4
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PORTLAND, SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1004.
A GREAT WRITER AND REFORMER.
A new life of Voltaire by S. C. Pal
lentyre does not do more justice to that
wonderful because many-sided writer
than does the standard life by John
Morley, but it makes a more vivid and
charming picture of the humane side
of the great mocker; his generosity,
magnanimity and philanthropy, the lov
able qualities of one who was the best
hated man of two generations. Unlike
Rousseau, who was also a great writer,
In his far-reaching Influence on the lit
erary style and spirit of successors so
different as Byron, Renan and Ruskln,
Voltaire was not a man of sentimental
quality or genius for melodrama; he
was a restless man of the world, a man
of talent for business, who was so pru
dent that from 1721, when he Inherited
an income of $800 a year, he never spent
his whole income. He scoffed at men
of letters who professed to find In pov
erty an inspiration. He said: "Poverty
enervates courage; ask nothing of any
one; need no one." He was twice im
prisoned in the Bastile, and when liber
ated, in 1726, In his 33d year, he visited
England and with this visit began his
great career.
We have called Voltaire a great
writer In distinction from a great
thinker. He was a man of unsurpassed
genius for accomplished and versatile
literary craftsmanship. He was at once
a poet, a playwright, a novelist, a letter-writer,
a historian, a critic, a phil
osopher and a theologian, an agricultur
ist, a wit and a man of the world. His
"Charles XII" is marked by broad and
comprehensive views, by sincere ab
horrence of the military spirit, by his
bitter hatred of superstition. He was
the pioneer In France of the short story
in prose. As a satirist he Is as keen as
Swift, but lighter and without Swift's
touch of moroseness and tfrutal obscen
ity. As a letter-writer Voltaire is the
foremost In the world. Whether they
touch on social, religious, scientific or
political history, they are the wittiest
and the most natural extant. The gen
ius of Voltaire as a versatile and ac
complished literary handicraftsman Is,
however, not his strongest claim to re
membrance. He was the greatest pub
lic benefactor, philanthropist and re
former of his century In France, from
the day of his return from England, In
1729, to his death. In 1778.
Voltaire labored with pen and purse
for persecuted French Protestants; he
worked three years for the cause of
humanity in the celebrated case of
Calas,- executed for a murder committed
by another man, and finally secured the
reversal of the legal decrees of at
tainder and confiscation of property
passed by the French Parliament. He
worked on the case of Slrven for seven
years, and on the case of Lally for
twelve. General Lally was a gallant
Irish Jacobite who, after performing
great services for France in battle in
India, had been judicially murdered by
an iniquitous decision of the Parliament
of Paris in 1766. When Voltaire had
but four days to live, Louis XVI in
council publicly vindicated the name of
General Lolly, who twelve years before
had been done to death by the hands
of the common executioner. To the son
of the victim of this judicial murder,
Lally-Tollendal, Voltaire dictated his
last letter: "The dead returns to life
on learning this great news; he sees
that the King Is the defender of justice;
he will die content; he tenderly em
braces M. de Lally."
The finest quality of Voltaire was his
sleepless hatred of oppression and In
justice. Macaulay says that Voltaire
"often enjoyed a pleasure dear to the
better part of his nature, the pleasure
of vindicating innocence which had no
other helper, of repairing cruel wrongs,
of punishing tyranny In high places."
While everybody knows the efforts of
Voltaire to do justice to the memory of
Calas and Lally, few know that he was
the first great practical philanthropist
of the eighteenth century. At Ferney
he established a colony of watchmakers
and weavers on his estate. When the
province of Gex was laid waste by fam
ine In 1771 he had grain sent to him
from Sicily and sold It much under cost
price to the poor people. By his pen he
saved Innocent lives and restored stolen
honor: he warred or oppression and
privilege, on lntok-r?nee and cruelty.
For sixty years Vol '.aire warred on the
abuses in church and ?tae and society,
nnd cleared the soil of France for the
planting of the tree of liberty.
It is because of this great, noble, he
roic, unflinching, -relentless war against
despotism that so grave and conserva
tive a thinker as John Morley pays such
high honor to the memory of a wonder
ful man whom only ignorant bigots de-
nounce as "the great anti-Christ" Vol
taire was nothing more than a deist; he
fought against the materialists, the
atheists, all his days; his assaults upon
the church in Prance were due to the
fact that in those days the church was
corrupt, Impure, and, -worst of all, -was
the ally and executive of the despotism
of the state. Doubtless Voltaire and
Rousseau both, by their writings helped
to create a political and social atmos
phere charged with electricity that
would manifest itself in the thunder
storm of revolution, but Voltaire and
Rousseau -were very different men.
Rousseau was not so versatile a literary
craftsman as Voltaire, but If he did not
found the school of modern sentimental
-writing he certainly did that of natural
description, and within his limitations
of melodramatic sentiment and natural
description he was a greater writer
than Voltaire, whose literary suprem
acy was in th efleld of satire.
