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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Feb. 21, 1904)
4 THE SUOTAT OREGOXIAN, PORTLAND, FEBRUARY 21, 1901. m t mront;m Entered at th Postofflco at Portland. Or zoa. ati second-class matter. REVISED SUBSCRIPTION RATES. By mall (postage prepaid In advance)- Sally, with Sunday, per month J0.S3 Pally, Sunday excepted, per year. ...... 7.50 Sally, with Sunday, per year 9.00 Sunday, per year................. 2.00 The "Weekly, per year i.50 The Weekly, 3 months 50 Dally, per week, delivered. Sunday excepted. 15c Dally, per week, delivered. Sunday lncludedJMc POSTAGE BATES. Catted States, Can nil a and Mexico SO to 14-page paper..... .............. ....lc 16 to 30-page paper... ....... ............. 2c 2 to 44-page paper.. ...... ........"So Foreign rates double. The Oregonlan does sot buy poems or stories from Individuals, and cannot under take to return any manuscripts sent to It without solicitation. Ho stamps should be Inclosed for this purpose. EASTERN BUSINESS OFFICES. The S. C. Beckwlth Special Agency) JCew Tork: Booms 43-40, Tribune 3uildlng. Chicago: Booms 510-512. Tribune Building. KEPT OH SALE. Chicago Auditorium Annex; Postofflce 2Cews Co.. 17S Dearborn. Denver Julius Black, Hamilton & Hend rick, 000-012 Seventeenth 6t.j Eouthan & Jackson, Fifteenth and Lawrence. Kansas City Bicksecker Cigar Co., Ninth and Walnu Eos Angeles B. F. Gardner, 230 South Spring : Oliver & Haines. 205 South Spring, and Harry Drapkln. Minneapolis M. J. Ksrvanaugh, 80 South Third; L. Begelsbuger, 317 First Avenue South. New York City L. Jonas & Co, Astor House. Ogden VT. C Alden. Postofflce Cigar Store; F. R. Godard; W. G. Kind, 114 25th St.,: C. H. Myers. Omaha Barkalow Bros- 1612 Farnam: McLaughlin Bros.. 210 South 14tb; Megeath Stationery Co.. 120S Farnam. Salt Eake Salt Eake News Co. 77 West Second South St. St. Eoul World's Fair News Co. San Francisco J. K. Cooper Co., 746 Mar ket, near Palace Hotel: Foster & Orear, Ferry News Stand; Goldsmith Bros.. 230 Sutter; E, E. Eee, Palace Hotel News Stand; F. W. Pitts. lOOSMarket; Frank Scott. SO Ellis; N. Whcatley, 83 Stevenson. Washington, D. C. Ed Brinkmaa. Fourth and Pacific Ave-. N. W.; Ebbltt House News bland. TODAY'S WEATHER Occasional rain; fresh to brisk southeast winds. YESTERDAY'S WEATHER Maximum, tem perature, 40 deg.; minimum, 38. Precipita tion, 0.02 Inch. PORTLAND, SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1004. A GREAT WRITER AND REFORMER. A new life of Voltaire by S. C. Pal lentyre does not do more justice to that wonderful because many-sided writer than does the standard life by John Morley, but it makes a more vivid and charming picture of the humane side of the great mocker; his generosity, magnanimity and philanthropy, the lov able qualities of one who was the best hated man of two generations. Unlike Rousseau, who was also a great writer, In his far-reaching Influence on the lit erary style and spirit of successors so different as Byron, Renan and Ruskln, Voltaire was not a man of sentimental quality or genius for melodrama; he was a restless man of the world, a man of talent for business, who was so pru dent that from 1721, when he Inherited an income of $800 a year, he never spent his whole income. He scoffed at men of letters who professed to find In pov erty an inspiration. He said: "Poverty enervates courage; ask nothing of any one; need no one." He was twice im prisoned in the Bastile, and when liber ated, in 1726, In his 33d year, he visited England and with this visit began his great career. We have called Voltaire a great writer In distinction from a great thinker. He was a man of unsurpassed genius for accomplished and versatile literary craftsmanship. He was at once a poet, a playwright, a novelist, a letter-writer, a historian, a critic, a phil osopher and a theologian, an agricultur ist, a wit and a man of the world. His "Charles XII" is marked by broad and comprehensive views, by sincere ab horrence of the military spirit, by his bitter hatred of superstition. He was the pioneer In France of the short story in prose. As a satirist he Is as keen as Swift, but lighter and without Swift's touch of moroseness and tfrutal obscen ity. As a letter-writer Voltaire is the foremost In the world. Whether they touch on social, religious, scientific or political history, they are the wittiest and the most natural extant. The gen ius of Voltaire as a versatile and ac complished literary handicraftsman Is, however, not his strongest claim to re membrance. He was the greatest pub lic benefactor, philanthropist and re former of his century In France, from the day of his return from England, In 1729, to his death. In 1778. Voltaire labored with pen and purse for persecuted French Protestants; he worked three years for the cause of humanity in the celebrated case of Calas,- executed for a murder committed by another man, and finally secured the reversal of the legal decrees of at tainder and confiscation of property passed by the French Parliament. He worked on the case of Slrven for seven years, and on the case of Lally for twelve. General Lally was a gallant Irish Jacobite who, after performing great services for France in battle in India, had been judicially murdered by an iniquitous decision of the Parliament of Paris in 1766. When Voltaire had but four days to live, Louis XVI in council publicly vindicated the name of General Lolly, who twelve years before had been done to death by the hands of the common executioner. To the son of the victim of this judicial murder, Lally-Tollendal, Voltaire dictated his last letter: "The dead returns to life on learning this great news; he sees that the King Is the defender of justice; he will