The Sunday Oregonian., September 06, 1908, Magazine Section, Page 8, Image 54

ST7XDAY OREGOXIAN. PORTLAXD, SEPTE3TBEH
6,
1908.
. ,
A CXWIW HOMED WFH COPPffi
ENORMOUS
MINERAL DEPOSITS
ON THE CONGO-ZAMBESI
WATERSHED WHICH Mflf,
AFFECT THE WORLD 5
iMAREiET
o SAWING JLOGS TDK THE MINES.
THEAHlU-fcBE:HIND4ISA01JDZINC-MXX.
r. - pdaxil- n riPPESTER.
i AVE you' heard of the mountains
.H
of copper which are now being
developed just above here. In the
i r.nMl Africa? They cover a
territory bipger than the State of Ohio.
nd they consist of two great belU 200
miles long. So far more than 100 copper
mines have boon discovered, and the
mining engineers ay that there are al
ready more than 2,000.000 tons of copper
In sight. They estimate the value of
the ore exposed at over 11.000,000)00. In
the same regions there are tin mines
running through a belt of more than
50 miles. The tin is high-grade, carrying
the value of tVM to the ton. and that
In siKht Is estimated at !.000,009. In ad
dition to this there are gold mlnea there
whlrh are now yielding 1000 ounces a
month, and the gold carrie platinum and
palladium of high grade.
The Tanganyika Concession.
These wonderful deposits are in what
is known as the Tanganyika concession,
a tract of country In the Congo FTee
State Just across the Rhodeslan border.
They belong to the King of Belgium and
a syndicate of English capitalists, led
by Robert Williams, who was practically
the discoverer of the mines and who or
ganized the company eight or nine years
ago. Mr. Wllllama became interested in
the mines of Northern Rhodesia, and he
got from Cecil Rhodes the right to lo-
cate I'M) mining claims with the proviso
that the Chartered Company of Britten
6outh Africa wa to be entitled to 23
per cent of all the minerals found. Mr.
Rhodes waa induced to give the conces
sion because he wanted a steamboat on
Lake Tanganyika to enable him to push
his Cape to Cairo Railroad scheme, and
1 am told that Mr. Williams furnished
the boat. Among the first deposit dis
covered were those of the Klnahanahl
1 copper mines, in Rhodesia, not far from
the Belgian border. . These have already
been developed to the depth of 400 feet.
and it has been deoioeq to erect a win-
Everyone Must Be Tipped
What the Tourist I Expected to Do When Ho Travel in Germany.
GENERALLY speaking, no on In
America except the waiter expects
a tip; in Germany avery one does.
Ignorance of this leads to an sorts of
trouble between foreigners and natives in
both countries. To try to tip gets the for
eigner In America into trouble. To rail to
tip or to refuse to tip gets the foreigner,
and particularly the American, Into trou
ble In Germany.
Not long ago a writer for the Ntew Tork
6un met an American in the smoking
saloon of a Hamburg-American liner He
was on his way home after visiting Ger
many for the first and, as he said, the
last time.
"I hate the country and the people!
he declared at intervals. "A bunch of
snobs and betjgarsr
The trouble arose almost entirely from
the fact that th American did not know
when, whom and how much to tip. An
experience happening to him in the
famous Cafe Bauer in Berlin on the ave
nue Unter den Linden will serve as 11
lurtratlon. "I was sitting with a party of friends,'
he said, "and as it. was time to get on
with our sightseeing I signalled the
waiter that I wished to pay. It took a
mighty long time to catch his eye, but
that's by the way.
"When he did come. Instead of taking
the money himself he called another
waiter they called hlra the Oberkeliner.
boss waiter, I suppose. I was a bit sur
prised, but I paid him and he gave me
change, at the same time looking hard
at me. evidently for a tip.
"I didn't elve him anything, but shoved
a mark, about 20 cents, I guess, over to
'the waiter who had brought us the goods.
But what do you think! Why, he shoved
It over to the boss waiter.
" "What's that forT says X.
" "That's for the Oberkeliner, he says.
'I'm not allowed to take It."
"Do you think I let It go to the Ober
chap? Not me!
" 'Look here.' I says to the ober, Tve
never seen your ugly mug before and I
don't want to see It again and you've
too nothing for us.' And with that I
-pocketed the coin and we all went away."
"And did the Ober say anything?" one
of his hearers asked.