Macau ay says that "of all the intel
lectual weapons which have ever been
wielded by man, the most terrible was
the mockery of Voltaire," and confesses
that it was often used to vindicate Jus
tice, humanity and toleration, the prin
ciples of sound philosophy, the princi
ples ""of free government. But while
Rousseau was a great writer, whose in
fluence on literary expression Is still
lelt in France and England, he was a
weak man, a dreamer, a man of vaga
bond nature, a man of genius with a
streak of Harold Sklmpole In him, a
man of doubtful sanity. He never
helped anybody, but was always in need
of help and always accepted charity.
Voltaire was In no sense a weak man.
He was a man of business, a brave man
who never asked help, never needed
help, but always extended the glad and
helpful hand to his fellow-men who
were In need. Rousseau furnished the
Revolution with Its sentlmentallsm,
furnished its cheap demagogues with
their vague political philosophy, but
the sane spirit of the Revolution before
it degenerated into anarchism dated
from the example of Voltaire rather
than the rhetoric of Rousseau.
GOG AND MAGOG.
It is Idle for official London to pre
tend that the three most Important Am
bassadors to the court of St, James ab
sent themselves from their posts at this
critical time through a pure coinci
dence, such as the imperative necessity
for the Russian to make a trip to St.
Petersburg to see his son or for the
Parisian to pay some social attentions
at home. Domestic and society exigen
cies of this sort are not supreme when
the fate of nations are hanging In the
balance. Likely the three men will all
go back In due time; but the coinci
dence of their departure doubtless takes
Its rise in some Continental thought of
gentle admonition to Great Britain.
Circumstances may easily arise to make
the absences prolonged.
Every century since modern Europe
began has been ushered In with clash
of arms all but general throughout its
borders. Provocations are plentiful to
day to furnish a parallel, unless ex
treme pressure of a restraining sort
should be exerted. It is perfectly clear
that the British manifestation of friend
ship for Japan Is pronounced enough to
displease both France and Russia, and
to alarm Germany. In such case the
most careful circumspection on the
British part will not avail to prevent
verlslmllitudlnous accounts of active
aid to the Japanese; and the antl-Rus-slan
feeling of the British Is so acute
. as to make overt actions very probable.
What Is alleged to have been done at
Wei Hal Wei may not have occurred;
but something much like it is a most
imminent probability.
The most portentous aspect of Inter
national involvement Is that main
tained by Germany. The Anglo-Japanese
alliance is solid enough to convince
Germany that in case of a Russian de
feat Great Britain would share In the
spoils. The position of Germany in
such case would be as unenviable at
Klaochou as that of Russia has been
at Port Arthur. There Is no more ac
tive, ambitious or energetic force In
North China than Germany, and she Is
not In the humor to sit Idly by" and see
her advancement checked by Japan
with British support. France Is prac
tically powerless In opposition to any
cause in which German interest Is en
gaged. She is afraid to rouse German
hostility. But in any cause where she
would have the co-operation or sympa
thy of Germany she would doubtless be
ready to act. That Is, she would not
hesitate to make a diversion against
Great Britain onihe Atlantic as part of
a Joint undertaking which Involved
German support of Russia against
Great Britain and Japan in the Pacific
Every European power Is ready to
spring Instantly to arms upon the Initi
ative of any one of them. This Is the
tinder-box Into which a chance spark
may fall at any time. '
No general war can be, precipitated,
however, except against the most earn
est protest of the commercial classes,
whose influence has grown mightily in
the past fifty years. The war has al
ready shrunk securities to a point
which Involves the wiping out of many
millions of capital In every nation of
Europe. For the loss of these values
in securities there Is for the most part
no possible restoration; and it Is now
added to by Increasing paralysis of
many lines of trade, such as Germany
Is already beginning to complain of.
Factories and bourses know the terrific
cost of war In demoralized prices and
dislocation of produce movements. Na
tional securities are in danger of fear
ful shrinkage, with consequent disturb
ance and loss In remote circles. The
mortgagees of thrones are all for peace.
Probably the greatest deterrent force
of all Is the dread of domestic upris
ings. How insecure is every throne on
the Continent none knows better, prob
.nbly, than Emperors themselves. There
Is disquieting news not only from ni
hilistic sources in Russia and chronic
revolutionists throughout the Balkans,
but la Germany Itself, where the strug
gle for liberty is never without hope.
Great Britain has Its Ireland, France Its
monarchists, Spain the Carllsts and la
bor agitators, Austria its religious and
linguistic discontent, while the sleep
less adherents of socialism are ready to
take advantage of governmental preoc
cupation or embarrassment everywhere.