die content; he tenderly em braces M. de Lally." The finest quality of Voltaire was his sleepless hatred of oppression and In justice. Macaulay says that Voltaire "often enjoyed a pleasure dear to the better part of his nature, the pleasure of vindicating innocence which had no other helper, of repairing cruel wrongs, of punishing tyranny In high places." While everybody knows the efforts of Voltaire to do justice to the memory of Calas and Lally, few know that he was the first great practical philanthropist of the eighteenth century. At Ferney he established a colony of watchmakers and weavers on his estate. When the province of Gex was laid waste by fam ine In 1771 he had grain sent to him from Sicily and sold It much under cost price to the poor people. By his pen he saved Innocent lives and restored stolen honor: he warred or oppression and privilege, on lntok-r?nee and cruelty. For sixty years Vol '.aire warred on the abuses in church and ?tae and society, nnd cleared the soil of France for the planting of the tree of liberty. It is because of this great, noble, he roic, unflinching, -relentless war against despotism that so grave and conserva tive a thinker as John Morley pays such high honor to the memory of a wonder ful man whom only ignorant bigots de- nounce as "the great anti-Christ" Vol taire was nothing more than a deist; he fought against the materialists, the atheists, all his days; his assaults upon the church in Prance were due to the fact that in those days the church was corrupt, Impure, and, -worst of all, -was the ally and executive of the despotism of the state. Doubtless Voltaire and Rousseau both, by their writings helped to create a political and social atmos phere charged with electricity that would manifest itself in the thunder storm of revolution, but Voltaire and Rousseau -were very different men. Rousseau was not so versatile a literary craftsman as Voltaire, but If he did not found the school of modern sentimental -writing he certainly did that of natural description, and within his limitations of melodramatic sentiment and natural description he was a greater writer than Voltaire, whose literary suprem acy was in th efleld of satire. Macau ay says that "of all the intel lectual weapons which have ever been wielded by man, the most terrible was the mockery of Voltaire," and confesses that it was often used to vindicate Jus tice, humanity and toleration, the prin ciples of sound philosophy, the princi ples ""of free government. But while Rousseau was a great writer, whose in fluence on literary expression Is still lelt in France and England, he was a weak man, a dreamer, a man of vaga bond nature, a man of genius with a streak of Harold Sklmpole In him, a man of doubtful sanity. He never helped anybody, but was always in need of help and always accepted charity. Voltaire was In no sense a weak man. He was a man of business, a brave man who never asked help, never needed help, but always extended the glad and helpful hand to his fellow-men who were In need. Rousseau furnished the Revolution with Its sentlmentallsm, furnished its cheap demagogues with their vague political philosophy, but the sane spirit of the Revolution before it degenerated into anarchism dated from the example of Voltaire rather than the rhetoric of Rousseau. GOG AND MAGOG. It is Idle for official London to pre tend that the three most Important Am bassadors to the court of St, James ab sent themselves from their posts at this critical time through a pure coinci dence, such as the imperative necessity for the Russian to make a trip to St. Petersburg to see his son or for the Parisian to pay some social attentions at home. Domestic and society exigen cies of this sort are not supreme when the fate of nations are hanging In the balance. Likely the three men will all go back In due time; but the coinci dence of their departure doubtless takes Its rise in some Continental thought of gentle admonition to Great Britain. Circumstances may easily arise to make the absences prolonged. Every century since modern Europe began has been ushered In with clash of arms all but general throughout its borders. Provocations are plentiful to day to furnish a parallel, unless ex treme pressure of a restraining sort should be exerted. It is perfectly clear that the British manifestation of friend ship for Japan Is pronounced enough to displease both France and Russia, and to alarm Germany. In such case the most careful circumspection on the British part will not avail to prevent verlslmllitudlnous accounts of active aid to the Japanese; and the antl-Rus-slan feeling of the British Is so acute . as to make overt actions very probable. What Is alleged to have been done at Wei Hal Wei may not have occurred; but something much like it is a most imminent probability. The most portentous aspect of Inter national involvement Is that main tained by Germany. The Anglo-Japanese alliance is solid enough to convince Germany that in case of a Russian de feat Great Britain would share In the spoils. The position of Germany in such case would be as unenviable at Klaochou as that of Russia has been at Port Arthur. There Is no more ac tive, ambitious or energetic force In North China than Germany, and she Is not In the humor to sit Idly by" and see her advancement checked by Japan with British support. France Is prac tically powerless In opposition to any cause in which German interest Is en gaged. She is afraid to rouse German hostility. But in any cause where she would have the co-operation or sympa thy of Germany she would doubtless be ready to act. That Is, she would not hesitate to make a diversion against Great Britain onihe Atlantic as part of a Joint undertaking which Involved German