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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Oct. 18, 1908)
g THE SUXPAr OREGOXIAX. PORTIJAXP. OCTOBER 18, 1908. PORTLAND OREGON. Entered at Portland, Oreson, PoatoBlee Fecond-Claae Matter. abecriptio KI- Invariably In Advance. By Mall.) rallT. Sunday included, one year. Pally. Sunday Included. lx month.... - rally. Sunday Included, three montiH-. -r? Daily. Sunday Included, one montn. ... fallv, without Sunday, one year..... o rall-. without Sunday. lx montna..... J " Dally, without Sunday, three montna. . J-iJ rally, without Sunday, one month "Weekly, one year "6o Sunday, one year - J u Sunday and Weekly, one year " tBy Carrier ) Tally. Sunday included, one year...... t Uaily. Sunday Included, one month. . . . . New to Remit Send postoflice money order. expre.. order or your leal bank. Stamp. oin or currency i?e at The .ender'. rl.k. G1 "'J dreaa In lull, Including county and te PMlin Rate. 10 to 14 pagea. 1 cent; is awSr sas double rates. -, Kaaterw Borfne-e ft-le. The a C. Beck wi'h special Agency-Neer I rk. worn. 4 in Tribune bulldlns- Chicago, rooms 31u-51i Tribune building i M.XDAY. OCT. 18. t008. rOBTLAND. A GBEAT AN'NIVEBSABY. October 19. 1781. Lord Cornwall surrendered his army at Yorktown. Though his army scarcely exceeded 7000 men. the consequence! -were Im mensely greater than might now be supposed to follow such an event. Military movements, before and since, have been so prodigiously great that an event like this, compared with them. Is small Indeed. Yet In fact Yorktown proved for Great Britain what Marathon was for Persia, what Blenheim was for France and what Waterloo and Sedan were for the two Napoleons. It was a decisive blow, opening a door through a new course of history to the eyes and to the fu ture of the world. But why did Great Britain abandon the attempt? She was overwhelm ingly powerful at sea though her fleets at the time were badly man aged. Loss of so small an army could not have been considered by so pow erful a nation as a great matter. The key to the problem is that the nation was not united on the policy of prose cution of the war. It never had been. The opposition numbered in its ranks the greatest men of the empire, and the Parliament contained a very strong refractory element. Enlist ments in England for the war were difficult to obtain, and the loyalists !n Atnerica, who were a main depend ence and in fact supplied throughout a majority of the troops under British arms, were not supported as they might have been and would have been by a united British nation. Charleston, the principal port of the Southern colonies, had been from the first quite naturally the object of British attack. Fort Moultrie, built of logs, like a blockhouse or cabin, in which a number of smooth-bore cannon had been mounted, beat off the fleet of Sir Peter Par ker. In 1776: of which Wetms In his Life of Marlon gives an incom parable account. Nevertheless, In August, 17 SO, Charleston was cap tured by the British; and Sir Henry Clinton, commander of His Majesty's forces In America, sailed away for New York, leaving the command in the South to Earl Cornwallis. This general had made his first appearance In America. In the field at the battle of Long Island In June, 1778: then at the capture of New York: again, at Trenton, where Washington blinded him with the common device of campflres. while silently marching to rear of the British commander, out of harm's w-ay. through Princeton; also st Brandy wine and Germantown. and finally at the South. Cornwallis was a courageous but commonplace com mander, always eager for a fight. After our war Cornwallis was made Governor-General of India, and then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Clinton, sailing from Charleston for New York, left the command of the South to Cornwallis. A brave and courageous soldier, yet "lacking fhe tiger spring." Cornwallis was not con tent to remain in Charleston, but be lieved the Carolinas and Virginia could be subdued by energetic effort. So he proposed to push north. Au gust 6. 1780. he wrote to Clinton: "It may be doubted by some whether the Invasion of North Carolina is a pru rient measure: but I am convinced that it Is a necessary one. and that if we do not attack that province, we must give up both South Carolina and Georgia, and retire within the walls of Charleston." Gates, tinsel hero of Saratoga, was moving southward, with a poorly equipped and badly or ganized army. Cornwallis pushed forward to meet him. The combat took place at Camden: the troops of Gates scattered like sheep and Corn wallis soon was ready to push on further north. By advice of Wash ington Green then was sent south, and began the wonderful campaign, without an army, which was to have so decisive an effect upon the course of the American Revolution. Greene soon proved himself the equal of Cornwallis In all respects, except In the possession of a veteran army on which he could depend. Greene quickly put new life into the rem nants of Gates' defeated force, and secured the co-operation of Sumter. Marlon. Pickens and other officers in conduct of Irregular warfare. The force of loyalists, under direction of Colonel Ferguson, one of the best of the "tery" officers of Cornwallis, was annihilated at King's Mountain, and a little later Tarleton's command was almost destroyed by Morgan at the Cowpens. Cornwallis. pushing north, made the most strenuous effort to force his march between Greene and Morgan, and to cut off one or other of them: but Morgan, turning aside, and Greene retreating with admirable skill, both escaped the energetic pur suit. Finally, taking up his position north of the River Dan, and. having