"Yes, he did, but I didn't stay to hear
what it was nor what the Germans said
either, who were all standing up and
watching the whole performance,"
The same man told of another tipping
experience of his. This time it was in
Hamburg. He was pretty well served at
. the hotel there, it seemed, and after a
two-day stay his bill oorae to about IS
' marks.
"I was well looked after." he said, "and
handed out IS marks in tips."
These two incidents are good examples
of the behavior of large numbers of for
. eigners, especially Americans, who when
1
,. . . -".
ter there which in about two yeara will
be yielding several million dollars per
annum. In prospecting atoout Klnahan
ahl. Mr. Williams got the idea that there
might be Important finds over the bor
der. He took" hla mining engineers and
went out Into the Congo Free Btata and
there found these enormous deposits
which promise to revolutionise the cop
per markets of the world. He then went
back to London and formed hla syndi
cate. A concession was gotten from King
Leopold by offering him and certain
Belgian capitalists K per cent of the
stock. Since then the mines have been
partially surveyed and a railroad la now
building which will connect them with
the Atlantic in Portuguese West Africa.
The capital stock is only 4,000,000. but
the possibilities of the company are far
beyond those of any other of the great
mining syndicates.
Continent Roofed With Copper.
These mighty deposits form a copper
roof to the lower part of the African
continent. They He on the height of
land between the Congo and the Zam
besi, and In that correspond to the enor
mous mineral deposits on the height of
land of our continent. The great ridge
of North America comes to its top Just
above Lake Superior. A little further
north the ground begins to fall toward
Hudson Bay. On that ridge are the
nickel mines of Sudbury, containing the
greatest bodies of that metal known to
the world. A little farther east ara the
Immense silver deposits of cobalt, the
metal lying In veins on the very top of
the rocks and so close to the surface
that you can polish It with your heel as
you walk over it. Below on both sides
of Lake Superior are the enormous de
posits of iron belonging to our steel trust
and also the famous Calumet and Hecla
copper mines, which were for a long
time the richest of their kind la the
world.
A stmllar wealth of minerals exists on
this great ridge of South Africa. North
ern Rhodesia is peppered with copper
. . . . . Tl . 1 TT411 V. 1 1 1
B1KI iron. nerB cnfAcn iim m r muw
traveling in Germany, Indeed everywhere
on the Continent, either tip too little or
tip too much. In both cases they do a
lot of harm without knowing It.
In the first case they make bad blood
between the two peoples and leave a very
bad Impression about their countrymen
end their countrymen's manners and dis
position. In the second case they put
those of their fellow countrymen who
come after them in a false position, for
if they do not tip on the save extravagant
scale they ere considered mean and
treated accordingly.
It is simply a matter of Ignorance of
the custom of the country, and a very
excusable ignorance. Inasmuch es tipping
in a country is a science which it takes a
good deal of miscellaneous experience in
that country to learn. Here are some
pointers for the use and guidance in
Germany of those who do not start out
traveling, as some do, with a full de
termination not to tip at all or with
a general idea they will tip according to
the service rendered, as still more do.
but of those who recognize that each
country has its own tipping system and
that each sort of service the traveler
receives has its own tip assigned to it by
popular custom.
Take the ordinarily well-to-do trav
eler at a first-class hotel in any large
German town Berlin, Dresden, Frank
fort, Lelpslc, NurnbeTg, Cologne. You
are alone and stay three days, taking
your breakfast in the hotel and other
meals out.
On leaving give the hall porter who
has looked after your letters and with
whom you have probably discussed the
sights, the weather, the town's amuse
ments and the political situation, two
marks, or say halt a dollar; if only a
day or two In the hotel one mark. The
head waiter, who haa taken your bill
to be paid or else is hovering in the
offing while you are paying it at the
cashier's desk, should have one mark.
The under waiters you will have al
ready tipped 20 pfennigs a time when
you were paying for the drinks they
brought, or 10 per cent on your bill
when yon were settling for a meal In
the hotel. In most hotels the meals
are settled for at once, not put down
In the hotel bill. If put down In the
bill you may give your favorite waiter
B0 pfennigs.
The chambermaid who looked after
your bedroom may have GO pfennigs
too. Then there is the boots who has
fetched down your luggage and is
standing at the droschke door. He gets
GO pfennigs).
Other servants expect tips the lift
man, the hell boy, the man who drives
the station omnibus. Let them. Their
expectation, founded on sad experience,
is not very lively and their disappoint
ment consequently will not be painful.