support of Russia against Great Britain and Japan in the Pacific Every European power Is ready to spring Instantly to arms upon the Initi ative of any one of them. This Is the tinder-box Into which a chance spark may fall at any time. ' No general war can be, precipitated, however, except against the most earn est protest of the commercial classes, whose influence has grown mightily in the past fifty years. The war has al ready shrunk securities to a point which Involves the wiping out of many millions of capital In every nation of Europe. For the loss of these values in securities there Is for the most part no possible restoration; and it Is now added to by Increasing paralysis of many lines of trade, such as Germany Is already beginning to complain of. Factories and bourses know the terrific cost of war In demoralized prices and dislocation of produce movements. Na tional securities are in danger of fear ful shrinkage, with consequent disturb ance and loss In remote circles. The mortgagees of thrones are all for peace. Probably the greatest deterrent force of all Is the dread of domestic upris ings. How insecure is every throne on the Continent none knows better, prob .nbly, than Emperors themselves. There Is disquieting news not only from ni hilistic sources in Russia and chronic revolutionists throughout the Balkans, but la Germany Itself, where the strug gle for liberty is never without hope. Great Britain has Its Ireland, France Its monarchists, Spain the Carllsts and la bor agitators, Austria its religious and linguistic discontent, while the sleep less adherents of socialism are ready to take advantage of governmental preoc cupation or embarrassment everywhere. Despite all the real ground for solici tude, therefore, the .powers will be prone to bear the ills they have rather than fly to others that they know not of. The military preparations, from Berlin to San Francisco, are as much the conservators of peace as they are the instigators of war. The drowning, real or supposed, of Elbert Wilson, of Forest Grove, is ex tremely distressing to his friends. An element of uncertainty in a matter of this kind adds to the distraction of par ents and the distress of all concerned. Sympathy Is balked in such a case, not "knowing whether to hope that the re port of death is true or false. It Is always well to suspend judgment and stifle speculation in a matter of this kind and await in silence the course of events for a solution of the mystery. DEMOCRACY "WHILE YOU WAIT. The contrast between Japanese and Russian forms of government, so often dwelt upon to Russia's disadvantage, is no hollow play with words, but a state ment of one of the most impressive comparisons that history affords. It Is possible that the Japanese experiment will fall; yet as it stands today In suc cessful operation It presents a phenom enon which, on the surface at least, sets at naught all theories of political phil osophy. It Is the accepted doctrine that self government is only for those that are fit for It, and that only those are fit who have come up through long and painful stages of development The growth of British Institutions, from humble Teu tonic and Saxon beginnings, to their present state, is a story whose outlines are accepted as the model upon which all self-governing peoples must proceed. It has been an axiom that functions of -representative government, thrust upon those without slow and graded training : for them and Jn them, can only come to grief. Tet the constitutional government of Japan, which Is" more truly democratic than that of France and, in form at least, about abreast of that of Great Britain, is a mushroom growth of some thing like thirty-five years. Its begin ning dates from 1868, when the present ruler, Mutsuhlto, then the young Em peror, came Into power on the pver throw of the despotism of the Shogun. Then it was promulgated that a delib erative assembly should be formed and all measures be decided by public opin ion. An assembly of representatives was called, known as the House of Commons. This first Congress " consisted of knights from each clan, and was there fore a feudal assembly; but In 1S71 feu dalism was abolished and later a Sen ate was established. By 187S provincial assemblies, chosei? by popular vote, be- gan operation as an educational agency, and In 1881 an imperial proclamation announced a National Assembly for 1890. In February, 1883, was promul gated a famous document, drawn up by Count Ito, creating constitutional gov ernment, and In April -of the same year the law of local self-government for city, town and village went Into effect. This constitution, as Mr. Clement ob serves in his "Handbook," was not ex torted by force from an unwilling King John, but "was voluntarily parted with by a kind and loved ruler at the ex pense of his Inherited rights." Observers of the workings of the Jap anese constitution are hopeful of Its ultimate success, but not enthusiastic as to its present demonstration, either In Its own perfection or In the capacity of the people for its use. That Is a problem yet to be solved. If any yellow race, or black, or brown, can wield the spear and shield of self-government, the fact is yet to be made known; and yet on the other hand the capacity of hu man nature In scarcely any direction Is definitely ascertained. The most we can say Is that the spirit of the ruling class In voluntarily bestowing freedom on the -masses Is practically unparal leled in the history of mankind, and de serves everything of success; and that so far the Japanese have shown as wonderful talent for using the tools of representative government as they have shown with the Implements of Industry and the mechanism of commerce. A NEW-OLD FIELD