g THE SUXPAr OREGOXIAX. PORTIJAXP. OCTOBER 18, 1908.
PORTLAND OREGON.
Entered at Portland, Oreson, PoatoBlee
Fecond-Claae Matter.
abecriptio KI- Invariably In Advance.
By Mall.)
rallT. Sunday included, one year.
Pally. Sunday Included. lx month.... -
rally. Sunday Included, three montiH-. -r?
Daily. Sunday Included, one montn. ...
fallv, without Sunday, one year..... o
rall-. without Sunday. lx montna..... J "
Dally, without Sunday, three montna. . J-iJ
rally, without Sunday, one month
"Weekly, one year "6o
Sunday, one year - J u
Sunday and Weekly, one year "
tBy Carrier )
Tally. Sunday included, one year...... t
Uaily. Sunday Included, one month. . . . .
New to Remit Send postoflice money
order. expre.. order or
your leal bank. Stamp. oin or currency
i?e at The .ender'. rl.k. G1 "'J
dreaa In lull, Including county and te
PMlin Rate. 10 to 14 pagea. 1 cent; is
awSr sas
double rates. -,
Kaaterw Borfne-e ft-le. The a C. Beck
wi'h special Agency-Neer I rk. worn. 4
in Tribune bulldlns- Chicago, rooms 31u-51i
Tribune building i
M.XDAY. OCT. 18. t008.
rOBTLAND.
A GBEAT AN'NIVEBSABY.
October 19. 1781. Lord Cornwall
surrendered his army at Yorktown.
Though his army scarcely exceeded
7000 men. the consequence! -were Im
mensely greater than might now be
supposed to follow such an event.
Military movements, before and since,
have been so prodigiously great that
an event like this, compared with
them. Is small Indeed. Yet In fact
Yorktown proved for Great Britain
what Marathon was for Persia, what
Blenheim was for France and what
Waterloo and Sedan were for the two
Napoleons. It was a decisive blow,
opening a door through a new course
of history to the eyes and to the fu
ture of the world.
But why did Great Britain abandon
the attempt? She was overwhelm
ingly powerful at sea though her
fleets at the time were badly man
aged. Loss of so small an army could
not have been considered by so pow
erful a nation as a great matter. The
key to the problem is that the nation
was not united on the policy of prose
cution of the war. It never had been.
The opposition numbered in its ranks
the greatest men of the empire, and
the Parliament contained a very
strong refractory element. Enlist
ments in England for the war were
difficult to obtain, and the loyalists
!n Atnerica, who were a main depend
ence and in fact supplied throughout
a majority of the troops under British
arms, were not supported as they
might have been and would have been
by a united British nation.
Charleston, the principal port of the
Southern colonies, had been from the
first quite naturally the object of
British attack. Fort Moultrie, built
of logs, like a blockhouse or cabin, in
which a number of smooth-bore
cannon had been mounted, beat
off the fleet of Sir Peter Par
ker. In 1776: of which Wetms
In his Life of Marlon gives an incom
parable account. Nevertheless, In
August, 17 SO, Charleston was cap
tured by the British; and Sir Henry
Clinton, commander of His Majesty's
forces In America, sailed away for
New York, leaving the command in
the South to Earl Cornwallis. This
general had made his first appearance
In America. In the field at the battle
of Long Island In June, 1778: then at
the capture of New York: again, at
Trenton, where Washington blinded
him with the common device of
campflres. while silently marching to
rear of the British commander, out of
harm's w-ay. through Princeton; also
st Brandy wine and Germantown. and
finally at the South. Cornwallis was
a courageous but commonplace com
mander, always eager for a fight.
After our war Cornwallis was made
Governor-General of India, and then
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Clinton, sailing from Charleston for
New York, left the command of the
South to Cornwallis. A brave and
courageous soldier, yet "lacking fhe
tiger spring." Cornwallis was not con
tent to remain in Charleston, but be
lieved the Carolinas and Virginia
could be subdued by energetic effort.
So he proposed to push north. Au
gust 6. 1780. he wrote to Clinton: "It
may be doubted by some whether the
Invasion of North Carolina is a pru
rient measure: but I am convinced
that it Is a necessary one. and that if
we do not attack that province, we
must give up both South Carolina and
Georgia, and retire within the walls
of Charleston." Gates, tinsel hero of
Saratoga, was moving southward,
with a poorly equipped and badly or
ganized army. Cornwallis pushed
forward to meet him. The combat
took place at Camden: the troops of
Gates scattered like sheep and Corn
wallis soon was ready to push on
further north. By advice of Wash
ington Green then was sent south,
and began the wonderful campaign,
without an army, which was to have
so decisive an effect upon the course
of the American Revolution. Greene
soon proved himself the equal of
Cornwallis In all respects, except In
the possession of a veteran army on
which he could depend. Greene
quickly put new life into the rem
nants of Gates' defeated force, and
secured the co-operation of Sumter.
