's house And stood beside the empty stair Where you had stood and where said Our blind good-byes the t .llight Was full of you I had not known That life would be so hard to bear. aie And yet God hears no dusk nor dawn Could bring me peace, had you not gone. Fannie Heaslip Lea in Good House keeping.