EXPLOITED. The Countess of Warwick gives In detail In a recent magazine article some very Interesting facts In regard to an Institution which- she established a few years ago at Reading, some forty miles from London, for the practical training of women in horticulture, floriculture, domestic gardening, poultry-raising, dairying and kindred occupations. She calls this establishment "My Garden Hostel," and-founded It with a desire to open up a fresh field of employment for "that large and ever-Increasing class of penniless and educated women who elbow one another as clerks, type writers and governesses." A practical survey of the field proved to her that It is no use to waste senti ment over the hardships that the laws of supply and demand impose upon any class In the community. A competition too sharp can only be met In practical life by diverting human energy Into channels of employment where the pressure Is not so great The difficulty that first presents Itself is to find a channel which by an Infusion of work ers from another source will not also speedily become congested. In land and Its possibilities in the line of diver sified agrlcultude especially In the lighter branches, to which the strength of woman Is equal Lady Warwick saw what she believed to be an opportunity for industrial expansion for women. Looking about her, she saw a domes tic market supplied from the admirably equipped dairies and gardens of France and Denmark, while land in England capable of producing large quantities of dairy and garden products was run ning to waste. To supplant these for eign products by those of home pro duction would require an army of trained workers. To Induce women to enter a training school of this kmd after first providing the equipment was her object, and the success of her endeavor, covering a period of little more than five years, has been phenomenal. Beginning with three acres of land and a house, large enough to accommo date twelve students, the location being chosen because It was near an agricul tural college, where the students could" receive Instruction In the regular classes while they did practical work on the Hostel grounds, applications for admission scon outran the limited ca pacity of the HosteL The work was no Intended as a charity, but as a training school for self-dependent, en ergetic women who desired to qualify themselves for a reasonably profitable, exceedingly healthy and very pleasant vocation. Nine months after opening another house was required, a few months later another, and just one year from the period of opening six addi tional acres of land were rented and planted to fruit and garden. In another year three and a half acres were bought for a poultry run; beekeeping was be gun, and a department of domestic sell ence was Inaugurated. A four years' course In practical training and scien tific study equips a woman so that she can readily obtain salaried positions as gardeners, "horticultural Instructors or dairy managers. They may also set up on their own account as poultry farmers, market gardeners, beekeepers and small fruitgrowers. Demand for trained gardeners and dairy managers Is greater than the supply, and although the salaries are not large, the vocation Is attractive and healthy and It pays as much as the typewriter, governess or clerk receives, while the Individual expenses of the worker are not nearly so great. The field of industry thus briefly pre sented la one that has been almost if not quite neglected by American women. While they elbow each other by thousands in close, stuffy sewing rooms, box factories, cotton mills,, stores and offices, earning for the most part a meager pittance and spending that upon apparel that will enable them to appear before the public decently clad, these more healthful and Inde pendent vocations are sighted as un womanly or too tame to meet the re quirements of modern life. The Agri cultural College in our own state offers opportunity for young women to be come accomplished In dairying, horti cultural and domestic science, in theory at least, while contiguous to It are lands suitable for practical experiments In the things learned In the college. Poultry-raising, market gardening, bee keeping, the growing of small fruits, are vocations the successful pursuit of which requires special training. Ex perience without training in these as In other branches of knowledge is expen sive. People learn from It, but only by repeated failures and great loss of time. "Knowing how" Is . essential, and it must be acquired In one way or an other. For the study of what Lady Warwick, as she says, for want of a better name, calls "the lighter branches of agriculture," women are well fitted by nature. Quickness of perception, delicacy of touch, love of the beautiful, as expressed in all growing things, pa tience In details and strength that, properly conserved, becomes each day more adequate to the work these are the chief requirements of this vocation. Womanly, fairly remunerative, active, healthful, and as nearly Independent as any labor can be that must seek a mar ket for its product or Itself, It would be well for Intelligent women who must work whereby to live to consider the new field that Is open for them In the old domain of agriculture and Its kin dre'd lines, that thereby they or some of them may cease to elbow each other as clerks, typewriters and teachers in the congested ranks of these vocations. SOME ASPECTS OF THE WAR. The pretense of Russia that the se vere Winter weather fights on the side of the Czar's legions, as did In the days of Napoleon's march to Moscow, Is without foundation of fact for the Japanese have thus far utilized the Winter months in seizing and thus far holding command