Marlon. Pickens and other officers in
conduct of Irregular warfare. The
force of loyalists, under direction of
Colonel Ferguson, one of the best of
the "tery" officers of Cornwallis, was
annihilated at King's Mountain, and a
little later Tarleton's command was
almost destroyed by Morgan at the
Cowpens. Cornwallis. pushing north,
made the most strenuous effort to
force his march between Greene and
Morgan, and to cut off one or other of
them: but Morgan, turning aside, and
Greene retreating with admirable
skill, both escaped the energetic pur
suit. Finally, taking up his position
north of the River Dan, and. having
received some reinforcements from
the North. Greene turned to meet
Cornwallis and posted his little army
at Guilford, N. C, awaiting the at
tack. Cornwallis immediately advanced to
meet his antagonist. His army con
sisted of 1400 veteran troops. The
forces of Greene were superior In
numbers, but the greater part of his
army was militia. Not BOO men in
his ranks had ever seen service.
Nevertheless, owing to the caution and
courage of the general and the
steadiness of his few reliable troops,
he was able to hold the British com-
mander at bay. and to inflict upon
him a loss of nearly one-third of his
force. In killed and wounded. Corn
wallis held the field, but it was a
Pyrrhic or costly victory. It became
necessary for him to get to the sea
board again, to obtain supplies and
reinforcements. Accordingly he be
gan a reverse march towards the sea
board, which he reached at Wilming
ton. N. C, (AprU 7. 17S1). Greene
nn. ...In mfilenfetl bv CoTO-
wallis, but directed his efforts against
the remainder of the British troops
in the Carolinas, and especially in
South Carolina, with whom and their
loyalist allies some of the severest
battles of the War of Independence
occurred, in particular the actions at
Hobklrk's Hill and Eutaw Springs.
At Wilmington Cornwallis made all
possible exertions to resume his
I march Into Virginia. He saw he
I could not remain at Wilmington, lest
Greene should recover tne caronnaa
and coop him up there; so he pushed
out from Wilmington and within one
month reached Petersburg, Va. (May
20. 1781). Here he effected a junc
tion with a force under General Phil
Ipps, who had commanded a division
In Burgoyne's army, and, taken pris
oner at Saratoga, had been exchanged.
From this time attention was di
rected mainly to the war In Virginia
and the Carolinas. Arnold was sent
from New York with a force to co
operate with Cornwallis; but effected
little. Lafayette, still a youth, had
been assigned to an independent com
mand in Virginia, where he was when
Cornwallis arrived. His forces were
weak, and he played the Fabian pol
icy. But Cornwallis was confident,
and wrote to Clinton. "The boy can
not escape me." But he did escape,
yet managed all the time to annoy his
antagonist. Jefferson was Governor
of Virginia, but had no efficiency as
an organizer, believing In talk and
proclamations, and having no relish
for- participation In actual war. La
fayette's best help was a few troops
from Maryland and Delaware. Upon
these he could rely. Washington also
sent some aid from the North. But
not yet did Washington see his way
to conduct his main force south to
meet Cornwallis. Everything depend
ed on the French fleet. So soon as
Washington learned that its move
ment could bo directed to the Chesa
peake, and that It would be strong
enough to withstand the British naval
force, he directed the main part of
his army southward, leaving General
Heath in command to meet any ef
fort that Clinton might make from
New York. Washington arrived in
Virginia In September. Cornwallis.
hoping to escape by sea, took posi
tion at Yorktown. but the French
fleet blocked the way. Then the siege
of Yorktown, and the surrender of
Yorktown. Spirited effort was re
quired to take the place, but the
outer fortifications were carried by
the Americans under Colonel Hamil
ton and by the French under Baron
Viomenil. Then the flag of truce,
and the war for the Independence of
the United Colonies was over.
It was October 13, 1781. Tomorrow
will be the 127th anniversary.
1TAJ.T.
Since the unification cf Italy, the
country has been making great prog
ress. It Is observable chiefly in the
Improved condition of the people. In
many parts of the country there is
real prosperity.. Descendants of the
poorer classes, who had subsisted for
the rocks and moun
tains, or along the seashore. In the
poorest manner compauDie wun
1.... nr mem suDDort of life, have
been enabled by cheap ocean rates to
migrate, leaving room lor inose
remain. Abolition of the multitude
r ,.nr states has cut off the ex
actions of local rulers and given the
body of the people a chance to live.
The new renaissance in Italy, con
tributing to the weuare oi in
ple. is In a material way the com-
ni.m.nt f the Intellectual renais
sance that began six centuries ago. to
which all nations since have been
Immeasurably Indebted, and without
which the world most probably .would
not have been able even yet to emerge
from "the dark ages."
"Italy, through the Roman Repub
lic, the Roman Empire and the Ro
man Church, gave discipline and law,
culture and religion to the Western
world. But during this civilizing pro
cess, a force arose lri Northern Europe
which was destined to transfer the can
ter of gravity from the Mediterranean
basin northwards." Thus writes John
Addington Symonds, in one of his In
comparable books about Italy. But
the condition of Italy was such that
she could profit least by the great
forces of regeneration which she had
set In motion. The country was di
vided by Jealous and warring states.