received some reinforcements from the North. Greene turned to meet Cornwallis and posted his little army at Guilford, N. C, awaiting the at tack. Cornwallis immediately advanced to meet his antagonist. His army con sisted of 1400 veteran troops. The forces of Greene were superior In numbers, but the greater part of his army was militia. Not BOO men in his ranks had ever seen service. Nevertheless, owing to the caution and courage of the general and the steadiness of his few reliable troops, he was able to hold the British com- mander at bay. and to inflict upon him a loss of nearly one-third of his force. In killed and wounded. Corn wallis held the field, but it was a Pyrrhic or costly victory. It became necessary for him to get to the sea board again, to obtain supplies and reinforcements. Accordingly he be gan a reverse march towards the sea board, which he reached at Wilming ton. N. C, (AprU 7. 17S1). Greene nn. ...In mfilenfetl bv CoTO- wallis, but directed his efforts against the remainder of the British troops in the Carolinas, and especially in South Carolina, with whom and their loyalist allies some of the severest battles of the War of Independence occurred, in particular the actions at Hobklrk's Hill and Eutaw Springs. At Wilmington Cornwallis made all possible exertions to resume his I march Into Virginia. He saw he I could not remain at Wilmington, lest Greene should recover tne caronnaa and coop him up there; so he pushed out from Wilmington and within one month reached Petersburg, Va. (May 20. 1781). Here he effected a junc tion with a force under General Phil Ipps, who had commanded a division In Burgoyne's army, and, taken pris oner at Saratoga, had been exchanged. From this time attention was di rected mainly to the war In Virginia and the Carolinas. Arnold was sent from New York with a force to co operate with Cornwallis; but effected little. Lafayette, still a youth, had been assigned to an independent com mand in Virginia, where he was when Cornwallis arrived. His forces were weak, and he played the Fabian pol icy. But Cornwallis was confident, and wrote to Clinton. "The boy can not escape me." But he did escape, yet managed all the time to annoy his antagonist. Jefferson was Governor of Virginia, but had no efficiency as an organizer, believing In talk and proclamations, and having no relish for- participation In actual war. La fayette's best help was a few troops from Maryland and Delaware. Upon these he could rely. Washington also sent some aid from the North. But not yet did Washington see his way to conduct his main force south to meet Cornwallis. Everything depend ed on the French fleet. So soon as Washington learned that its move ment could bo directed to the Chesa peake, and that It would be strong enough to withstand the British naval force, he directed the main part of his army southward, leaving General Heath in command to meet any ef fort that Clinton might make from New York. Washington arrived in Virginia In September. Cornwallis. hoping to escape by sea, took posi tion at Yorktown. but the French fleet blocked the way. Then the siege of Yorktown, and the surrender of Yorktown. Spirited effort was re quired to take the place, but the outer fortifications were carried by the Americans under Colonel Hamil ton and by the French under Baron Viomenil. Then the flag of truce, and the war for the Independence of the United Colonies was over. It was October 13, 1781. Tomorrow will be the 127th anniversary. 1TAJ.T. Since the unification cf Italy, the country has been making great prog ress. It Is observable chiefly in the Improved condition of the people. In many parts of the country there is real prosperity.. Descendants of the poorer classes, who had subsisted for the rocks and moun tains, or along the seashore. In the poorest manner compauDie wun 1.... nr mem suDDort of life, have been enabled by cheap ocean rates to migrate, leaving room lor inose remain. Abolition of the multitude r ,.nr states has cut off the ex actions of local rulers and given the body of the people a chance to live. The new renaissance in Italy, con tributing to the weuare oi in ple. is In a material way the com- ni.m.nt f the Intellectual renais sance that began six centuries ago. to which all nations since have been Immeasurably Indebted, and without which the world most probably .would not have been able even yet to emerge from "the dark ages." "Italy, through the Roman Repub lic, the Roman Empire and the Ro man Church, gave discipline and law, culture and religion to the Western world. But during this civilizing pro cess, a force arose lri Northern Europe which was destined to transfer the can ter of gravity from the Mediterranean basin northwards." Thus writes John Addington Symonds, in one of his In comparable books about Italy. But the condition of Italy was such that she could profit least by the great forces of regeneration which she had set In motion. The country was di vided by Jealous and warring states. For its own support, the papal power perpetuated these divisions and played the many states alternately against each other. Protestantism elsewhere plunged the nations Into confused and deadly conflict. Spanish ascendancy in Italy became fatal to further prog ress there, and the golden dream of the renaissance slowly vanished from the country of Its origin. Italy was trampled under foot alternately by Spain. France and Austria: yet finally was delivered by the Jealousy of these nations and by their wars upon each other. Expulsion of every foreign power now leaves Italy free to resume her destiny; and the people who gave thee torch of learning and art to the world, yet, through unkindly Influ ences, themselves lost their place