Despite all the real ground for solici
tude, therefore, the .powers will be
prone to bear the ills they have rather
than fly to others that they know not
of. The military preparations, from
Berlin to San Francisco, are as much
the conservators of peace as they are
the instigators of war.
The drowning, real or supposed, of
Elbert Wilson, of Forest Grove, is ex
tremely distressing to his friends. An
element of uncertainty in a matter of
this kind adds to the distraction of par
ents and the distress of all concerned.
Sympathy Is balked in such a case, not
"knowing whether to hope that the re
port of death is true or false. It Is
always well to suspend judgment and
stifle speculation in a matter of this
kind and await in silence the course of
events for a solution of the mystery.
DEMOCRACY "WHILE YOU WAIT.
The contrast between Japanese and
Russian forms of government, so often
dwelt upon to Russia's disadvantage, is
no hollow play with words, but a state
ment of one of the most impressive
comparisons that history affords. It Is
possible that the Japanese experiment
will fall; yet as it stands today In suc
cessful operation It presents a phenom
enon which, on the surface at least, sets
at naught all theories of political phil
osophy. It Is the accepted doctrine that self
government is only for those that are
fit for It, and that only those are fit who
have come up through long and painful
stages of development The growth of
British Institutions, from humble Teu
tonic and Saxon beginnings, to their
present state, is a story whose outlines
are accepted as the model upon which
all self-governing peoples must proceed.
It has been an axiom that functions of
-representative government, thrust upon
those without slow and graded training
: for them and Jn them, can only come
to grief.
Tet the constitutional government of
Japan, which Is" more truly democratic
than that of France and, in form at
least, about abreast of that of Great
Britain, is a mushroom growth of some
thing like thirty-five years. Its begin
ning dates from 1868, when the present
ruler, Mutsuhlto, then the young Em
peror, came Into power on the pver
throw of the despotism of the Shogun.
Then it was promulgated that a delib
erative assembly should be formed and
all measures be decided by public opin
ion. An assembly of representatives
was called, known as the House of
Commons.
This first Congress " consisted of
knights from each clan, and was there
fore a feudal assembly; but In 1S71 feu
dalism was abolished and later a Sen
ate was established. By 187S provincial
assemblies, chosei? by popular vote, be-
gan operation as an educational agency,
and In 1881 an imperial proclamation
announced a National Assembly for
1890. In February, 1883, was promul
gated a famous document, drawn up by
Count Ito, creating constitutional gov
ernment, and In April -of the same year
the law of local self-government for
city, town and village went Into effect.
This constitution, as Mr. Clement ob
serves in his "Handbook," was not ex
torted by force from an unwilling King
John, but "was voluntarily parted with
by a kind and loved ruler at the ex
pense of his Inherited rights."
Observers of the workings of the Jap
anese constitution are hopeful of Its
ultimate success, but not enthusiastic
as to its present demonstration, either
In Its own perfection or In the capacity
of the people for its use. That Is a
problem yet to be solved. If any yellow
race, or black, or brown, can wield the
spear and shield of self-government, the
fact is yet to be made known; and yet
on the other hand the capacity of hu
man nature In scarcely any direction Is
definitely ascertained. The most we
can say Is that the spirit of the ruling
class In voluntarily bestowing freedom
on the -masses Is practically unparal
leled in the history of mankind, and de
serves everything of success; and that
so far the Japanese have shown as
wonderful talent for using the tools of
representative government as they have
shown with the Implements of Industry
and the mechanism of commerce.
A NEW-OLD FIELD EXPLOITED.
The Countess of Warwick gives In
detail In a recent magazine article some
very Interesting facts In regard to an
Institution which- she established a few
years ago at Reading, some forty miles
from London, for the practical training
of women in horticulture, floriculture,
domestic gardening, poultry-raising,
dairying and kindred occupations. She
calls this establishment "My Garden
Hostel," and-founded It with a desire
to open up a fresh field of employment
for "that large and ever-Increasing
class of penniless and educated women
who elbow one another as clerks, type
writers and governesses."
A practical survey of the field proved
to her that It is no use to waste senti
ment over the hardships that the laws
of supply and demand impose upon any
class In the community. A competition
too sharp can only be met In practical
life by diverting human energy Into
channels of employment where the
pressure Is not so great The difficulty
that first presents Itself is to find a
channel which by an Infusion of work
ers from another source will not also
speedily become congested. In land
and Its possibilities in the line of diver
sified agrlcultude especially In the
lighter branches, to which the strength
of woman Is equal Lady Warwick saw
what she believed to be an opportunity
for industrial expansion for women.
Looking about her, she saw a domes
tic market supplied from the admirably
equipped dairies and gardens of France
and Denmark, while land in England
capable of producing large quantities
of dairy and garden products was run
ning to waste. To supplant these for
eign products by those of home pro
duction would require an army of
trained workers. To Induce women to
enter a training school of this kmd after
first providing the equipment was her
object, and the success of her endeavor,
covering a period of little more than
five years, has been phenomenal.