If, however, you have coppers In your
outside pockets hand them 20 pfen-.
. v V s
.
R
! ; v.
5 s
of lead and inc, which I describe fur
ther on In this letter, and the syndicate
which owns them has found 6000 differ
ent deposits of valuable minerals in this
colony. The ore seemea to grow richer
and more abundant near the top of the
ridge, and over In the Congo possessions
the whole country near tbe border is
highly mineralised. I am told that the
natives there have been mining copper
for generations past. They have smelt
ed the ore and have wrought from It
their hoes, spears and axes. Some of
the Implements made by the natives are
shown here. Both handles and blades
are made of solid copper. I have a cop
per ax before me as I write and a cop
per hoe stands by my side.
On the Congo watershed the copper
lies right on, top of the ground. The
mines can be worked like quarries and
they will probably be handled with steam
shovels when the railroad from Portu
guese West Africa is finished. The ore
used by the natives comes from little
holes which have been dug in the moun
tains. They have their own furnaces and
do much of their smelting' with charcoal
One of the chiefs has a large number of
men and women at work and Is produc
ing a number of tons of copper a year.
Speaking of the copper being on the
height of land, while I was in Khartum,
in the Egyptian Sudan, I learned that
there are rich mineral deposits on the
ridge which forms the watershed of the
Congo and the Nile, and it may be that
a wealth of copper and iron exists there.
Copper, Gold, Tin and Iron.
So far tbe minerals found on the Zambesi-Congo
ridge are copper, gold, tin
and Iron. There are large deposits of
stream. and quartz tin. At Buluwayo I
was shown tin nuggets the size of wal
nuts which came from the Congo Free
State, and also bars of pure tin which
had been smelted there. At the present
time only tbe smallest of furnaces can
be used, as the only motive power Is
men, and the pieces of machinery must
be regulated by what two men can carry.
It will be Impossible to do much with the
nigs each, pressing their hand kindly
as you put the money Into it.
Of course if you are married and
have your family with you the tips
all around should be raised; but not
more than to leave a good Impression
of the family as a wttole. The hall
porter might get GO per cent more, the
boots ditto, and In the hotel restaurant
the pourbolre at the end of the meal
might be GO pfennigs for the whole
family instead of SO pfennigs.
If you stay a week or more the tip
at departure should be slightly aug
mented, but not extravagantly. What
has been said wJll serve your good
sense as a basis. In all cases of doubt
in a hotel aUde 20 pfennigs into the
waiting palm.
If you have any uncertainty as to
the propriety of this amount turn
away your eyes when giving it and
you will thus avoid seeing the expres
sion on the recipient's faoe. Otherwise
tip courageously, as it you were con
ferring the favor1 which you are In
giving, not the other fellow In re
ceiving. In a second-class hotel the tips max
be lowered all around even as much as
GO per cent, but in that case dont ex
peot to carry any popularity away
with you.
The hotel is not yet completely done
with, for during a long stay other
hotel people are sure to be called on
to render you miscellaneous services.
There Is a lady, for example, who takes
your coat and bat at the entrance to
the hotel restaurant. Here also on
emerging is an opportunity for part
ing with 20 pfennigs. Your . wife
similarly will often And such oppor
tunities. They call for 20 to GO pfen
nigs. The general rule of the restaurant
is that the tip should be 10 per cent
on the bill, and it is a good rule where
the party is small and proportionately
the reckoning small too. On a bill of
three marks, for example, you tip SO
pfennigs, of five marks 60 pfennigs,
which Is enough up to 10 marks. From
10 to 20 marks one mark will do.
Above 20 marks to say 30 you must
be drinking champagne, and as this
beverage, certainly when French cham
pagne, not German, Imports a certain
nobility and grandeur into tbe occa
sion, you will be expected to be filled
by nobler and grander sentiments than
usual and disposed to tip accordingly.
Here, indeed, the 10 per cent rule
would apply, for a three mark tip on
a bill of SO marks for two or three
people would satisfy the waiter as
nearly as a waiter is capable of ever
being1 satisfied, but if the party is
large, say six or seven, and the bill Is
over the 60 marks you will be ex
pected to distribute about 10 marks.
Never let yourself be imposed on by
the fine surroundings of a chlo Ger-
r
4
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ClUA.RR.YING . COPPER. IN THE
1
mines before the railroads are con
structed. The most of the gold which
has so far been taken out comes from
placer deposits. - The grains range from
dust to nuggets the size of one's finger,
and they are absolutely pure. Some
thing like $300,000 worth has been washed
out.