For its own support, the papal power
perpetuated these divisions and played
the many states alternately against
each other. Protestantism elsewhere
plunged the nations Into confused and
deadly conflict. Spanish ascendancy
in Italy became fatal to further prog
ress there, and the golden dream of
the renaissance slowly vanished from
the country of Its origin. Italy was
trampled under foot alternately by
Spain. France and Austria: yet finally
was delivered by the Jealousy of these
nations and by their wars upon each
other. Expulsion of every foreign
power now leaves Italy free to resume
her destiny; and the people who gave
thee torch of learning and art to the
world, yet, through unkindly Influ
ences, themselves lost their place at
the head of the great movement, are
now resuming their place In it. A
wonderful story It Is! Italy, after re
ceiving the torch or learning from
Hellas. In the days of her own free
dom, later. In the time of adversity
and ruin, gave It to the nations of the
North. Three centuries of Increasing
decrepitude were before her at
length happily surmounted, within our
recent memory. Can history, says Sy
monds, In one of his fine passages,
furnish a spectacle more pathetic than
that of the protagonist of Intellectual
and spiritual liberty falling uneasily
asleep beneath the footstool of the
Spaniard and the churchman, while
the races who had trampled her to
death went on rejoicing in the light
and culture she had won by cen
turies of toil?
But the Italy of today is mistress of
herself, and again is mistress of al!
the learning and culture she has given
to the world. Such vices as make
some of her people "undesirable" to
our country are those which have been
developed among the more humble
and ignorant classes by centuries of
injustice and oppression, from the con
sequences of which free and united
Italy Is now rapidly emerging. Italy
through ages paid for the spiritual
primacy of the world by being tram
pled under foot by the contending
powers of Europe, that alternately
played for the influence of the church
In politics and empire. The end of all
this began with the career of tho first
Napoleon, and found Its finality in
defeat of the last.
But what The Oregonian hid in
mind, and was the real occasion tf
the present remarks, was the disposi
tion of many of our people to look
down on Italy and her people as In
some degree more or less inferior
to the requirements of our Amer
ican citizenship. We hear of It less,
perhaps, than formerly; but still we
hear It. It is Just a well that all
such should be reminded that, when
our own ancestors were uttie it at.
above the condition of savages, Italy
was giving light and learning, phil
osophy, science and art to the world
passing on these benefits to us even
faster than we were fit to. receive
them; and further, that Italy, though
trampled under foot by those whom
she had redeemed, has never been de
generate, has never lost the principle
of recovery and progress. And still,
In the very highest seats of philoso
phy, art and history, she sits today;
while the material condition of her
people is In no wise Inferior to that
of the other nations of Europe, but in
many things -visibly abovelt.
AN'OTHKR TRIUMPH OF INITIATIVE.
You must not try to change any
voter"s mind on election day In Ore
gon, nor wear a political badge at the
polls. You must never take a voter to
dinner for the purpose of influenc
ing his vote, nor "treat" him. If a
preacher or a priest, you must never
use quiet persuasion In politics, nor
privately point out the right path.
All this absolutely and much more
is In the law enacted last June, known
as the corrupt practices act. As a fool
law It is certainly the top-notcher of
the queer bunch that have recently
gone on the statute books. This law
Is impossible of enforcement or ob
servance, at Is an incentive to per
jury, and makes perjury a pastime.
Would any pious man allow this
law to take from him his right of
asking the Almighty on election flay
to show the true light to an erring
brother, or to confound the foes of
righteousness? Would one patriot
ever dine another. In the course of a
political campaign, for any purpose
than to influence his vote? Did tho
United States Senator for Oregon,
who stands sponsor for this law, ever
dine anybody for any other purpose?
Would any pastor of a flock allow this
"reform" law to stop him from guid
ing his followers aright?
The law Is a crazy patchwork of
absurdities and Inconsistencies. It
essays to limit a candidate's campaign
expenses and then allows a campaign
committee to use for him all the
money It can get. If a man were
picked up in any other state and set
down in Oregon without knowing
where he was, he could find his loca
tion at once by reading the corrupt
practices act. Such an act is possible
only in the land of the initiative and
referendum.
SCHOOL FRATEBTTIES REBCBXD.
The disobedient Chicago school
children who appealed to the Supreme
Court of Illinois to sustain them In
rebellion against their teachers have
been properly rebuked. The rebellion
of these misguided girls and boys was
caused by an order to disband their
secret societies, or fraternities. They
disobeyed the school authorities, and
were very properly expelled. Then
they appealed to the court, but the
grave judges gave the unruly children
but cold com Sort. "These fraterni
ties tend to keep the scholars back In
their classes and to break up the dis
cipline of the school." This was their
opinion. The teachers were upheld,
and now the bad boys and girls must
either do as they are bid or stay at
home. How many more courts must
decide against these fraternities ana
In favor of school discipline before the
children will be satisfied to behave!
themselves?
Half a dozen supreme courts, one
after another, have been besought by
the school children belonging to the
fraternities to support them against
their teachers, but not one has ever
given them a ray of comfort. Every
judge who has discussed the subject
has rebuked them roundly. The Su
preme Court of Washington was no
less emphatic a year or two ago than
the Illinois court is now. In fact, the
public schools might as well be closed
altogether as to permit the authority
of the teachers to be defied by a band
of children -united In a secret society.