Beginning with three acres of land
and a house, large enough to accommo
date twelve students, the location being
chosen because It was near an agricul
tural college, where the students could"
receive Instruction In the regular
classes while they did practical work
on the Hostel grounds, applications for
admission scon outran the limited ca
pacity of the HosteL The work was
no Intended as a charity, but as a
training school for self-dependent, en
ergetic women who desired to qualify
themselves for a reasonably profitable,
exceedingly healthy and very pleasant
vocation. Nine months after opening
another house was required, a few
months later another, and just one year
from the period of opening six addi
tional acres of land were rented and
planted to fruit and garden. In another
year three and a half acres were bought
for a poultry run; beekeeping was be
gun, and a department of domestic sell
ence was Inaugurated. A four years'
course In practical training and scien
tific study equips a woman so that she
can readily obtain salaried positions
as gardeners, "horticultural Instructors
or dairy managers. They may also set
up on their own account as poultry
farmers, market gardeners, beekeepers
and small fruitgrowers. Demand for
trained gardeners and dairy managers
Is greater than the supply, and although
the salaries are not large, the vocation
Is attractive and healthy and It pays
as much as the typewriter, governess
or clerk receives, while the Individual
expenses of the worker are not nearly
so great.
The field of industry thus briefly pre
sented la one that has been almost if
not quite neglected by American
women. While they elbow each other
by thousands in close, stuffy sewing
rooms, box factories, cotton mills,,
stores and offices, earning for the most
part a meager pittance and spending
that upon apparel that will enable them
to appear before the public decently
clad, these more healthful and Inde
pendent vocations are sighted as un
womanly or too tame to meet the re
quirements of modern life. The Agri
cultural College in our own state offers
opportunity for young women to be
come accomplished In dairying, horti
cultural and domestic science, in theory
at least, while contiguous to It are
lands suitable for practical experiments
In the things learned In the college.
Poultry-raising, market gardening, bee
keeping, the growing of small fruits,
are vocations the successful pursuit of
which requires special training. Ex
perience without training in these as In
other branches of knowledge is expen
sive. People learn from It, but only by
repeated failures and great loss of time.
"Knowing how" Is . essential, and it
must be acquired In one way or an
other. For the study of what Lady
Warwick, as she says, for want of a
better name, calls "the lighter branches
of agriculture," women are well fitted
by nature. Quickness of perception,
delicacy of touch, love of the beautiful,
as expressed in all growing things, pa
tience In details and strength that,
properly conserved, becomes each day
more adequate to the work these are
the chief requirements of this vocation.
Womanly, fairly remunerative, active,
healthful, and as nearly Independent as
any labor can be that must seek a mar
ket for its product or Itself, It would
be well for Intelligent women who must
work whereby to live to consider the
new field that Is open for them In the
old domain of agriculture and Its kin
dre'd lines, that thereby they or some of
them may cease to elbow each other as
clerks, typewriters and teachers in the
congested ranks of these vocations.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE WAR.
The pretense of Russia that the se
vere Winter weather fights on the side
of the Czar's legions, as did In the
days of Napoleon's march to Moscow,
Is without foundation of fact for the
Japanese have thus far utilized the
Winter months in seizing and thus far
holding command of thesea, and thus
protecting the deportation of their ar
mles to Corea and securing a foothold
for a land campaign In the Spring. The
Winter weather subjects the Russians,
not the Japanese, to undue hardship,
for all of Russia's troops and supplies
are carried by enormous labor through
Siberia and Manchuria, since no sup
plies or troops can now be landed at
Port Arthur. Napoleon started In July
for Moscow, reached It September 14,
found It deserted and In flames, and
began his retreat October 18. A Rus
sian Winter of exceptional severity and
his own reckless loss of ample opportu
nity to cross all his artillery and army
trains the night before the battle of the
Beresina ruined his expedition. But
there- was wo naval problem to solve,
and there is no identity between the
Japanese situation today and that of
Napoleon's Russian expedition.
In the opinion of Rear-Admiral
Bowles, of our Navy, a member of the
board of strategy in the Spanish War,
Japan Is likely to win If she Is able to
retain the naval Initiative and suprem
acy she grasped at the outset Russia
has immense resources and can trans
port troops over the Siberian Railway
In an endless chain, but If Japan com
mands the sea Admiral Bowles Is con
vinced she can land forces enough to
defeat the Russian armies In detail as
fast as they are brought over. Admiral
Bowles seems to Ignore or underesti
mate the fact that while control of the
sea Is necessary for Japan It Is not so
necessary for Russia. Naval ascend
ence for Russia means victory; for
Japan it merely means'that she can get
her troops to the mainland to meet the
Russians. The Admiral seems well for
tified, however. In his pessimistic view
of the Russian chance at sea. Russia
has no reserve fleet; In all she has but
forty-seven armored vessels. Of these,
seven are In the Black Sea and Inacces
sible, and, even If they were available,
are only fit for coast defense1 work.