As to the copper, it is of a high grade.
The average is from 13 to 15 per cent
pure, and there is one place at Katanga
where the ore runs as high as 35 per
cent copper, and there Is said to be any
amount of it which runs 20 per cent.
The ore at the Rio Tinto mine, which
Is the richest in Europe, contains only
about 3 per cent of copper, and it Is said
that this African ore. even if It ran as
low as 6 per cent, would, notwithstand
ing the great cost of transportation and
treating, yield a profit wherever copper
sells over T200 per ton. So far all esti
mates made as to th6 value of the cop
per here take Into account only that
above water level, and if half the state
ments are true, the deposits must be
worth far more than any others on the
globe. -
New Trans-African Railroad.
The King of Belgium and his associates
of this syndicate are now building a rail
road from Portuguese West Africa across
the continent to these mines. This road
will be about 1200 miles long, and less
man restaurant or by the gorgeous
dress of the waiter in them. Stick to
the 10 per cent rule, and when the
bill is between ' 60 marks and 100
marks give 10 marks. After 100 marks
you must be a millionaire and can act
as you please. No tip is too large for
the German's expectation from an
American millionaire.
When railway traveling carry with
you several 60 pfennig pieces for por
ters. Fifty pfennigs is usually too
much and a German would probably
give 25 or 30, but nickel coins are in
convenient and confusing to carry and
the foreigner is always expected to
pay more than a native not that the
foreigner Is considered to be naturally
more generous than the native, but
that he knows less.
One of the strangest phenomena of
tipping In Germany Is that it is com
mon on Berlin streetcars. The fare Is
almost Invariably two cents (10 pfen
nigs). As a matter of custom one per
son out of every three gives the con
ductor a cent (5 pfennigs) for him
self, and nearly every well dressed wo
man traveling alone does. The rea
son may be that streetcar riding is
regarded as remarkably cheap, though
another explanation offered is the de
sire to have the conductor on your
side in case of a streetcar row.
The thing to remember generally is
that every one in Germany dependent
on the tourist industry expects a tip,
however small, and that where eating
and drinking in hotels and restaurants
are concerned, 10 per cent on the
amount of the bill is a golden rule.
Put t"p the Bword.
Jamee Jeffrey Boone in the Century.
X have suag of the soldier's story
As I never shall sing asaln;
I have gazed on the shambles gory,
I have smelled of the slaughter pen.
There Is blood In the Ink well clotted.
There are stains on tbe laurel leaf.
And the pages of fame are blotted
With the tears of a needless grief.
The bird is slaughtered for fashion.
And the fceut Is killed for sport:
And never the word compassion .
Is whispered at Moloch's court.
For the parent seal in th water
Is slain, and her child mn die.
That some sister or wife or daughter
Her txatity may beautify.
And the merciful thought we smother
For such Is the way of man
As we murder the useless mother -For
the "unborn astrakhan."
Hut a season of rest comes never
For th rarest sport of all;
Will hut patience endure forever.
Who nototh the sparrows fall?
When the volleys of hell are sweeping
The m and the battle plain,
Do ytm think out God Is sleeplng
And never to wake again T
Whsa hunger and ravsnous fever
Are slaying the wasted frame.
Shall we worship the red receiver.
The devil that men call fame?
We may swing the censer to cover
The odor of blood in vain;
God asks us over and over,
"Where is thy brother, Calnr"
I U 'A -
V4
DCLG.lA.Kl CONGO
it.,
It t
LEAD; IMINCES -ATT. BEOKEN. HILL.
than 300 miles of it .are already construct
ed. It begins at Lobito Bay, near Ben
guella. In about the center of the prov
ince of Angola, and runs through the low
lands a short distance, climbing the hills.
The grades go up almost a mile In the
first 200, and the road will pass
over three ranges of mountains before It
gets to the African plateau. It will cost
altogether 335,000,000 or 340,000.000. but it is
estimated that it will annually carry min
erals of the value of 350,000.000, in addi
tion to Its local traffic, which will prob
ably be considerable.