of thesea, and thus protecting the deportation of their ar mles to Corea and securing a foothold for a land campaign In the Spring. The Winter weather subjects the Russians, not the Japanese, to undue hardship, for all of Russia's troops and supplies are carried by enormous labor through Siberia and Manchuria, since no sup plies or troops can now be landed at Port Arthur. Napoleon started In July for Moscow, reached It September 14, found It deserted and In flames, and began his retreat October 18. A Rus sian Winter of exceptional severity and his own reckless loss of ample opportu nity to cross all his artillery and army trains the night before the battle of the Beresina ruined his expedition. But there- was wo naval problem to solve, and there is no identity between the Japanese situation today and that of Napoleon's Russian expedition. In the opinion of Rear-Admiral Bowles, of our Navy, a member of the board of strategy in the Spanish War, Japan Is likely to win If she Is able to retain the naval Initiative and suprem acy she grasped at the outset Russia has immense resources and can trans port troops over the Siberian Railway In an endless chain, but If Japan com mands the sea Admiral Bowles Is con vinced she can land forces enough to defeat the Russian armies In detail as fast as they are brought over. Admiral Bowles seems to Ignore or underesti mate the fact that while control of the sea Is necessary for Japan It Is not so necessary for Russia. Naval ascend ence for Russia means victory; for Japan it merely means'that she can get her troops to the mainland to meet the Russians. The Admiral seems well for tified, however. In his pessimistic view of the Russian chance at sea. Russia has no reserve fleet; In all she has but forty-seven armored vessels. Of these, seven are In the Black Sea and Inacces sible, and, even If they were available, are only fit for coast defense1 work. Seven date before 1SS5. There are only about twenty-five ar mored vessels from which a fighting fleet could be picked. The best eleven of these vessels are already In the East Russia could not add to this fleet more than six or possibly eight vessels with new, high-powered guns. They cannot steam a week without recoallng, and Russia has no coaling ports. If neu trals do not recognize coal as contra band of war, thej can only permit these vessels to1 take on enough coal to reach the nearest Russian port It would take these Russian ships two months to reach Hong Kong. If the British gov ernment should enforce the rule of coal as contraband of war, the Russian fleet will never get to the scene of war. Even If it should arrive In the Yellow Sea, It would be unequal to success fully meeting the Japanese ships, which are more modem, faster and bet ter armed than those of Russia. There Is therefore no reasonable expectation that Russia will be able to wrest from Japan the command of the sea. Then what? Why, then Russia would be obliged to supply her huge army, oper ating 4000 miles from its base and de pendent on a single-tracked railway, open to constant Interruption by the raids of the enemy, while Japan can easily protect her water communica tions and maintain her army. The de pendence to be placed on this railroad is one of the unknown elements in the problem. Admiral Bowles argument In support of his belief that Japan will win because she holds the naval supremacy is not new. It Is set forth by Captain Mahan and was recognized by great soldiers and sailors from days of Admiral Blake and Oliver Cromwell, but It Is of only partial application in a country like Russia or the United States. Japan Is at only one serious disadvantage; her cav alry are worthless, while the Russian Cossacks are .among the best mounted soldiers in the world. But Japan can avoid great pitched battles with the Russians, for Corea Is a mountainous country which the Russians cannot easily penetrate when defended by a strong army, while from the vantage ground of the Corean frontier the Jap anese army could pour down Into the rich plains of Manchuria, strike a sud den blow, recover and withdraw to their lines. If the Japanese are as quick and subtle on land as In naval tactics, they ought to make the Russians very tired. The Turks At Plevna in 1877 repulsed the Russians under Skobeloff, time and again in the days when there were no long-range repeating army rifles or smokeless powder, and while the Japanese-are Inferior to the Turks in stat ure and strength, they are superior to them in arms and -military leadership and are possibly their peers In courage. If the Japanese choose to stand on the defensive, they ought to be -dole to hold Corea behind the high, mountain barrier that reaches from the Sea of Japan to the Yellow Sea, from the port of Vladi vostok to Port Arthur, which has been called the Manchurian Alps. Holding, the supremacy of the sea secure, their possession of the rocky eagle's nest of Corea ought to be easily maintained against Russia by the Japanese. A CONDITION 2TOT A THEORY. A number of well-intentioned and wealthy women of New York City are surprised to find that their scheme for arresting the drift of working girls to stores and factories by founding a training school for first-class domestics, cooks, chambermaids, table girls, etc., falls very flat The nsual arguments in favor of the superiority of family life to that obtained by the average working girl have been carefully set forth. The trained domestic gets better food, has a more comfortable room, her "afternoon out," her opportunity to go to church. She saves more out of her wages, for she spends nothing for car fares or for lunch; she Is not-exposed so much to the weather, and her. health Is better. She finds a kind and upright