Seven date before 1SS5.
There are only about twenty-five ar
mored vessels from which a fighting
fleet could be picked. The best eleven
of these vessels are already In the East
Russia could not add to this fleet more
than six or possibly eight vessels with
new, high-powered guns. They cannot
steam a week without recoallng, and
Russia has no coaling ports. If neu
trals do not recognize coal as contra
band of war, thej can only permit these
vessels to1 take on enough coal to reach
the nearest Russian port It would take
these Russian ships two months to
reach Hong Kong. If the British gov
ernment should enforce the rule of coal
as contraband of war, the Russian fleet
will never get to the scene of war.
Even If it should arrive In the Yellow
Sea, It would be unequal to success
fully meeting the Japanese ships,
which are more modem, faster and bet
ter armed than those of Russia. There
Is therefore no reasonable expectation
that Russia will be able to wrest from
Japan the command of the sea. Then
what? Why, then Russia would be
obliged to supply her huge army, oper
ating 4000 miles from its base and de
pendent on a single-tracked railway,
open to constant Interruption by the
raids of the enemy, while Japan can
easily protect her water communica
tions and maintain her army. The de
pendence to be placed on this railroad
is one of the unknown elements in the
problem.
Admiral Bowles argument In support
of his belief that Japan will win because
she holds the naval supremacy is not
new. It Is set forth by Captain Mahan
and was recognized by great soldiers
and sailors from days of Admiral Blake
and Oliver Cromwell, but It Is of only
partial application in a country like
Russia or the United States. Japan Is at
only one serious disadvantage; her cav
alry are worthless, while the Russian
Cossacks are .among the best mounted
soldiers in the world. But Japan can
avoid great pitched battles with the
Russians, for Corea Is a mountainous
country which the Russians cannot
easily penetrate when defended by a
strong army, while from the vantage
ground of the Corean frontier the Jap
anese army could pour down Into the
rich plains of Manchuria, strike a sud
den blow, recover and withdraw to
their lines.
If the Japanese are as quick and
subtle on land as In naval tactics, they
ought to make the Russians very tired.
The Turks At Plevna in 1877 repulsed
the Russians under Skobeloff, time and
again in the days when there were no
long-range repeating army rifles or
smokeless powder, and while the Japanese-are
Inferior to the Turks in stat
ure and strength, they are superior to
them in arms and -military leadership
and are possibly their peers In courage.
If the Japanese choose to stand on the
defensive, they ought to be -dole to hold
Corea behind the high, mountain barrier
that reaches from the Sea of Japan to
the Yellow Sea, from the port of Vladi
vostok to Port Arthur, which has been
called the Manchurian Alps. Holding,
the supremacy of the sea secure, their
possession of the rocky eagle's nest of
Corea ought to be easily maintained
against Russia by the Japanese.
A CONDITION 2TOT A THEORY.
A number of well-intentioned and
wealthy women of New York City are
surprised to find that their scheme for
arresting the drift of working girls to
stores and factories by founding a
training school for first-class domestics,
cooks, chambermaids, table girls, etc.,
falls very flat The nsual arguments
in favor of the superiority of family
life to that obtained by the average
working girl have been carefully set
forth. The trained domestic gets better
food, has a more comfortable room, her
"afternoon out," her opportunity to go
to church. She saves more out of her
wages, for she spends nothing for car
fares or for lunch; she Is not-exposed
so much to the weather, and her. health
Is better. She finds a kind and upright
friend in her mistress. The environ
ment cf good manners, good books and
newspapers Is more humane, less bois
terous and more refining than that
found In a crowded store or factory,
and on the whole It Is argued "fhat a
trained domestlcNflt for intelligent ser
vice would lead a comparatively health
ful and happy existence.