at the head of the great movement, are now resuming their place In it. A wonderful story It Is! Italy, after re ceiving the torch or learning from Hellas. In the days of her own free dom, later. In the time of adversity and ruin, gave It to the nations of the North. Three centuries of Increasing decrepitude were before her at length happily surmounted, within our recent memory. Can history, says Sy monds, In one of his fine passages, furnish a spectacle more pathetic than that of the protagonist of Intellectual and spiritual liberty falling uneasily asleep beneath the footstool of the Spaniard and the churchman, while the races who had trampled her to death went on rejoicing in the light and culture she had won by cen turies of toil? But the Italy of today is mistress of herself, and again is mistress of al! the learning and culture she has given to the world. Such vices as make some of her people "undesirable" to our country are those which have been developed among the more humble and ignorant classes by centuries of injustice and oppression, from the con sequences of which free and united Italy Is now rapidly emerging. Italy through ages paid for the spiritual primacy of the world by being tram pled under foot by the contending powers of Europe, that alternately played for the influence of the church In politics and empire. The end of all this began with the career of tho first Napoleon, and found Its finality in defeat of the last. But what The Oregonian hid in mind, and was the real occasion tf the present remarks, was the disposi tion of many of our people to look down on Italy and her people as In some degree more or less inferior to the requirements of our Amer ican citizenship. We hear of It less, perhaps, than formerly; but still we hear It. It is Just a well that all such should be reminded that, when our own ancestors were uttie it at. above the condition of savages, Italy was giving light and learning, phil osophy, science and art to the world passing on these benefits to us even faster than we were fit to. receive them; and further, that Italy, though trampled under foot by those whom she had redeemed, has never been de generate, has never lost the principle of recovery and progress. And still, In the very highest seats of philoso phy, art and history, she sits today; while the material condition of her people is In no wise Inferior to that of the other nations of Europe, but in many things -visibly abovelt. AN'OTHKR TRIUMPH OF INITIATIVE. You must not try to change any voter"s mind on election day In Ore gon, nor wear a political badge at the polls. You must never take a voter to dinner for the purpose of influenc ing his vote, nor "treat" him. If a preacher or a priest, you must never use quiet persuasion In politics, nor privately point out the right path. All this absolutely and much more is In the law enacted last June, known as the corrupt practices act. As a fool law It is certainly the top-notcher of the queer bunch that have recently gone on the statute books. This law Is impossible of enforcement or ob servance, at Is an incentive to per jury, and makes perjury a pastime. Would any pious man allow this law to take from him his right of asking the Almighty on election flay to show the true light to an erring brother, or to confound the foes of righteousness? Would one patriot ever dine another. In the course of a political campaign, for any purpose than to influence his vote? Did tho United States Senator for Oregon, who stands sponsor for this law, ever dine anybody for any other purpose? Would any pastor of a flock allow this "reform" law to stop him from guid ing his followers aright? The law Is a crazy patchwork of absurdities and Inconsistencies. It essays to limit a candidate's campaign expenses and then allows a campaign committee to use for him all the money It can get. If a man were picked up in any other state and set down in Oregon without knowing where he was, he could find his loca tion at once by reading the corrupt practices act. Such an act is possible only in the land of the initiative and referendum. SCHOOL FRATEBTTIES REBCBXD. The disobedient Chicago school children who appealed to the Supreme Court of Illinois to sustain them In rebellion against their teachers have been properly rebuked. The rebellion of these misguided girls and boys was caused by an order to disband their secret societies, or fraternities. They disobeyed the school authorities, and were very properly expelled. Then they appealed to the court, but the grave judges gave the unruly children but cold com Sort. "These fraterni ties tend to keep the scholars back In their classes and to break up the dis cipline of the school." This was their opinion. The teachers were upheld, and now the bad boys and girls must either do as they are bid or stay at home. How many more courts must decide against these fraternities ana In favor of school discipline before the children will be satisfied to behave! themselves? Half a dozen supreme courts, one after another, have been besought by the school children belonging to the fraternities to support them against their teachers, but not one has ever given them a ray of comfort. Every judge who has discussed the subject has rebuked them roundly. The Su preme Court of Washington was no less emphatic a year or two ago than the Illinois court is now. In fact, the public schools might as well be closed altogether as to permit the authority of the teachers to be defied by a band of children -united In a secret society. The teachers know much better than the pupils what Is best for their dis cipline, and if the young people had been properly trained at home they would not think of rebellion. If strict