The teachers know much better than
the pupils what Is best for their dis
cipline, and if the young people had
been properly trained at home they
would not think of rebellion. If strict
justice were done In these absurd law
suits, which seek to Introduce an
archy Into the schoolroom, the Judges
would scold the children, of course,
and send them away ashamed of
themselves, but they would also scold
the parents, for it is they who are at
the bottom of the trouble. The boys
and girls would be docile enough if
their elders did not encourage them
to rebel.
STRIKING THE WRONG MAN.
The only fault that can be found
with the Walla Walla wife who, with
her five children, had been deserted
by her husband for a woman of the
underworld, for landing a well-aimed
blow on the mouth of the latter when
she chanced to meet the two together
on the street, is that she assaulted and
battered the wrong one. The woman
wm a seductive creature, no doubt,
and had used her low arts to win tho
man. But what of him? He had
other obligations; she had none. He
posed as a reputable, responsible per
son'; she did not. He was a family
man; she a woman without domcstlo
ties. She was plying a recognized
trade. What excuse had he for be
coming her customer? The wife prob
ably acted upon the belief that her
husband was the woman's prey. Jus
tice and decency, looking on dispas
sionately, take the opposite view of
the case, and regret that the wife's
fist, propelled by righteous indigna
tion, landed on the wrong mouth. A
blow from such a woman that would
send an errant husband to the dentist
for repairs might be salutary. In any
case, it would be deserved.
HOBSON AND BRYAN.
Mr. Richmond Pearson Hobson Is
billed to speak in support of Mr.
Bryan at a number of Pacific coast
cities. The coming of "Dickey, the
Kisser." whose nervy but useless act
in sinking a coal hulk for the purpose
of bottling up the Spanish fleet will,
be awaited with interest andycuriosity.
This curiosity Is caused by the re
markable difference in the attitude of
Mr. Bryan and Mr. Hobson regarding
our Pacific possessions, big navy and
other Incidentals that go with it.
Through the press and from the plat
form, Mr. Bryan has thundered Impre
cations on those who would seek to
retain the Philippines and outlying
islands which were practically forced
on this country ten years ago.
Mr. Bryan Is of such a peaceful na
ture that he has for years advocated
withdrawal of our troops and war
ships from Oriental waters and aban
donment of the country. While Mr.
Bryan was raving against our "im
perialistic" tendencies from lecture
platform, political rostrum and
through the columns of the Com
moner. Richmond Pearson Hobson
was also going up and down the coun
try Bke a roaring lion, demanding the
Immediate appropriation of 11,000.
000,000,000, more or less, for the pur
pose of building enough battleships to
make a pontoon clear across the Pa
cific, so that we could properly pro
tect the Philippines.
. Mr. Hobson sees blood on the
moon every time fair Luna appears;
Mr. Bryan. Is so tame and peaceful
that he will eat out of the hand of
Roger Sullivan or "Fingy" Conners.
This indeed is a remarkable combina
tion. To all outward appearances the
imperialistic Hobson and the anti
Imperiallstio Bryan have as much in
common and mix about as well as oil
(Standard) and water. If "Dickey"
can offer a satisfactory reason why
any Pacific coast man should vote
for a presidential candidate who has
done everything In his power to de
stroy our prestige-on the Pacific, his
Appearance will Indeed create a sen
sation. WHY CHANGE TEXTBOOKS?
Some one writes to ask The Orego
nian why school textbooks need be
changed so often. Any Intelligent man
will admit that improvements are
made from time to time in textbooks
as in other things. Such Improve
ments would not be made If Oregon
and other states announced the policy
of not changing textbooks when bet
ter ones are offered. A change neces
sarily involves some additional burden
upon patrons of the public school, but
this extra burden is small in view of
the fact that the change is never made
oftener than once in six years.
But the cost of Installing a new
series of "books Is not as large as It
seems for a great proportion of the
books displaced are badly worn and
would necessarily be replaced by new
ones in a short time. Publishers make
a low exchange price. Almost any
educational advantage gained in the
character of the books would out
weigh the monetary loss in making
the exchange. To keep an Inferior
book in use for six years when the
child could be given the aid of a bet
ter book at an inconsiderable cost of
exchange would be false economy of
the grossest kind. In all schools where
children of more than one class oc
cupy the same room, which is almost
Invariably the case, the members of
lower classes become more or less fa
miliar with the subject-matter of a
textbook by hearing the upper class
pupils recite. To a large extent the
subject loses interest for them before
they begin the study of the book.
This Js particularly true of reading,
history, geography and physiology. A
change of textbooks In these subjects
Introduces something new or a new
method of presenting what is old, and
adds interest to the study of the book.
Finally, children like new books and
dislike going to school carrying under
their arms the worn, torn and marked
books their older brothers and sisters
or their parents used.
T A MAGNA CHABTA.
A sage urchin, being asked by his
teacher how to And out how old a hen
was, replied "By the teeth." Reflec
tion subsequently convinced the
teacher that the boy referred to his
own teeth, not the hen's. Were the
labor unions of the United States as
wise as this Indoctrinated boy," they
would apply his rule of judgment in
deciding upon Mr. Taft's merits. They
would inquire how the Taft court de
cisions which we hear so much about
had affected their interests and not
how they happen to please Mr. Bryan.