friend in her mistress. The environ ment cf good manners, good books and newspapers Is more humane, less bois terous and more refining than that found In a crowded store or factory, and on the whole It Is argued "fhat a trained domestlcNflt for intelligent ser vice would lead a comparatively health ful and happy existence. To this argument a number of New York working girls make vigorous reply through the New York Sun that, while it 'would be easy to show that many working girls get much higher wages than they could possibly obtain as trained domestics, nevertheless they are willing to concede, for the sake of the argument all that can be said for the situation of a trained domestic In a hu mane and considerate family. Grant ing this concession, these working girls say that 'even with harder work and less wages American-born girls prefer to work In stores and fac tories because when their work hours are over their time and freedom of ac tion Is 'their own until they report for work the next morning. This reply touches the nerve of the whole diffi culty; an American working girl who has once had a taste of the personal freedom from control or Interference with her actions that belongs to her when her working hours are over will seldom surrender that freedom for bet ter pay and more alleged comforts In an excellent family. For the sake of a husband (she: loves a woman will sur render, -a great deal of personal free dom of action, but what a man or woman will surrender for conjugal or parental or fraternal affection they will seldom sacrifice for pecuniary advan tage. It Is probable that very few working girls who barely earned a living would exchange their life In a store or fac tory to be the wife of a fairly well-to-do farmer In a small, dull country town, because she would not consider that she had bettered her lot She would really work about as hard and her sur roundings would be Intolerably dull and stagnant unless she happened to be deeply In love with her husband and made the sacrifice because of this fact The working girl would not become the small farmer's wife because she ex pected to find It an easier, more Inde pendent and more comfortable exist ence. The truth Is that this love of freedom from control Is as irrepressible in women as it Is in men. Women shun domestic service for about the same reason that the average country boy shuns agriculture If he can be a shop boy" or a railroad brakeman; the girl has a freedom when her working hours are over and the railroad hand has hl3 freedom until his hour of duty arrives. Men and women as a rule are gregari ous, and because they are they count freedom of action and control as too precious to be entirely parted with, even for a pecuniary consideration. These New York working girls shrewdly say: No matter how highly we were trained by your school, no mistress we could obtain would accept It without her personal Interference and reform, and she would be sure to find out if we had any "followers"; If so, how many and all about them. A work ing girl Is willing to work very hard for small pay to escape the espionage of "the family," the arrogance of irre pressible children and peremptory re quirements to be In bed betimes. Of course, on the economic side and the moral Improvement side those who urge the acceptance of domestic service have the best of It, but the thirst for per sonal freedom after working hours are over Is so strong that American-born girls, when they carl make a choice, will work In factories and stores even at lower wages before they will accept do mestic service. The average man or woman resents ceaseless Interference with his personal freedom of action; the average woman, even if she would be the better for a moral mentor, naturally abhors one. Universal discontent with farm life, agricultural unrest, has al ready transferred a good deal of farm land to the hands of the foreign-born. Not only are there a good many Irish and Scandinavian farmers In New Eng land, but Poles, Finns and Italians are coming In. These New England-born men did not all "pull out" of New England, because they were not fairly industrious and comfortable farmers. They "pulled out" when the multiplication of railways opened up the new West and connected dull, remote country villages with great bustling marts of trade. Then the boy grew weary of the farm and Its Iso lated, humdrum round of duties that were never surely done. The restless farmer boy either cought the bustle of the great city's life or he sought the freshness and freedom otjjxistence in the new and fertile West The country girl sixty years ago was content to be "a hired girl" because she sat at the same table with her employers. She sat In the parlor "with the family when her work was done. She was treated like a companion. She was not seldom the daughter of a neighbor, and often mar ried the son of her employer. But when the great factories at Lowell and Law rence created a demand for working girls, domestic service ceased In New England. The Yankee girl had ob talned a taste of entire freedom from control after working hours, and she never went back to domestic service, for about that time social lines were drawn tighter and the working girl was no longer"the paid parlor companion and "first table" friend of the family. In 1895 the Japanese, when invading Manchuria, seized Ping Yang, drove off "the Chinese fleet in the battle of the Yalu River, took the great caravan route running from Ping Yang to Pekin by way of Nlu Chwang and branching to Mukden as the line of advance, tak ing Port Arthur In reverse by a march along the coast But Japan has today a different problem, since the railroads built Jjy Russia have changed the strategic conditions of