justice were done In these absurd law suits, which seek to Introduce an archy Into the schoolroom, the Judges would scold the children, of course, and send them away ashamed of themselves, but they would also scold the parents, for it is they who are at the bottom of the trouble. The boys and girls would be docile enough if their elders did not encourage them to rebel. STRIKING THE WRONG MAN. The only fault that can be found with the Walla Walla wife who, with her five children, had been deserted by her husband for a woman of the underworld, for landing a well-aimed blow on the mouth of the latter when she chanced to meet the two together on the street, is that she assaulted and battered the wrong one. The woman wm a seductive creature, no doubt, and had used her low arts to win tho man. But what of him? He had other obligations; she had none. He posed as a reputable, responsible per son'; she did not. He was a family man; she a woman without domcstlo ties. She was plying a recognized trade. What excuse had he for be coming her customer? The wife prob ably acted upon the belief that her husband was the woman's prey. Jus tice and decency, looking on dispas sionately, take the opposite view of the case, and regret that the wife's fist, propelled by righteous indigna tion, landed on the wrong mouth. A blow from such a woman that would send an errant husband to the dentist for repairs might be salutary. In any case, it would be deserved. HOBSON AND BRYAN. Mr. Richmond Pearson Hobson Is billed to speak in support of Mr. Bryan at a number of Pacific coast cities. The coming of "Dickey, the Kisser." whose nervy but useless act in sinking a coal hulk for the purpose of bottling up the Spanish fleet will, be awaited with interest andycuriosity. This curiosity Is caused by the re markable difference in the attitude of Mr. Bryan and Mr. Hobson regarding our Pacific possessions, big navy and other Incidentals that go with it. Through the press and from the plat form, Mr. Bryan has thundered Impre cations on those who would seek to retain the Philippines and outlying islands which were practically forced on this country ten years ago. Mr. Bryan Is of such a peaceful na ture that he has for years advocated withdrawal of our troops and war ships from Oriental waters and aban donment of the country. While Mr. Bryan was raving against our "im perialistic" tendencies from lecture platform, political rostrum and through the columns of the Com moner. Richmond Pearson Hobson was also going up and down the coun try Bke a roaring lion, demanding the Immediate appropriation of 11,000. 000,000,000, more or less, for the pur pose of building enough battleships to make a pontoon clear across the Pa cific, so that we could properly pro tect the Philippines. . Mr. Hobson sees blood on the moon every time fair Luna appears; Mr. Bryan. Is so tame and peaceful that he will eat out of the hand of Roger Sullivan or "Fingy" Conners. This indeed is a remarkable combina tion. To all outward appearances the imperialistic Hobson and the anti Imperiallstio Bryan have as much in common and mix about as well as oil (Standard) and water. If "Dickey" can offer a satisfactory reason why any Pacific coast man should vote for a presidential candidate who has done everything In his power to de stroy our prestige-on the Pacific, his Appearance will Indeed create a sen sation. WHY CHANGE TEXTBOOKS? Some one writes to ask The Orego nian why school textbooks need be changed so often. Any Intelligent man will admit that improvements are made from time to time in textbooks as in other things. Such Improve ments would not be made If Oregon and other states announced the policy of not changing textbooks when bet ter ones are offered. A change neces sarily involves some additional burden upon patrons of the public school, but this extra burden is small in view of the fact that the change is never made oftener than once in six years. But the cost of Installing a new series of "books Is not as large as It seems for a great proportion of the books displaced are badly worn and would necessarily be replaced by new ones in a short time. Publishers make a low exchange price. Almost any educational advantage gained in the character of the books would out weigh the monetary loss in making the exchange. To keep an Inferior book in use for six years when the child could be given the aid of a bet ter book at an inconsiderable cost of exchange would be false economy of the grossest kind. In all schools where children of more than one class oc cupy the same room, which is almost Invariably the case, the members of lower classes become more or less fa miliar with the subject-matter of a textbook by hearing the upper class pupils recite. To a large extent the subject loses interest for them before they begin the study of the book. This Js particularly true of reading, history, geography and physiology. A change of textbooks In these subjects Introduces something new or a new method of presenting what is old, and adds interest to the study of the book. Finally, children like new books and dislike going to school carrying under their arms the worn, torn and marked books their older brothers and sisters or their parents used. T A MAGNA CHABTA. A sage urchin, being asked by his teacher how to And out how old a hen was, replied "By the teeth." Reflec tion subsequently convinced the teacher that the boy referred to his own teeth, not the hen's. Were the labor unions of the United States as wise as this Indoctrinated boy," they would apply his rule of judgment in deciding upon Mr. Taft's merits. They would inquire how the Taft court de cisions which we hear so much about had affected their interests and not how they