They would determine the matter not
exactly by their teeth, but by their
common sense. But in political
campaigns common sense is a thing
not to be expected. While they are
in progress we all revert to the savage
state and noise drives reason out of
the field. Thus it comes about that
many of the labor unions are actually
hailing Mr. Bryan as their champion
and hero, although he never did any
thing in the world for them and never
will, while to Mr. Taft they owe a
court decision which has been called
by some persons the magna charta of
their liberty to strike.
It Is overstraining the facts a little
to call this decision a "magna
charta." The right to strike is guar
anteed y the Constitution of the
United States in the section which de
clares that neither slavery nor invol
untary servitude shall exist except to
punish a person who has been convict
ed of crime. If a man or a number
of men are obliged to work for an em
ployer when they wish to quit, they
are held to involuntary servitude,
which the Constitution forbids if it
forbids anything. In the decision to
which we refer Mr. Taft did not there
fore establish the right to strike. He
simply made an honest and straight
forward interpretation of the funda
mental law of the land. But In these
days of Judicial ingenuity this was an
achievement by no means to be de
spised. Many of Mr. Taft's colleagues
on the bench being confronted with
the section of the Constitution which
forbids involuntary servitude would
have pondered over it gravely lor a
year or two and finally come to the
conclusion that it had no reference to
human beings, but merely meant that
Mrs. Murphy's hen had yellow legs.
The lawsuit in question was begun
by a railroad which sought an injunc
tion forbidding its employes to strike.
Some judge, of inferior Jurisdiction
granted the injunction and the case
was appealed to Mr. Taft, who was
then on the bench, of the Federal
Court of Appeals. He decided that
the injunction had been granted im
properly, and laid down the Important
rule that under the Institutions of our
country it could not be made a crim
inal offense for workmen to quit work
either singly or in a body. As we
have said, tjils was merely a candid
interpretation of the Constitution, but
such interpretations are so rare that
It Indicates great independence and
great loyalty to the cause of human
liberty in the man who made it. If
Mr. Taft had been one of those narrow-minded,
illiberal Judges who
think of the advantages of business
only and pay no regard to the rights
of humanity, he would naturally have
decided fhe case the other way. He
could have evaded the plain provision
in the Constitution had he been eager
to 'do so. It is not a difficult thing
for a man who is resolutely deter
mined to do injustice to discover
ground for it. The devil can twist
the Scriptures to his liking, and in
the same way an unjust judge has no
difficulty in twisting the Constitution.
If Mr. Taft had misinterpreted, the
Constitution to the injury of labor, he
would have established a precedent
which other Judges would have fol
lowed. Judges, like other men, are
reluctant to think for themselves, and
If they can possibly find that the issue
before them has been decided by
somebody else they will blindly follow
without going into the merits of the
case. Hence it was unquestionably an
enormous benefit which Mr. Taft con
ferred on the union wb.en.-be) decided.
this question as reason and candor
required.
But instead of feeling grateful to
the judge who has done more for
them than any other man on the1
bench the union workmen are now,
many of them, reviling Mr. Taft and
seeking their economic salvation in
the mushy waves of Mr. Bryan's ora
tory. The man who saved for them
the fundamental liberty to strike when
it was attacked Is "Injunction Bill;"
while the man who never had the op
portunity to benefit them and could
not have used it if it had flown in
his face is hailed as their earthly
savior. Here is gratitude for you.
The reproach is often made that
workingmen do not know who their
friends are and are ready to desert
the person who makes sacrifices for
them at the first indication that he
needs their help. "Beware of trust
ing the promises of labor," is a com
mon saying, "for they are never kept."
Of course this is all untrue. Labor
ing men, like other human beings,
wish to be loyal to their friends, but
they are too easily misled. A little
cheap claptrap oratory distorts their
views and seduces them into a course
of conduct directly contrary to their
own interests. This trait appears in
everybody more or less strongly, but
It seems most pronounced in union
labor. Very likely the only way to
overcome it is by education, which Is a
long, long way.
EVOIX'TJON BY. , PROTECTION.
As long as the human race was ex
posed to the full violence of the strug
gle for existence, it made little prog
ress. Like other living things, men
were adapted to their environment by
natural selection, but adaptation is not
the same as progress. Often it is the
exact contrary. The bitter crab apple
which grows wild in the swamp has
been admirably adapted to its environ
ment. It can hold Its own In the
struggle for existence and overcome
the assaults of worms, scab and
scale, but after all it is not a very
high product. When it is seized upon
and protected from the fiercer ele
ments in the struggle, it passes into
new forms of beauty and usefulness.
It begins to progress instead of merely
Buffering adaptation. Advancement
or progress is a positive process, de
pending always upon the reaction be
tween reason and environment, while
with adaptation reason has nothing
to do. It Is blind submission to the
course of events. Advancement be
gan when man made the first modifi
cation in his environment instead of
yielding passively to Its effects upon
him, and each new step in progress
has depended on some new device
which helped to shield him .from the
pitiless violence of the struggle for
existence. By the inventions which
protected him, man has acquired the
leisure and opportunity to develop
his higher powers.