To this argument a number of New
York working girls make vigorous reply
through the New York Sun that, while
it 'would be easy to show that many
working girls get much higher wages
than they could possibly obtain as
trained domestics, nevertheless they are
willing to concede, for the sake of the
argument all that can be said for the
situation of a trained domestic In a hu
mane and considerate family. Grant
ing this concession, these working
girls say that 'even with harder work
and less wages American-born girls
prefer to work In stores and fac
tories because when their work hours
are over their time and freedom of ac
tion Is 'their own until they report for
work the next morning. This reply
touches the nerve of the whole diffi
culty; an American working girl who
has once had a taste of the personal
freedom from control or Interference
with her actions that belongs to her
when her working hours are over will
seldom surrender that freedom for bet
ter pay and more alleged comforts In
an excellent family. For the sake of a
husband (she: loves a woman will sur
render, -a great deal of personal free
dom of action, but what a man or
woman will surrender for conjugal or
parental or fraternal affection they will
seldom sacrifice for pecuniary advan
tage. It Is probable that very few working
girls who barely earned a living would
exchange their life In a store or fac
tory to be the wife of a fairly well-to-do
farmer In a small, dull country town,
because she would not consider that
she had bettered her lot She would
really work about as hard and her sur
roundings would be Intolerably dull
and stagnant unless she happened to be
deeply In love with her husband and
made the sacrifice because of this fact
The working girl would not become the
small farmer's wife because she ex
pected to find It an easier, more Inde
pendent and more comfortable exist
ence. The truth Is that this love of
freedom from control Is as irrepressible
in women as it Is in men. Women shun
domestic service for about the same
reason that the average country boy
shuns agriculture If he can be a shop
boy" or a railroad brakeman; the girl
has a freedom when her working hours
are over and the railroad hand has hl3
freedom until his hour of duty arrives.
Men and women as a rule are gregari
ous, and because they are they count
freedom of action and control as too
precious to be entirely parted with,
even for a pecuniary consideration.
These New York working girls
shrewdly say: No matter how highly
we were trained by your school, no
mistress we could obtain would accept
It without her personal Interference and
reform, and she would be sure to find
out if we had any "followers"; If so,
how many and all about them. A work
ing girl Is willing to work very hard
for small pay to escape the espionage
of "the family," the arrogance of irre
pressible children and peremptory re
quirements to be In bed betimes. Of
course, on the economic side and the
moral Improvement side those who urge
the acceptance of domestic service have
the best of It, but the thirst for per
sonal freedom after working hours are
over Is so strong that American-born
girls, when they carl make a choice, will
work In factories and stores even at
lower wages before they will accept do
mestic service. The average man or
woman resents ceaseless Interference
with his personal freedom of action; the
average woman, even if she would be
the better for a moral mentor, naturally
abhors one. Universal discontent with
farm life, agricultural unrest, has al
ready transferred a good deal of farm
land to the hands of the foreign-born.
Not only are there a good many Irish
and Scandinavian farmers In New Eng
land, but Poles, Finns and Italians are
coming In.
These New England-born men did not
all "pull out" of New England, because
they were not fairly industrious and
comfortable farmers. They "pulled out"
when the multiplication of railways
opened up the new West and connected
dull, remote country villages with great
bustling marts of trade. Then the boy
grew weary of the farm and Its Iso
lated, humdrum round of duties that
were never surely done. The restless
farmer boy either cought the bustle of
the great city's life or he sought the
freshness and freedom otjjxistence in
the new and fertile West The country
girl sixty years ago was content to be
"a hired girl" because she sat at the
same table with her employers. She sat
In the parlor "with the family when her
work was done. She was treated like a
companion. She was not seldom the
daughter of a neighbor, and often mar
ried the son of her employer. But when
the great factories at Lowell and Law
rence created a demand for working
girls, domestic service ceased In New
England. The Yankee girl had ob
talned a taste of entire freedom from
control after working hours, and she
never went back to domestic service,
for about that time social lines were
drawn tighter and the working girl was
no longer"the paid parlor companion
and "first table" friend of the family.
In 1895 the Japanese, when invading
Manchuria, seized Ping Yang, drove off
"the Chinese fleet in the battle of the
Yalu River, took the great caravan
route running from Ping Yang to Pekin
by way of Nlu Chwang and branching
to Mukden as the line of advance, tak
ing Port Arthur In reverse by a march
along the coast But Japan has today
a different problem, since the railroads
built Jjy Russia have changed the
strategic conditions of the campaign.
The Russian line resti on two fortified
ports. Vladivostok and Port Arthur.
The former has two rail lines of com
munication, while Port Arthur has but
one, running by Niu Chwang and Muk
den to Harbin, where it Joins one of the
two lines from Vladivostok. The report
that the Russians have temporarily 'eft
Port Arthur to take care of Itself and
made Harbin their base of concentra
tion is probably well founded. It would
shorten the Russian line of defense and
Port Arthur has probably supplies
enough to hold out in military isola
tion until the fate of the contest be
tween Japan and "Russia Is settled.
When General Albert Sidney Johnston
undertook to defend a long line from
Columbus, on the Mississippi, to Bowl
ing Green, Ky., It was easy to .smash
it at Fort Donelson, because the at
tacking force of gunboats and trans
ports could advance by water up the
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers to
deliver their blow. But the Japanese
have, no such advantages: they will be
obliged to turn the Russian line or
break It by quick marches and hard
fighting.