happen to please Mr. Bryan. They would determine the matter not exactly by their teeth, but by their common sense. But in political campaigns common sense is a thing not to be expected. While they are in progress we all revert to the savage state and noise drives reason out of the field. Thus it comes about that many of the labor unions are actually hailing Mr. Bryan as their champion and hero, although he never did any thing in the world for them and never will, while to Mr. Taft they owe a court decision which has been called by some persons the magna charta of their liberty to strike. It Is overstraining the facts a little to call this decision a "magna charta." The right to strike is guar anteed y the Constitution of the United States in the section which de clares that neither slavery nor invol untary servitude shall exist except to punish a person who has been convict ed of crime. If a man or a number of men are obliged to work for an em ployer when they wish to quit, they are held to involuntary servitude, which the Constitution forbids if it forbids anything. In the decision to which we refer Mr. Taft did not there fore establish the right to strike. He simply made an honest and straight forward interpretation of the funda mental law of the land. But In these days of Judicial ingenuity this was an achievement by no means to be de spised. Many of Mr. Taft's colleagues on the bench being confronted with the section of the Constitution which forbids involuntary servitude would have pondered over it gravely lor a year or two and finally come to the conclusion that it had no reference to human beings, but merely meant that Mrs. Murphy's hen had yellow legs. The lawsuit in question was begun by a railroad which sought an injunc tion forbidding its employes to strike. Some judge, of inferior Jurisdiction granted the injunction and the case was appealed to Mr. Taft, who was then on the bench, of the Federal Court of Appeals. He decided that the injunction had been granted im properly, and laid down the Important rule that under the Institutions of our country it could not be made a crim inal offense for workmen to quit work either singly or in a body. As we have said, tjils was merely a candid interpretation of the Constitution, but such interpretations are so rare that It Indicates great independence and great loyalty to the cause of human liberty in the man who made it. If Mr. Taft had been one of those narrow-minded, illiberal Judges who think of the advantages of business only and pay no regard to the rights of humanity, he would naturally have decided fhe case the other way. He could have evaded the plain provision in the Constitution had he been eager to 'do so. It is not a difficult thing for a man who is resolutely deter mined to do injustice to discover ground for it. The devil can twist the Scriptures to his liking, and in the same way an unjust judge has no difficulty in twisting the Constitution. If Mr. Taft had misinterpreted, the Constitution to the injury of labor, he would have established a precedent which other Judges would have fol lowed. Judges, like other men, are reluctant to think for themselves, and If they can possibly find that the issue before them has been decided by somebody else they will blindly follow without going into the merits of the case. Hence it was unquestionably an enormous benefit which Mr. Taft con ferred on the union wb.en.-be) decided. this question as reason and candor required. But instead of feeling grateful to the judge who has done more for them than any other man on the1 bench the union workmen are now, many of them, reviling Mr. Taft and seeking their economic salvation in the mushy waves of Mr. Bryan's ora tory. The man who saved for them the fundamental liberty to strike when it was attacked Is "Injunction Bill;" while the man who never had the op portunity to benefit them and could not have used it if it had flown in his face is hailed as their earthly savior. Here is gratitude for you. The reproach is often made that workingmen do not know who their friends are and are ready to desert the person who makes sacrifices for them at the first indication that he needs their help. "Beware of trust ing the promises of labor," is a com mon saying, "for they are never kept." Of course this is all untrue. Labor ing men, like other human beings, wish to be loyal to their friends, but they are too easily misled. A little cheap claptrap oratory distorts their views and seduces them into a course of conduct directly contrary to their own interests. This trait appears in everybody more or less strongly, but It seems most pronounced in union labor. Very likely the only way to overcome it is by education, which Is a long, long way. EVOIX'TJON BY. , PROTECTION. As long as the human race was ex posed to the full violence of the strug gle for existence, it made little prog ress. Like other living things, men were adapted to their environment by natural selection, but adaptation is not the same as progress. Often it is the exact contrary. The bitter crab apple which grows wild in the swamp has been admirably adapted to its environ ment. It can hold Its own In the struggle for existence and overcome the assaults of worms, scab and scale, but after all it is not a very high product. When it is seized upon and protected from the fiercer ele ments in the struggle, it passes into new forms of beauty and usefulness. It begins to progress instead of merely Buffering adaptation. Advancement or progress is a positive process, de pending always upon the reaction be tween reason and environment, while with adaptation reason has nothing to do. It Is blind submission to the course of events. Advancement be gan when