The human race has always had a
profound sense of the value of these
protective inventions. Although the
names of those who made them have
for the most part been forgotten In
the abysm of time, nevertheless grati
tude for the benefit Is undying, and
the unknown heroes have been deified
or crowned with a halo of poetic
myths. Who it may have been that
first taught his fellows the use of
fire nobody will ever know; but it
was the mastery of fire that first defi
nitely elevated man above hisybrutal
competitors for the empire of the
world. It protected him from the
most deadly forces of nature. It coun
teracted the cold of Winter, preserved
his food, and enabled him to forge
weapons. The longest step toward
civilization that the human race ever
took was taken when It learned to"
kindle and manipulate fire. In his
book, "Before Adam," Jack London
illustrates the tremendous advantage
which fire gave to those who first
subjected it, and the terror which
their mastery of this potent slave in
spired in other tribes. The Greeks
ascribed the gift of fire to Prome
theus, and fabled that the power It
conferred upon mankind inspired the
Jealousy of Jove, who chained the
benefactor to Mount Caucasus, where
he lay for ages with "the vulture at
his vitals and the links of the lame
Lemnian festering in his flesh." The
Invention of agriculture the ancients
ascribed to Saturn, one of the gods.
Agriculture is nothing more than the
process of protecting plants and seeds
from the struggle for existence, and
through them protecting the human
race.
As long as men lived at large in
tribes which were continually at war,
inventions were not of much use, and
progress was slow. What one tribe
gained another would destroy. The
earth could not be made to produce
enough to satisfy the wants oZ the
few who roamed over Its surface.
Robbery was indispensable to life,
but in robbing the waste was so vast
that accumulation was out of the
question; and, because men could not
accumulate they could only advance
slowly and . painfully. Perhaps the
most valuable protective invention
after fire and agriculture was that of
walled cities. In these inclosures peo
ple were almost completely relieved
from that portion of the struggle for
existence which consists In warfare.
They began to enjoy the immeasur
able advantage of peace. They could
labor without interruption and accu
mulate the fruits of labor secure from
plunder. Thus capital came into be
ing and a class arose who could sub
sist upon the stored-up labor of pre
ceding generations and devote them
selves to art, literature and invention.
It was in walled cities that men first
began to meditate upon such subjects
as law, justice, science and the struc
ture of the state, and this could only
be done because the Inhabitants were
protected from the struggle for exist
ence. -
It took walled cities many thou
sand years to produce their full effect
as a protective factor in Evolution.
Even now it has not been worked out,
for, although the walls have become
useless, we still need cities as centers
of accumulation and invention. But
in the time of Bacon a fourth pro
tective factor began to act in Evo
lution, and since his day it has grown
continually more important. This
factor is modern science. It has in
vaded and revolutionized every de
partment of human activity, mental,
spiritual and material, and every
where it has made man more secure
from the hostile forces of nature and
given him more effective mastery
over the friendly ones. In particu
lar, science has so far eliminated de
structive conditions from agriculture
that we can now produce food enough
to feed the population of the world,
and fighting for food has become un
necessary. In every other department
of life science has made abundance
possible. The result of this marvel
lous change In the environment of
the human race has been the Inven
tion of a philosophy which is called
"The New Individualism." This phil
osopy asserts that each individual Is
nf nnrr Imnnrtance because he
contains the immanent deity and
therefore he should be protected, fos
tered and permitted to make the most
of himself. The effect will be. It is
said, to accelerate the evolution of in
dividuals Just as protection has here
tofore accelerated the. evolution of
the race. Two hundred years ago
this philosophy would have been ab
surd because the world had not the
means to provide every person with
the necessities for his development.
But science has conquered this diffi
culty, and in course of time we shall
perhaps see the new philosophy
prevalent. Of course It will amount
to nothing less than a return to the
fundamental teachings of Christianity,
of which the most emphatic is the in
finite worth of the Individual man.
Small chance Is there, if Taft should
be elected, and there should be a
strong Republican majority in Ore
gon, that Chamberlain will be elected
to the Senate; nor should he be. It
should be easy then to repudiate the
whole bunco game. But if Bryan
shall be elected, and the Republic
ans of Oregon are no longer to main
tain a party; and If the people of
Oregon want only a Democratic party
and Republicans are prepared to
quit, why then, of course, let a Leg
islature elected as Republican, six
to onei send to the Senate now a thorough-going
Bryan Democrat, and next
time another Democrat. No man who
expects . the Legislature to elect
Chamberlain to the Senate has any
right to support Taft for President.
Chamberlain belongs to Bryan and to
the Bryan party. Indeed, he frankly
admits it, and it is inconceivable that
if Oregon shall vote for Taft It will
want Chamberlain elected to the Sen
ate. The Hood River apple show is the
"finest ever." There are those who
think this judgment will be revised
when Willamette Valley apple-growers
put up their exhibit. Let the good
work go on. Competition In this line
cannot be too sharp. The world's
markets are waiting to be supplied
with Oregon apples, and all want the
best. In the judgment of the Ore
gonian, the apples raise Z by careful,
conscientious orchardlsts, whether of
Hood River, the Willamette Valley or
Umpqua Valley, or Rogtie River
Valley, are equally good, which
Is to say that all are the best
on earth in size, color, flavor and
keeping qualities. It Is easy to believe
that the Judges at the Hood River
fair had great difficulty in awarding
prizes for the best, in a display where
there was no mediocrity. Imagine
their plight had It been a state apple
show. Instead of an exhibit of the best
of one section only.