The London Spectator holds that Rus
sia must retrieve her reputation as a
fighting power at any cost of men and
treasure. Anything short of complete
victory for Russia would mean not only
the loss of Manchuria, but the ruin of
Russian prestige at Pekin Defeat by
Japan would weaken Russian authority
among the Tartar subjects In the Cen
tral Asian Province of Turcomanla. If
the Japanese are allowed to retain "Ma
sampho permanently and fortify a
naval base there, the Corean Strait will
become another Dardanelles and the
Japan Sea a Japanese lake. This would
bottle up Vladivostok as soon as the
Japanese batteries dominated both
shores of the Corean Strait, which Is
the entrance to the Japan Sea. If Rus
sia should be compelled to endure, a
long and exhausting war before she
obtained victory, it Is exceedingly prob
able that war would break out between
Turkey and Bulgaria and perhaps other
Balkan States. If the Japanese could
shoot as straight as the Boers and move
as quickly, they could win; but no
Asiatics, not even the Afghans, shoot as
straight as the Boers, and their- army is
not composed of such mounted rifle
men as the Boers, who on their horses
could make eight miles to the enemy's
four.' It Is hopeless to count on the
Japanese shooting with as deadly aim
at long distance as the Boers, or mov
ing as rapidly from point to point The
Japanese lack of cavalry will be se
verely felt against an enemy that In
cludes several thousand Cossacks.
The generous policy which Is pursued
by French authorities in honoring and
rewarding scientific research without
regard to. the nationality of discoverers
has again found expression In the be
stowal of a prize upon an American
scientist To Director W. W. Campbell,
of the Lick Observatory, has been
awarded the Lalande prize offered by
the Paris Academy of Sciences for the
most Important work in astronomy dur
ing the' past "year. Among the prizes
offered for 1904 by this Institution are
$10,000 for a capital discovers' in mathe
matics, physics, chemistry, natural his
tory or medicine; one of 5800 for a dis
covery in astronomy, physics mineral
ogy, geology or mechanics; one of $600
for exploration In Asia, and another of
like value for work on the cryptograms.
A total of 560,000 Is offered in prizes
along these and other scientific lines
during the current year, the largest sin
gle offer being the Breant prize of $20.
000 for a cure or method for the sup
pression of the Asiatic cholera. The
benefits that accrue or may accrue to
the human race through the encourage
ment thus given to scientists Is incal
culable. It Is said that the true sci
entist does not need an Incentive to
study and experiment. Nevertheless, to
the honor that lies behind a prize thus
won no man, however ardently devoted
to science for Its own sake, Is Insensi
ble. M. Curie has refused the cross of the
Legion of Honor offered by the French
government for his researches In chem
istry. He appreciated the honor ten
dered him, but declined to accept It be
cause his wife, being a woman, was
not deemed worthy of the same recog
nition. In the long list of achievements
which entitled Madame Curie to receive
this degree Is the Invention of a new
process for the separation of minute
quantities of rare substances by their
radio-activity; the discovery of a new
element, radium; the study of its unique
properties and the approximate deter
mination of Its atomic weight. These
alone, says the Independent haye hard
ly been matched by any man In recent
years, and it adds that the question of
her recognition by the bestowal of the
cross of the Legion of Honqr Is not one
of etiquette, but because she, as an in
dlvIduaLhas earned this reward.
Perry Heath has tendered his resigna
tion as secretary of the Republican Na
tional Committee, with this statement:
Due to the death of Chairman Hanna, I
tender my resignation as secretary of the
Republican National Committee, effective Im
mediately. A solemn poet, whose verse once had
wide favor, wrote:
Some weep to share tho fame of the de
ceased, so high In- merit and to them so dear.
So Perry Heath. He wishes it to be
known also that ha was nothing In him
self, but shone merely with a borrowed
or reflected light His countrymen will
take him at his own estimation of him
self. Of course, Perry Heath never will
be heard of again. Luckily, too, for the
party that has been carrying him. He
has unloaded it
In the days of Nelson and the battle
of Copenhagen, in 1S01, and again In
1S07, England enforced by naval force
what she called "the neutrality" of
Denmark and the entrance to the Baltic
without any declaration of war.
Seven commanding officers of the
Japanese navy are graduates from An
napolis, and among the number Is Ad
miral Uriur the commander of the Jap
anese squadron, that lately attacked the
Russian fleet off Port Arthur.
, KGTE AND COMMENT.
t Are you being "eliminated V
Wheat went up la the air like a Rus
sian battleship.
About 437 papers. In discussing the war,
have referred to the battle of Ping Pong.
Chinese have reappeared In Tacoma,
There must be some buslnes there.
To be sure whisky i3 a "harmles
luxury" to every man until it begins to
"eliminate" him.
Eight thousand diamond polishers are
on strike: People of polish are generally
eschewing diamonds.
A correspondent refers to the "mercurial
Angloman.'" Next we shall have the
heavy-witted Irishman.
Oyster Bay is to have- a modem opera
house. It may be opened by Theodora
Roosevelt In "My Second Term."