man made the first modifi cation in his environment instead of yielding passively to Its effects upon him, and each new step in progress has depended on some new device which helped to shield him .from the pitiless violence of the struggle for existence. By the inventions which protected him, man has acquired the leisure and opportunity to develop his higher powers. The human race has always had a profound sense of the value of these protective inventions. Although the names of those who made them have for the most part been forgotten In the abysm of time, nevertheless grati tude for the benefit Is undying, and the unknown heroes have been deified or crowned with a halo of poetic myths. Who it may have been that first taught his fellows the use of fire nobody will ever know; but it was the mastery of fire that first defi nitely elevated man above hisybrutal competitors for the empire of the world. It protected him from the most deadly forces of nature. It coun teracted the cold of Winter, preserved his food, and enabled him to forge weapons. The longest step toward civilization that the human race ever took was taken when It learned to" kindle and manipulate fire. In his book, "Before Adam," Jack London illustrates the tremendous advantage which fire gave to those who first subjected it, and the terror which their mastery of this potent slave in spired in other tribes. The Greeks ascribed the gift of fire to Prome theus, and fabled that the power It conferred upon mankind inspired the Jealousy of Jove, who chained the benefactor to Mount Caucasus, where he lay for ages with "the vulture at his vitals and the links of the lame Lemnian festering in his flesh." The Invention of agriculture the ancients ascribed to Saturn, one of the gods. Agriculture is nothing more than the process of protecting plants and seeds from the struggle for existence, and through them protecting the human race. As long as men lived at large in tribes which were continually at war, inventions were not of much use, and progress was slow. What one tribe gained another would destroy. The earth could not be made to produce enough to satisfy the wants oZ the few who roamed over Its surface. Robbery was indispensable to life, but in robbing the waste was so vast that accumulation was out of the question; and, because men could not accumulate they could only advance slowly and . painfully. Perhaps the most valuable protective invention after fire and agriculture was that of walled cities. In these inclosures peo ple were almost completely relieved from that portion of the struggle for existence which consists In warfare. They began to enjoy the immeasur able advantage of peace. They could labor without interruption and accu mulate the fruits of labor secure from plunder. Thus capital came into be ing and a class arose who could sub sist upon the stored-up labor of pre ceding generations and devote them selves to art, literature and invention. It was in walled cities that men first began to meditate upon such subjects as law, justice, science and the struc ture of the state, and this could only be done because the Inhabitants were protected from the struggle for exist ence. - It took walled cities many thou sand years to produce their full effect as a protective factor in Evolution. Even now it has not been worked out, for, although the walls have become useless, we still need cities as centers of accumulation and invention. But in the time of Bacon a fourth pro tective factor began to act in Evo lution, and since his day it has grown continually more important. This factor is modern science. It has in vaded and revolutionized every de partment of human activity, mental, spiritual and material, and every where it has made man more secure from the hostile forces of nature and given him more effective mastery over the friendly ones. In particu lar, science has so far eliminated de structive conditions from agriculture that we can now produce food enough to feed the population of the world, and fighting for food has become un necessary. In every other department of life science has made abundance possible. The result of this marvel lous change In the environment of the human race has been the Inven tion of a philosophy which is called "The New Individualism." This phil osopy asserts that each individual Is nf nnrr Imnnrtance because he contains the immanent deity and therefore he should be protected, fos tered and permitted to make the most of himself. The effect will be. It is said, to accelerate the evolution of in dividuals Just as protection has here tofore accelerated the. evolution of the race. Two hundred years ago this philosophy would have been ab surd because the world had not the means to provide every person with the necessities for his development. But science has conquered this diffi culty, and in course of time we shall perhaps see the new philosophy prevalent. Of course It will amount to nothing less than a return to the fundamental teachings of Christianity, of which the most emphatic is the in finite worth of the Individual man. Small chance Is there, if Taft should be elected, and there should be a strong Republican majority in Ore gon, that Chamberlain will be elected to the Senate; nor should he be. It should be easy then to repudiate the whole bunco game. But if Bryan shall be elected, and the Republic ans of Oregon are no longer to main tain a party; and If the people of Oregon want only a Democratic party and Republicans are prepared to quit, why then, of course, let a Leg islature elected as Republican, six to onei send to the Senate now a thorough-going Bryan Democrat, and next time another Democrat. No man who expects . the Legislature to elect