With butter selling at 85 cents and
eggs at 45 cents and Winter not yet
begun, and with Eastern storage but
ter and Eastern eggs being imported
In large quantities, it Is ?parent that
the dairying and poultry business in
this State has not yet been overdone.
As a matter of fact, the shortage in
native stocks of these most necessary
commodities has been in evidence for
more than 20 years. Despite the re
munerative figures at which .they are
selling. It seems Impossible to induce
an expansion in the industry in keep
ing with the increased demand. The
butter and egg business may cost a lit
tle more trouble than the growing of
wheat, but eventually it Is destined to
become one of the big wealth produc
ing factors of the State.
If Mr. Seufert carries out his
threat to build a cannery near Astoria
for next season's salmon pack, there
ought to be some very good news
stories turned up In the course of the
season. By "carrying the war into
Africa" Mr. Seufert will complicate
the perplexed fishing problem to a
greater degree than ever before; but,
with up-river wheels and a down-river
cannery, he will be in an independent
position regarding the fish legislation,
which, like the poor, Is always with
us. Mr. Seufert's threat to pay higher
prices for the ratv- material than have
ever been paid before will hardly
throw consternation into the ranks of
his old-time enemies, the gill-netters,
who make their drifts in the Astoria
district.
Salem is talking of building a boule
vard from the city to the State Fair
grounds. The subject has, In fact,
been discussed for years. Now that
Salem has her progressive spirit at
white heat, as shown by paved streets,
improved streetcar service and new
business blocks, probably the boule
vard will become a reality. Such an
improvement would be a substantial
evidence of Salem's interest in the
State Fair.
"If La Grande deposits had been
guaranteed!" exclaims a Bryan man.
Ah, yes. If La Grande deposits had
been guaranteed every honest banker
In Oregon, and through him every,
depositor in every honest bank In Ore
gon and elsewhere, would have been
the victims and innocent partners of
the swindling cashier.
Judge Parker says the Republican
party "stands in need of a corrupt
practices act." Maybe other parties
do, too. Judge Parker should be an
authority on corrupt practices in pol
itics, since Mr. Bryan says the nomi
nation received by Parker in 1904
was bought for him by Belmont and
others.
Union labor people would probably
care less about Mr. Bryan's books not
bearing the union label if Mr. Bryan
did not make such pretensions to be
ing the, particular friend of union
labor. Like other people, union labor
adherents do not like a man to blow
hot and cold at the same time.
Ohio is doubtful, say the Demo
crats, "because Taft has Just had to
make a tour cf the State in an effort
to reclaim it." Just so. In the same
way he is just now trying to reclaim
Kentucky and Tennessee.
It would be a fine thing, wouldn't
It, to have a bank guaranty law, to
assure the integrity of such transac
tions as those at La Grande, by mak
ing honest people pay the loss
' With butter at 42 cents and eggs
at 45, the Oregon cow and the Ore
gon hen need Jolting to tho extent
of many volts.
Increasing opposition simply In
creases the saucy angle . at which
Uncle Joe Cannon holds that cigar.
Thursday was tag day for Mr.
Hearst, and Haskell's process-server
called him "it." s
"No political Eleanor Glyn is needed
to describe the strenuoslty of these
Three Weeks.
Books and Bookmen
BY JOSEPH M. Ql'ENTIJt.
P MARION CRAWFORD is begimilng
to blossom as a wit. Any one who
has read "A Lady of Rome" or "Mr.
Isaacs" will have no hesitation in believ
ing this. The other evening Mr. Craw
ford was dining at an aristocratic house
in London, England, and found himself
seated next to a loquacious woman who
Insisted on talking of the immortality of
certain authors no longer among the
living. .
"Confess, now," warbled this woman
to Mr. Crawford, "have you written any
thing that will live after you are dead
and gone?"
"Madam," replied the novelist, helping
himself to more salad, "what I am trying
to do is to write something that will en
able me to live while I am here."
e e e
At a literary dinner which reecntly took
place in Boston it was remarked that
the host showed unusual zeal in bringing
different celebrities together folks who
had achieved fame writing books, rich
publishers, long-haired poets, who created
verse by the yard, also interesting idlers.
"Lord Richard Monckton Milnes Hough
ton, the English author, who nourished
in the early 'S6s, practiced such Indis
criminate hospitality," remarked one
guest to another over their cigars and
wine, "Houghton's sister was very much
annoyed at her brother's lack of taste in
choosing his friends, and one afternoon
he happened to ask her if she remem
bered whether that famous scoundrel, Z.
was hanged or acquitted. 'He must have
been hanged, or you would have had him
here to dinner long ago,' was the reply."