One good thing about war dispatches
'with a copyright line above them: You
know they;'re no good without reading
them.
To forget oneself la to be happy. Robert
Louis Stevenson.
To forget one's umbrella Is to be the
opposite.
"The Bear that Walks Like a Man."
says the St Louis Dispatch, "swims like
a lobster." Well, a lobster's at home on
the rocks.
DOt n,na" tno Chinaman.
"It I die wheref your cannon boom;
You may kill poor me and chop me up,
But spare my grandfather tomb."
What's In a name? J. Ferdinand Pog
genburg has won the amateur billiard
championship, and Emma Bullet has been
made Paris correspondent of the Brooklyn
Eagle.
An odd notice has been seen over a shop In
Cairo: "I speak English and understand
American." New York Tribune.
There Is nothing odd in this. Evidently
the shopkeeper accidentally omitted tho
word "dollars" from the end of the notice.
The Lewis and Clark Fair has already
accomplished something. Judging from the
amount of correspondence that has been
printed, several hundred people must
have been looking up tho history of the
Sabbath.
Representative Foss says that' a Major
General can be made by the stroke of a
pen, but an Admiral is the product of 40
years' training. An Admiral could also be
made by a stroke of the pen, and would
be Just about as valuable as a stroke-of-the-pen
General.
The Albanians, Bulgarians, Macedonians
and so forth will receive sympathy In
their efforts to start a war on the other
side of Russia. Japanese, Chinese and
Siberian names are bad enough, without
a second bunch of the collections of con
sonants that blot the map of Eastern
Europe.
The young car-barn murderers of Chi
cago did not seem unduly troubled during
their trial. In Van Dine's cell one morn
ing was found a sketch of himself -jd
on," written across the top, and "The au
tomatic trio in their last act" at the
bottom, -
-wS.-"
I don't care any mora about-what Bryan
says than the wind that blows Cleveland.
It do not mind the breezes
That agitate my locks
It neither hurts nor pleases.
When Sir. Bryan knocks
The wind that shakes the trees ea
Dries many laundered socks
The rot that Bryan wheezes
All useful purpose mocks.
So not till hades freezes.
And snow there lasts llko rocks.
And Satan's chilled and sneezes,
"Win Bryan give me shocks.
That is a fine story of frontier braverv
and resolution from Wolf Creek. It ap
pears that a Wolf Creeker shot a cougar,
which cougar-like bit the hand that shot
it swallowing gun and mitt as far as they
could pass down its throat The Wolf
Creeker proceeded to extract a penknife
from his pocket with his left hand, while
the cougar masticated his right Then
this hardy hunter sawed the cougar's neck
In twain, withdrew his right hand from
the drooping jaws and went his way re
joicing. Verily, the pen and pocket-knife
are mighty things.
Professor Triggs has been fired. His
views are said to have been too liberal
and his statements too extravagant. Pro
fessor Triggs occupied the chair of litera
ture in Chicago University, and President
Harper feared. It Is alleged, the effect of
liberal views upon tho tender young souls
that were attending Chicago University
to gain some knowledge of letters. Is it
possible that Professor Triggs was so
radical as to admit that Indiana had Illi
nois backed off the map. in llteratoor?
Could he have esteemed Booth Tarking
ton above George Ade, or something of
that kind?
Present day nautical Imagery Is largely
drawn upon In the Victoria (B. C.)
Colonist's account of a football match
between the forecastle-men and the quarterdeck-men
of the cruiser Flora. Needless
to say, there was much beer dependent
upon the result of the match.
At half time all hands hove to for re
freshments. On resuming play the Foksles,
taking an example from the Japanese naval
tactics, rushed the enemy without mercy.
But for the splendid play of Cbas. Belcher,
the Quarter-deck goalkeeper, the Foksles
would certainly have torpedoed another goal.
Belcher's playing was heroic, and was en
thusiastically admired. He certainly saved
the day for his section of the squadron.
The referee had, unfortunately to retire
from the field early In the action owing to
going athwart the hawse of Kaggy Burns
and getting accidentally rammed abaft tho
collision bulkheads. He went down with all
hands on board and his colors flying.
The young Lieutenant In charge of the
Russian scouting party in Pechill prof
fered his card to the commander of the
Chinese forces. -
The Chinese officer glanced at It and
saw:
Lieutenant TCusmenk&ra-
Over :
vayeff.
Gravely he drew forth his Own card
and gave it to the Russian, who read:
: General Ma.
Tears welled Into the eyes of the young
Russian officer. "At the risk of Injuring
my good name," he cried, "take what
lies on the back of my card, I will be
Kussienkara and you shall be Ma
vayeffc" As a small thank-offering the Chinese
commander ordered a thousand cards and
SO heads to be struck off.
WEXFORD JONES.