Chamberlain to the Senate has any right to support Taft for President. Chamberlain belongs to Bryan and to the Bryan party. Indeed, he frankly admits it, and it is inconceivable that if Oregon shall vote for Taft It will want Chamberlain elected to the Sen ate. The Hood River apple show is the "finest ever." There are those who think this judgment will be revised when Willamette Valley apple-growers put up their exhibit. Let the good work go on. Competition In this line cannot be too sharp. The world's markets are waiting to be supplied with Oregon apples, and all want the best. In the judgment of the Ore gonian, the apples raise Z by careful, conscientious orchardlsts, whether of Hood River, the Willamette Valley or Umpqua Valley, or Rogtie River Valley, are equally good, which Is to say that all are the best on earth in size, color, flavor and keeping qualities. It Is easy to believe that the Judges at the Hood River fair had great difficulty in awarding prizes for the best, in a display where there was no mediocrity. Imagine their plight had It been a state apple show. Instead of an exhibit of the best of one section only. With butter selling at 85 cents and eggs at 45 cents and Winter not yet begun, and with Eastern storage but ter and Eastern eggs being imported In large quantities, it Is ?parent that the dairying and poultry business in this State has not yet been overdone. As a matter of fact, the shortage in native stocks of these most necessary commodities has been in evidence for more than 20 years. Despite the re munerative figures at which .they are selling. It seems Impossible to induce an expansion in the industry in keep ing with the increased demand. The butter and egg business may cost a lit tle more trouble than the growing of wheat, but eventually it Is destined to become one of the big wealth produc ing factors of the State. If Mr. Seufert carries out his threat to build a cannery near Astoria for next season's salmon pack, there ought to be some very good news stories turned up In the course of the season. By "carrying the war into Africa" Mr. Seufert will complicate the perplexed fishing problem to a greater degree than ever before; but, with up-river wheels and a down-river cannery, he will be in an independent position regarding the fish legislation, which, like the poor, Is always with us. Mr. Seufert's threat to pay higher prices for the ratv- material than have ever been paid before will hardly throw consternation into the ranks of his old-time enemies, the gill-netters, who make their drifts in the Astoria district. Salem is talking of building a boule vard from the city to the State Fair grounds. The subject has, In fact, been discussed for years. Now that Salem has her progressive spirit at white heat, as shown by paved streets, improved streetcar service and new business blocks, probably the boule vard will become a reality. Such an improvement would be a substantial evidence of Salem's interest in the State Fair. "If La Grande deposits had been guaranteed!" exclaims a Bryan man. Ah, yes. If La Grande deposits had been guaranteed every honest banker In Oregon, and through him every, depositor in every honest bank In Ore gon and elsewhere, would have been the victims and innocent partners of the swindling cashier. Judge Parker says the Republican party "stands in need of a corrupt practices act." Maybe other parties do, too. Judge Parker should be an authority on corrupt practices in pol itics, since Mr. Bryan says the nomi nation received by Parker in 1904 was bought for him by Belmont and others. Union labor people would probably care less about Mr. Bryan's books not bearing the union label if Mr. Bryan did not make such pretensions to be ing the, particular friend of union labor. Like other people, union labor adherents do not like a man to blow hot and cold at the same time. Ohio is doubtful, say the Demo crats, "because Taft has Just had to make a tour cf the State in an effort to reclaim it." Just so. In the same way he is just now trying to reclaim Kentucky and Tennessee. It would be a fine thing, wouldn't It, to have a bank guaranty law, to assure the integrity of such transac tions as those at La Grande, by mak ing honest people pay the loss ' With butter at 42 cents and eggs at 45, the Oregon cow and the Ore gon hen need Jolting to tho extent of many volts. Increasing opposition simply In creases the saucy angle . at which Uncle Joe Cannon holds that cigar. Thursday was tag day for Mr. Hearst, and Haskell's process-server called him "it." s "No political Eleanor Glyn is needed to describe the strenuoslty of these Three Weeks. Books and Bookmen BY JOSEPH M. Ql'ENTIJt. P MARION CRAWFORD is begimilng to blossom as a wit. Any one who has read "A Lady of Rome" or "Mr. Isaacs" will have no hesitation in believ ing this. The other evening Mr. Craw ford was dining at an aristocratic house in London, England, and found himself seated next to a loquacious woman who Insisted on talking of the immortality of certain authors no longer among the living. . "Confess, now," warbled this woman to Mr. Crawford, "have you written any thing that will live after you are dead and gone?" "Madam," replied the novelist, helping himself to more salad, "what I am trying to do is to write something that will en able me to live while I am here." e e e At a literary dinner which reecntly took place in Boston it was remarked that the host showed unusual zeal in bringing different celebrities together folks who had achieved fame writing books, rich publishers, long-haired poets, who created verse by the yard, also interesting idlers. "Lord Richard Monckton Milnes Hough ton, the English author, who nourished in the early 'S6s, practiced such Indis criminate hospitality," remarked one guest to another over their cigars and wine, "Houghton's sister was very much annoyed at her brother's lack of taste in choosing his friends, and one afternoon he happened to ask her if she remem bered whether that famous scoundrel, Z. was hanged or acquitted. 