the campaign. The Russian line resti on two fortified ports. Vladivostok and Port Arthur. The former has two rail lines of com munication, while Port Arthur has but one, running by Niu Chwang and Muk den to Harbin, where it Joins one of the two lines from Vladivostok. The report that the Russians have temporarily 'eft Port Arthur to take care of Itself and made Harbin their base of concentra tion is probably well founded. It would shorten the Russian line of defense and Port Arthur has probably supplies enough to hold out in military isola tion until the fate of the contest be tween Japan and "Russia Is settled. When General Albert Sidney Johnston undertook to defend a long line from Columbus, on the Mississippi, to Bowl ing Green, Ky., It was easy to .smash it at Fort Donelson, because the at tacking force of gunboats and trans ports could advance by water up the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers to deliver their blow. But the Japanese have, no such advantages: they will be obliged to turn the Russian line or break It by quick marches and hard fighting. The London Spectator holds that Rus sia must retrieve her reputation as a fighting power at any cost of men and treasure. Anything short of complete victory for Russia would mean not only the loss of Manchuria, but the ruin of Russian prestige at Pekin Defeat by Japan would weaken Russian authority among the Tartar subjects In the Cen tral Asian Province of Turcomanla. If the Japanese are allowed to retain "Ma sampho permanently and fortify a naval base there, the Corean Strait will become another Dardanelles and the Japan Sea a Japanese lake. This would bottle up Vladivostok as soon as the Japanese batteries dominated both shores of the Corean Strait, which Is the entrance to the Japan Sea. If Rus sia should be compelled to endure, a long and exhausting war before she obtained victory, it Is exceedingly prob able that war would break out between Turkey and Bulgaria and perhaps other Balkan States. If the Japanese could shoot as straight as the Boers and move as quickly, they could win; but no Asiatics, not even the Afghans, shoot as straight as the Boers, and their- army is not composed of such mounted rifle men as the Boers, who on their horses could make eight miles to the enemy's four.' It Is hopeless to count on the Japanese shooting with as deadly aim at long distance as the Boers, or mov ing as rapidly from point to point The Japanese lack of cavalry will be se verely felt against an enemy that In cludes several thousand Cossacks. The generous policy which Is pursued by French authorities in honoring and rewarding scientific research without regard to. the nationality of discoverers has again found expression In the be stowal of a prize upon an American scientist To Director W. W. Campbell, of the Lick Observatory, has been awarded the Lalande prize offered by the Paris Academy of Sciences for the most Important work in astronomy dur ing the' past "year. Among the prizes offered for 1904 by this Institution are $10,000 for a capital discovers' in mathe matics, physics, chemistry, natural his tory or medicine; one of 5800 for a dis covery in astronomy, physics mineral ogy, geology or mechanics; one of $600 for exploration In Asia, and another of like value for work on the cryptograms. A total of 560,000 Is offered in prizes along these and other scientific lines during the current year, the largest sin gle offer being the Breant prize of $20. 000 for a cure or method for the sup pression of the Asiatic cholera. The benefits that accrue or may accrue to the human race through the encourage ment thus given to scientists Is incal culable. It Is said that the true sci entist does not need an Incentive to study and experiment. Nevertheless, to the honor that lies behind a prize thus won no man, however ardently devoted to science for Its own sake, Is Insensi ble. M. Curie has refused the cross of the Legion of Honor offered by the French government for his researches In chem istry. He appreciated the honor ten dered him, but declined to accept It be cause his wife, being a woman, was not deemed worthy of the same recog nition. In the long list of achievements which entitled Madame Curie to receive this degree Is the Invention of a new process for the separation of minute quantities of rare substances by their radio-activity; the discovery of a new element, radium; the study of its unique properties and the approximate deter mination of Its atomic weight. These alone, says the Independent haye hard ly been matched by any man In recent years, and it adds that the question of her recognition by the bestowal of the cross of the Legion of Honqr Is not one of etiquette, but because she, as an in dlvIduaLhas earned this reward. Perry Heath has tendered his resigna tion as secretary of the Republican Na tional Committee, with this statement: Due to the death of Chairman Hanna, I tender my resignation as secretary of the Republican National Committee, effective Im mediately. A solemn poet, whose verse once had wide favor, wrote: Some weep to share tho fame of the de ceased, so high In- merit and to them so dear. So Perry Heath. He wishes it to be known also that ha was nothing In him self, but shone merely with a borrowed or reflected light His countrymen will take him at his own estimation of him self. Of course, Perry Heath never will be heard of again. Luckily, too, for the party that has been carrying him. He has unloaded it In the days of Nelson and the battle of Copenhagen, in 1S01, and again In 1S07, England enforced by naval force what she called "the neutrality" of Denmark and the entrance to the Baltic without any declaration of war. Seven commanding officers of the Japanese