Loltto Bay, where the road starts, has
a wide and deep harbor. There is already
quite a town there. The railroad has Its
offices, and there are warehouses, restau
rants and a hotel. The company has
erected a hospital. It will build steel
piers, and will probably make that place
one of ,the chief porta of entrance for
Western Africa. Half a dozen different
lines of steamships are already calling
there, and the tonnage entered has doubled
within the past year. The road so far
built Is doing a good business. When It
Is completed there will probably be' an ex
tension to the Cape to Cairo roal, which,
at Tanganyika, will have its connection
with the road which the Germans are
now building from Dar es Salaam, across
German East Africa to UJiJI, so that one
will be able to go across the continent
from west to east by steam.
Long before this Lobito road Is com
Gentle Art of Salting Mines
Modern Catch-as-Catch-Can Methods With Personal Equation Important.
IN the development of the mining dis
tricts of the West there has been al
ways a good supply of suckers, and the
sale of salted mines has been the result.
That there Is "a sucker born every min
ute" Is recognized by the mining shark,
says the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, and.
it Is probable that in the new mining
camps of Nevada the sale of salted pros
pects goes merrily on.
For those to whom the term Is new. It
may be said that "salting" IS the process
of making a worthless mine, or prospect,
appear valuable to the prospective
buyer.
One of the most successful methods of
salting a placer mine was the broadcast
method. In carrying out this scneme xne
owner or his agent comes to the mine in
the small hours of the night and sows
several thousand dollars' worth of gold
dust In the gravel he expects to wash the
next day. The buyer is around every day.
seeing things with his own eyes, and when
he sees a clean-up of several thousand
dollars every day for a week or two
he is convinced, and the deal Is made.
It will take him Just two days to find
out that he has been salted, and'that the
dally clean-up was practically all the
srold there is in the claims In the mean
time the former owner has had plenty of
time to make a good get-away to pastures
new.
The shotgun method of salting a placer
mine Is the favorite method of writers of
mining stories. It Is not in use at pres
ent, and it is likely that Its use has been
greatly overrated. However, there was
one case in which It was used with good
results to all parties concerned.
Two Englishmen were working a placer
mine in California. They had washed the
gravel until they could get no more gold,
and were preparing to abandon their
claim, when they heard of two Chinamen
who were looking for amlne. They saw
the Chinamen, and arranged to go out
and look at the mine. They did not have
time to return to the mine, so decided on
a novel plan of salting.
They had killed a rattlesnake the even
ing before and had thrown It Into the cut.
and when they went out to the mine one
of the Englishmen kept a little ahead of
the others. When he arrived at the cut
he let out a warwhoop and fired both
barrels into the snake, filling the gravel
with gold dust. The scheme worked to
perfection.
The Chinamen were suspicious and
insisted on taking their own samples.
They took samples in several places,
panned the gravel and were very much
pleased with tbe result. They offered
the Englishmen 11500 for It, and after
a little haggling the deal was closed.
The Chinamen went to work the
next day, and their first month's work
netted them about $25,000. Another
day's work and the Englishmen would
have struck it.
But even the sucker becomes wise in
pleted. these copper min will probably
be shipped oat over that road by way of
Capetown or Belra. The Cape to Cairo
syndicate has already surveyed the line
of track from Broken Hill to Mabaya, an
Important point on the Congo frontier.
This Is 200 miles from Broken Hill, and
the understanding Is that the copper syn
dicate will continue the line from there
through the copper belt to Ruwe.
' Prospecting: in Rhodesia.
The Rhodesia Copper Company, which
operates the Broken Hill mines, has a
large number of properties scattered here
and there over this part of the world.
Not long ago It had 6000 claims registered,
and these were mostly lead, copper and
sine. There is plenty of Iron about here,
and many of the streams carry some
gold. Broken Hill has several mining
engineers and a number of prospectors.
Prospecting In Rhodesia is far different
from the same business in our country.
Our mineral regions are usually broken
and mountainous. In Northern Rhodesia
the country is comparatively level and
there are but few outcropplngs. From
December to May the land Is covered
with grass, which reaches so high that
a man riding on horseback through It
cannot be seen at a distance of 100 feet.
This is in the wet season, when It rains
so heavily that It Is impossible to travel
rapidly or to examine the surface of the
ground. It Is only when the rains are
over that the prospecting begins. The
grass, which is soon parched and dry, Is
then fired, and the flames sweep over
the country burning everything close to
the ground. The fire scorches the bushes
and trees and makes the earth black.
It thus enables the prospectors to see
the various formations. The streams
are first panned, and any minerals found
are traced to the mother lodes.