'He must have been hanged, or you would have had him here to dinner long ago,' was the reply." One of the greatest poems' of the last two years is Arthur Stringer's "The Wo man In the Rain." Stringer, who also wrote 'The Wire-Tappers." "A Study of King Lear," and other well-known books, was born at London, Ontario, and was educated at Toronto University and the University of Oxford, England, and he is supposed to know his Canada. Conse quently, interest Is aroused over the fact that in the current number of a Winni peg magazine called Canada West, Stringer bitterly attacks these authors whom he calls "Canada fakirs": Rud vard Kipling. Rex Beach. Jack London. Iwrence Mott. Robert Servlee. Casper Whitney, Sir Gilbert Parker, William De Morgan, Mrs. Humphry Ward, Richard Harding Davis and Stewart Edward White. "The Canadian with a respectable knowledge of his own country soon awakens to the fact that there are two Canadas." writes Mr. Stringer. "One Is the Canada of fact. The other Is the Canada that comes out of ink-wells. Mrs. Humphry Ward actually speaks of one of her characters promenading the bank of the St. Lawrence and at the same time looking out on the mists of Lake Superior a geographical Impossi bility. Richard Harding Davis In his 'Bar Sinister' gives Canada a 'Viceroy.' and places a government house In Mon treal. Quebec." And so on. Mr. Stringer's list of al leged mistakes Is a formidable one. Ha plead that these authors named persist In picturing Canada as a place of ever lasting tee and snow. "Canada Is a land of sunshine and flowers." proceeds this earnest advocate. "Fourteen miles south of the' arctic circle seed potatoes are grown, and cauliflower, cabbage and cu cumber are actually grown at Fort Simp son." e e Although George W. Cable was born in Louisiana and fought on the Confederate side dVuring the Civil War. his home at present Is in Northampton. Mass., where he has lived for a number of years. In London the two new books most talked of are Austin Brerton's "Life of Henry Irving" and Hall Caine'B "My Story." Another biography of Irving Is also announced for near publication, written by the late Joseph Hatton, and edited by the latter's daughter. Miss Jes sie Hatton, who, like- her father, enjoyed the privilege of being one of the few personal friends of the great actor. Smlth-Klder's publishing house is about to bring out Sir Clement Markham's story of "Mojorca and Minorca," a book which promises to recall many romantic episodes In the annals of the Balearto Islands. "Bishop Fercy. Prelate and Poet." may be expected soon. The celebrated Bishop of Dromore is known chiefly to modern readers as the editor of "Perry's Rellques," a work which Sir Walter Scott declared he had read more fre quently than any other, and to which Wordsworth admitted his obligations. But Bishop Percy has other and Inde pendent claims, for he was a friend of Dr Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke and David Garrick, and was able to hold his own on easy terms even in such brilliant company. Comvns Carr has almost ready his "Reminiscences of Eminent Victori ans," and G. W. E. Russell is to be re sponsible for a fresh volume of gossip, consisting of social reminiscences. An estimate is promised of 'Xorenzo the Magnificent," by as competent a scholar as Mr. Horsburgh. of the Queen's College. Oxford. and "The Women Bonapartes." by Noel Williams, to whom readers are already Indebted for that delightful book, "Mme. Reca mier and Her Friends." e Dent is bringing out a new book on "St. Catherine of Siena." by F. G. Gar ner, and Nash is to publish Frederic Lolie's "Life of an Empress." a study of the political and personal career of the Empress Eugenie. Clement Shorter has yet another book ready for pub lication. It is called "Napoleon and His Fellow Travelers." and the author brings together some rare works that have never been printed since their Orst publication, nearly a century ago. Among them are some private docu ments supplied by William Warden's grandson, a pamphlet printed by Lord Lyttleton. giving accounts of conversa tions with Napoleon on board the Northumberland. and a story by George Home of Napoleon at the time of his surrender. A most interesting autobiograpical record is promised in Helen Keller's "The World I Live In." which will be Issued in a few days. The volume will include "A Chant of Darkness." pub lished in The Century, a chapter on "Dreams." and several chapters of the Impressions and emotions which are hers. e William Winters new book, "Other Days." of course deals with the cele brated critic's memories of the stage. Jefferson. Boucicault, Brougham, the elder Sothern. Mary Anderson, John McCullough, Charlotte Cushman, Law rence Barrett,- Adelaide Neilson and many others appear most intimately and delightfully 'hrough these charm ing pages. It is a book to linger over and to own. The Christy Book for 1908 is entitled "Drawings In Black and White and Colors," and is a notable volume from several points of view. It contains much of Christy's ' latest and best work, reproduced with great care and beauty. '-.. A learned book that has been eagerly awaited Is Sir Oliver Lodge's "Science and Immortality." It Is published sim ultaneously by Methuen & Co., of Lon don, and Moffat. Yard & Co., of New York, the English title being "Man and the Universe." Sir Oliver's most advanced views may be found in this volume.