navy are graduates from An napolis, and among the number Is Ad miral Uriur the commander of the Jap anese squadron, that lately attacked the Russian fleet off Port Arthur. , KGTE AND COMMENT. t Are you being "eliminated V Wheat went up la the air like a Rus sian battleship. About 437 papers. In discussing the war, have referred to the battle of Ping Pong. Chinese have reappeared In Tacoma, There must be some buslnes there. To be sure whisky i3 a "harmles luxury" to every man until it begins to "eliminate" him. Eight thousand diamond polishers are on strike: People of polish are generally eschewing diamonds. A correspondent refers to the "mercurial Angloman.'" Next we shall have the heavy-witted Irishman. Oyster Bay is to have- a modem opera house. It may be opened by Theodora Roosevelt In "My Second Term." One good thing about war dispatches 'with a copyright line above them: You know they;'re no good without reading them. To forget oneself la to be happy. Robert Louis Stevenson. To forget one's umbrella Is to be the opposite. "The Bear that Walks Like a Man." says the St Louis Dispatch, "swims like a lobster." Well, a lobster's at home on the rocks. DOt n,na" tno Chinaman. "It I die wheref your cannon boom; You may kill poor me and chop me up, But spare my grandfather tomb." What's In a name? J. Ferdinand Pog genburg has won the amateur billiard championship, and Emma Bullet has been made Paris correspondent of the Brooklyn Eagle. An odd notice has been seen over a shop In Cairo: "I speak English and understand American." New York Tribune. There Is nothing odd in this. Evidently the shopkeeper accidentally omitted tho word "dollars" from the end of the notice. The Lewis and Clark Fair has already accomplished something. Judging from the amount of correspondence that has been printed, several hundred people must have been looking up tho history of the Sabbath. Representative Foss says that' a Major General can be made by the stroke of a pen, but an Admiral is the product of 40 years' training. An Admiral could also be made by a stroke of the pen, and would be Just about as valuable as a stroke-of-the-pen General. The Albanians, Bulgarians, Macedonians and so forth will receive sympathy In their efforts to start a war on the other side of Russia. Japanese, Chinese and Siberian names are bad enough, without a second bunch of the collections of con sonants that blot the map of Eastern Europe. The young car-barn murderers of Chi cago did not seem unduly troubled during their trial. In Van Dine's cell one morn ing was found a sketch of himself -jd on," written across the top, and "The au tomatic trio in their last act" at the bottom, - -wS.-" I don't care any mora about-what Bryan says than the wind that blows Cleveland. It do not mind the breezes That agitate my locks It neither hurts nor pleases. When Sir. Bryan knocks The wind that shakes the trees ea Dries many laundered socks The rot that Bryan wheezes All useful purpose mocks. So not till hades freezes. And snow there lasts llko rocks. And Satan's chilled and sneezes, "Win Bryan give me shocks. That is a fine story of frontier braverv and resolution from Wolf Creek. It ap pears that a Wolf Creeker shot a cougar, which cougar-like bit the hand that shot it swallowing gun and mitt as far as they could pass down its throat The Wolf Creeker proceeded to extract a penknife from his pocket with his left hand, while the cougar masticated his right Then this hardy hunter sawed the cougar's neck In twain, withdrew his right hand from the drooping jaws and went his way re joicing. Verily, the pen and pocket-knife are mighty things. Professor Triggs has been fired. His views are said to have been too liberal and his statements too extravagant. Pro fessor Triggs occupied the chair of litera ture in Chicago University, and President Harper feared. It Is alleged, the effect of liberal views upon tho tender young souls that were attending Chicago University to gain some knowledge of letters. Is it possible that Professor Triggs was so radical as to admit that Indiana had Illi nois backed off the map. in llteratoor? Could he have esteemed Booth Tarking ton above George Ade, or something of that kind? Present day nautical Imagery Is largely drawn upon In the Victoria (B. C.) Colonist's account of a football match between the forecastle-men and the quarterdeck-men of the cruiser Flora. Needless to say, there was much beer dependent upon the result of the match. At half time all hands hove to for re freshments. On resuming play the Foksles, taking an example from the Japanese naval tactics, rushed the enemy without mercy. But for the splendid play of Cbas. Belcher, the Quarter-deck goalkeeper, the Foksles would certainly have torpedoed another goal. Belcher's playing was heroic, and was en thusiastically admired. He certainly saved the day for his section of the squadron. The referee had, unfortunately to retire from the field early In the action owing to going athwart the hawse of Kaggy Burns and getting accidentally rammed abaft tho collision bulkheads. He went down with all hands on board and his colors flying. The young Lieutenant In charge of the Russian scouting party in Pechill prof fered his card to the commander of the Chinese forces. - The Chinese officer glanced at It and saw: Lieutenant TCusmenk&ra- Over : vayeff. Gravely he drew forth his Own card and gave it to the Russian, who read: : General Ma. Tears welled Into the eyes of the young Russian officer. "At the risk of Injuring my good name," he cried, "take what lies on the back of my card, I will be Kussienkara and you shall be Ma vayeffc" As a small thank-offering the Chinese commander ordered a thousand cards and SO heads to be struck off. WEXFORD JONES.