Broken Hill Mines.
Take, for Instance, these great min
eral deposits at the end of the Cape to
Cairo road. They He right out on the
prairie. The land is almost dead level,
and with the exception of a few hills
that run up to a height of less than
100 feet there is no sign of minerals.
The most of these hills are so low that
they cannot be seen at a great dis
tance, and they are usually covered
with grass. They rise right up out
of the plain like mounds, each Inde
pendent of the other. There are seven
in sight of Broken Hill, and they all
consist of great bodies of line and
lead. Tahe hill No. 1, over which I
have Just gone with the miners. It has
at the base a diameter of about 300
feet, and it rises to the height of a
four-story house. It is pear-shaped,
rather than round, with the lower half
of the pear below the surfaoe. This
mighty pear is composed of nothing
but lead and xlnc ore. Two cross cuts
time. Buyers now insist on taking
their own samples. They insist on
drilling holes and blasting out the ore
and picking their samples out of the
ore they have mined themselves. But
in spite of all these precautions they
are often salted.
Sometimes tbe face and sides of the
drift are drilled with a very fine drill,
called a needle drill. The holes thus
made are filled with a mixture of quartz
sand, gold and plaster of parts. When
the prospective buyer comes along he
is allowed to have his own way about
sampling the mine and gets the salted
sample.
Another seductive method which was
used In the Cripple Creek district, Is
the tin can method. In, this the sucker
drills the holes and takes his own
sample from the rock he has mined
with his own hand but, alas! only to
be salted. The Innocent looking tin
can picked up on the dump and used
to water the holes while drilling has
been generously "doped" with chloride
of gold by the seller.
One of the crudest cases of salting
was perpetrated by an old negro on
two United States Senators and a
banker. These men had all had mining
experience, but they thought the negro
too Ignorant to salt them.
One day a negro appeared at the
bank and asked to see the owner. .He
was asked his business, and produced
an assay certificate showing an assay
of several hundred ounces per ton sil
ver. He was ushered into tbe back
room and a messenger dispatched to
the assay office to verify the certifi
cate. It was - found to be correct, so
the negro was held .while the three
capitalists had a consultation. It was
decided that one of them go out with
the negro and sample the prospect.
The negro was held until next day,
when he went out with the Senator
and sampled the mine. The samples
assayed even better than the first ones.
The negro wanted 310.000 for the mine,
but they brought in a lot of gold coin
and stacked it up in front of him. and
It looked so big that he took it. There
was 38000 in gold in the pile.
He explained afterwards that he
salted the samples with chloride of sil
ver. It was in the hotel at the mining
camp. It was late at night and he and
the Senator were the only ones in the
office. The Senator went out for a few
minutes and while he was gone the
negro opened the sacks and mixed In
the chloride of silver which he had
ready in his pocket. When the Sena
tor returned he was asleep in his chair.
The negro went to Ohio and lived
high as long as his money lasted. Then
he telegraphed to the banner mat ne
was broke and wanted to come back
West. The banker showed It to the
Senator and asked: "Shall we send for
him?" '
"Yes." said the Senator. "He's too
smart a nigger to be stopping back
there."
or tunnels have been run through It
on a level with the plain, and there it
nothing but lead and zinc all the way.
The lead in the main tunnel Is 58 per
cent pure, and the zinc runs over 8 per
cent, the whole containing high values
throughout. By means of a diamond
drill the mine has been tested for 100
feet below the surface, and the drill 1
still in the ore. Borings In the plain
two miles to the southeast and north
west have disclosed ore equally rich.
Liittlrf Zinc Mountain.
Ater leaving the hill I went with
Mr. Donald, the mine manager, to an
other about a half mile distant over
the plain. This is known as hill No. 2.
It Is 90 feet high, containing about
four times as much ore above the sur
face as the hill I have mentioned. Its
ore is almost altogether zinc, the main
body containing 35 or 40 per cent of
that metal. A wide vein or reef takes
up the greatest part of the hill, and
the remainder Is composed of teachings
from this body. Ten thousand tons of
ore have already been taken out of
the pockets near the reef, and it Is
calculated that the main body has
more than 400,000 tons of zinc, and
that there are 300,000 tons more above
the water level, which occurs at 18
feet below the surface.
In addition to these two hills there
are five others here all of them
mighty nuggets of lead or zinc rising
above the surface of the plains. In
deed, the managers of the mines tell
me they have enough ore In sight to
keep them busy for five years If they
were smelting at the rate of 100 tons
per day.