One of the greatest poems' of the last
two years is Arthur Stringer's "The Wo
man In the Rain." Stringer, who also
wrote 'The Wire-Tappers." "A Study of
King Lear," and other well-known books,
was born at London, Ontario, and was
educated at Toronto University and the
University of Oxford, England, and he is
supposed to know his Canada. Conse
quently, interest Is aroused over the fact
that in the current number of a Winni
peg magazine called Canada West,
Stringer bitterly attacks these authors
whom he calls "Canada fakirs": Rud
vard Kipling. Rex Beach. Jack London.
Iwrence Mott. Robert Servlee. Casper
Whitney, Sir Gilbert Parker, William De
Morgan, Mrs. Humphry Ward, Richard
Harding Davis and Stewart Edward
White.
"The Canadian with a respectable
knowledge of his own country soon
awakens to the fact that there are two
Canadas." writes Mr. Stringer. "One Is
the Canada of fact. The other Is the
Canada that comes out of ink-wells.
Mrs. Humphry Ward actually speaks of
one of her characters promenading the
bank of the St. Lawrence and at the
same time looking out on the mists of
Lake Superior a geographical Impossi
bility. Richard Harding Davis In his
'Bar Sinister' gives Canada a 'Viceroy.'
and places a government house In Mon
treal. Quebec."
And so on. Mr. Stringer's list of al
leged mistakes Is a formidable one. Ha
plead that these authors named persist
In picturing Canada as a place of ever
lasting tee and snow. "Canada Is a land
of sunshine and flowers." proceeds this
earnest advocate. "Fourteen miles south
of the' arctic circle seed potatoes are
grown, and cauliflower, cabbage and cu
cumber are actually grown at Fort Simp
son." e e
Although George W. Cable was born in
Louisiana and fought on the Confederate
side dVuring the Civil War. his home at
present Is in Northampton. Mass., where
he has lived for a number of years.
In London the two new books most
talked of are Austin Brerton's "Life of
Henry Irving" and Hall Caine'B "My
Story." Another biography of Irving Is
also announced for near publication,
written by the late Joseph Hatton, and
edited by the latter's daughter. Miss Jes
sie Hatton, who, like- her father, enjoyed
the privilege of being one of the few
personal friends of the great actor.
Smlth-Klder's publishing house is about
to bring out Sir Clement Markham's
story of "Mojorca and Minorca," a book
which promises to recall many romantic
episodes In the annals of the Balearto
Islands.
"Bishop Fercy. Prelate and Poet." may
be expected soon. The celebrated Bishop
of Dromore is known chiefly to modern
readers as the editor of "Perry's
Rellques," a work which Sir Walter
Scott declared he had read more fre
quently than any other, and to which
Wordsworth admitted his obligations.
But Bishop Percy has other and Inde
pendent claims, for he was a friend of
Dr Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund
Burke and David Garrick, and was able
to hold his own on easy terms even in
such brilliant company.
Comvns Carr has almost ready his
"Reminiscences of Eminent Victori
ans," and G. W. E. Russell is to be re
sponsible for a fresh volume of gossip,
consisting of social reminiscences.
An estimate is promised of 'Xorenzo
the Magnificent," by as competent a
scholar as Mr. Horsburgh. of the
Queen's College. Oxford. and "The
Women Bonapartes." by Noel Williams,
to whom readers are already Indebted
for that delightful book, "Mme. Reca
mier and Her Friends."
e
Dent is bringing out a new book on
"St. Catherine of Siena." by F. G. Gar
ner, and Nash is to publish Frederic
Lolie's "Life of an Empress." a study
of the political and personal career of
the Empress Eugenie. Clement Shorter
has yet another book ready for pub
lication. It is called "Napoleon and
His Fellow Travelers." and the author
brings together some rare works that
have never been printed since their
Orst publication, nearly a century ago.
Among them are some private docu
ments supplied by William Warden's
grandson, a pamphlet printed by Lord
Lyttleton. giving accounts of conversa
tions with Napoleon on board the
Northumberland. and a story by
George Home of Napoleon at the time
of his surrender.
A most interesting autobiograpical
record is promised in Helen Keller's
"The World I Live In." which will be
Issued in a few days. The volume will
include "A Chant of Darkness." pub
lished in The Century, a chapter on
"Dreams." and several chapters of the
Impressions and emotions which are
hers.
e
William Winters new book, "Other
Days." of course deals with the cele
brated critic's memories of the stage.
Jefferson. Boucicault, Brougham, the
elder Sothern. Mary Anderson, John
McCullough, Charlotte Cushman, Law
rence Barrett,- Adelaide Neilson and
many others appear most intimately
and delightfully 'hrough these charm
ing pages. It is a book to linger over
and to own.
The Christy Book for 1908 is entitled
"Drawings In Black and White and
Colors," and is a notable volume from
several points of view. It contains
much of Christy's ' latest and best
work, reproduced with great care and
beauty.
'-..
A learned book that has been eagerly
awaited Is Sir Oliver Lodge's "Science
and Immortality." It Is published sim
ultaneously by Methuen & Co., of Lon
don, and Moffat. Yard & Co., of New
York, the English title being "Man
and the Universe." Sir Oliver's most
advanced views may be found in this
volume.