Among Miners.
I have spent some time here going
about among the native miners. There
are 600 at work under the charge of
22 white foremen. The natives are
Bantu negroes from the tribes of the
vicinity. They are small In stature,
but they are said to be good workmen,
and they furnish the mineral regions
with a steady supply of cheap labor.
The wages which are now paid are
only 8 cents per day, to which must
be added the cost of food and shelter,
bringing the labor charge for each
miner up to 25 cents.
These natives have a village of their
own some distance from the European
quarter. It consists of a hundred or
so clay huts running around a court
of five acres. Each hut accommodates
five or six natives, and not a few of
them have their wives with them.
Their food Is cornmcal, each man be
ing allowed three pounds per day. The
meal Is made from Kaffir corn and it
is ground by a portable engine right at
the mines.
White Settlement in Mid-Africa.
As to the white officials and their
assistants, they live quite comfort
ably, away off here In the heat of the
black continent. Their town Is right
in the wilds and a half day's ride will
give them almost any kind of big
game. They have comfortable bunga
lows built of brick and native huts
made of limbs chinked with clay from
the white ant hills nearby. They are
thatched with straw. I understand
that these native huts are more com
fortable than the bungalows. They
have only holes for windows, so that
the air can always blow through.
Their roofs are cone-shaped and so
thick that the sun cannot penetrate
them. They rise 15 fce-t above the
walls and extend out over them .so
that there Is no danger of the rains -coming
in. The bungalows have roofs
of galvanized iron, which make them
hot at midday.
Many of the native huts are equipped
with hammocks, beds and easy chairs.
Some of them have other little huts
nearby, which serve as kitchens and
as the homes of the black servants.
Comparatively few of the miners board
at the hotel. Several have their wives
with them, but they are housed In the
bungalows, which are surrounded by
gardens. I understand that the climate
Is healthy and that one can live quite
as well here as In the mining regions
farther south.
Broken Hill, N. W. Rhodesia.
So he was brought back and given a
Job as a porter, and worked in that
capacity until his death a few years
ago.
"How is a man to avoid being
salted?" In the first place there are
only two classes of people that have
any business dealing In mines. They
are the men who have training and ex
perience' and understand the business,
and the capitalist, who can afford to
lose occasionally.
The way capitalists avoid being
salted Is to employ a competent mining
engineer, and have him make a thor
ough examination of the property.
Cold Comfort.
Chicago Tribune.
"It's such a small chunk of ice you
give me for 60 pounds." complained the
housewife.
"But notice, ma'am, the firm and ex
cellent quality of It," said the Iceman.
"In buying Ice your motto should be,
'Not how much, but how good.' "
The Aviator.
A brother to the bird on wing,
A conqueror of the wind of time.
He soars the clouds where eagles swing
And darts from alien clime to clime;
Man's last great master-atroka of skill.
On plnlona poising, then away.
Plain, desert, city, vale and hill
Seceding in a mist of gray;
Up, up, with balanced flight he cleaves
The stonn-weh that the lightning weaves!
The tramway fades, the motor gleams
A transitory vision, gone;
Once more the Titan spirit dreams
And light wings lift him to the dawn;
The peaks of man's achievement rise.
The marvel of hla genius grows
The darting airship in the skies
A bird of steel endurance goes.
The master of its fate, its flight.
Guiding the ages unto light!
All hall the Aviator; all hall
The conquering genius of the yeara.
Borne on agalnet the dreams that fall.
The doubt, the darkness and the tears!
The hopes defeated, efforts lost.
That old, determined will supreme
To conquer, and at any cost
Fulfill the dream within the dream;
Hail him, far poised against the blue.
With God's white sunlight sifting through!
Today the step, the forward spring;
Tmorrow, and we know not yet
Row firm the fledgling finds Its wing.
How far achievement's end be set; "
The vision startles, but we dare
Behold the thronging ships go by,
When fleets of commerce take the air-
And navies clash against the sky;
When Boston unto Bagdad seems
A flash of wings between two dreams!
Dip down, O soaring thing of fate.
Till, like the Sinbad of the tale.
We enter through the magio gate
The wild dominion of the gale:
The Orient to the Occident,
One poising and a flash, then gone.
Far-flung across the element
From lands of sunset to the dawn:
Dip down. O ships that tempt us there
To high allurements of the siri