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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (July 17, 1919)
TOE MOKXIXG OKEGOXTAX, TIIURSI.VT, JULT 17. 1019. PROCLAIMED BY HUNS Government Formed in Allied Area of Occupation. BERLIN FOOD PRICES FALL Iar:c Concealed Stocks Rushed to Market in Panic When Trade Blockade Is Uftcd. COBLEXZ. July 16. (By the Asso ciated Press.) A republic has been rmHaimed in Birkerifeld, in the allied srea of occupation. A provisional gov ernment wa.s formed Monday and com plete separation from Oldenberg pro claimed. Birkenfeld is a .-mall principality of Germany enclosed hy Rhenish Prussia p. Ithoug-h belcnin?? to Oldenburg. It l'as an area of 194 square miles and a population of about 45,000. The prin- ipal city and capital is Birkenfeld, 25 miles east-southeast of Treves. Food Irlce Kali. The American area of occupation in--lu!ts Teves, but Birkenfeld is in the French area to the south of the Ameri cans BERLIN. July 16. (By the Associated T'ress.) Prices on all foodstuffs have fallen with a crash in Berlin as a re sult of the lifting of the blockade. They bei?an to show weakness when it was rumored that the embargo would be lifted, but the real drop came only when illicit dealers with huge concealed stocks brought them out in a virtual panic to unload before competing sup plies entered Germany. Tons of provisions are being shipped in from occupied territories while every where in the city great stores of coffee, cocoa, bu tter. sausages and other sup plies have made their appearance. Cof fee prices feli from an average ot 40 marks to below 29 yesterday and the product could easily be bought for 25. npilal to Be Heavily Taxed. Other food prices were correspond ingly, cut. Restaurants, however, still maintain absurdly high prices and ap parently intend to continue to do so as long as possible. WEIMAR. July 15. (By the Associ ated Press.) It is reported that the government's next tax bill will in clude a surplus assessment on capital amounting to 30 per cent and also a drastic imperial income tax, the re ceipts from which will be apportioned among the federated states, according to their needs. An increase in the general trading tax. especially on articles of luxury, la also planned. It includes a 10 per cent levy on advertising. The national assembly this morning rejected the socialist motion to abolish ranks of nobility, but declared in favor of a constitutional proviso decreeing the equality of ail men and women and refusing to recognize special rights or privileges based on birth or social sta tion. The new constitution prohibits a Oerman citizen from accepting a title or decoration from a foreign government. LONG GRILLING, ROILS FORD 'Continued From First Page.) a false conception of patriotism and " treason to the life of the people." "The United States has spent more than a billion dollars on a. navy and army that would cope with an inva sion that never occurred and never will occur, and yet the very war experts who are responsible for that burden some army and navy admit that our army and navy never would have been able to meet, with any hope of success, those of other so-called powers." Many Objections Made. Pressed by Mr. Stevenson as to what he meant by such statements. Mr. Ford repeatedly remarked that if it was in the book it was true. The whole ef fect of his replies was that by pre paredness he meant a preparedness greater than was needed for defense and he regarded the army and navy of 1316 as quite adequate. By scare crows and vultures he meant those I who advocated an army and navy Breater than those of 1916. Throughout the session the air was thick with the objections of the Ford lawyers. Alfred Lucking and Alfred G. 'Murphy. Jn arguing one of them Mr. Lucking said: "1 desire to make a further objec tion tnat counsel ho? been told by the it'! several times that he hired an expert to write this book, that he gave nini his general views, that he told hiin to be careful of his facts. "Questions of this sort, which might be considered expert questions, should go only to the man who wrote it. not to the man who. it is admitted, had the right to hire a man V prepare the facts. He has told counsel repeatedly that he did not prepare the language." Ford Deemed ital Witness. Mr. Stevenson in reply said: "The comments of the Chicago Tribune were not based on what Mr. lelavigne did, nor anybody else, but what Mr. Ford gave to the public. They knew nothing about Mr. lela vigne. These articles claim the sup port of history and history is some thing Mr. Ford knows nothing about." Mr. Stevenson stated that he re garded Mr. Ford as the most important witness of the case, and added: "I conceive it to be my right and my duty to examine Mr. Kord thorough ly on this subject so that the jury may understand just what Mr. Ford's views were in order to determine whether he was what we called him or not." When the question of preparedness was under discussion. Mr. Stevenson was pursuing Mr. Ford's characteriza . tion of preparedness advocates as mur dererh. "I advocated preparedness after we pot into the war." said Mr. Ford. "Rut you were speaking of 1 1 5 and l!Mt." explained the lawyer. The witness in an apparent abstrac tion ignored the dates and. following his own train of thoughts, added: "1 was a murderer just as well as anybody else." "You were a murderer?" gasped Mr. Stevenson. "I was a party to it: one of the helpers." said the witness calmly. "ro you mean that in 1917 you were the same kind of a murderer that ad vocates of preparedness were in 1915 and in 1916?" .No, we were in the war in 191 1916 we were not." ui Mejlcan Affair Dlsrnimrd. "Did you ever hear anyone talking .hout having an American army to in vade any other country?" queried the Tribune lawyer, v "Yes. to invade Mexico." "And men who advocated training mrn to go into .Mexico and pacify that country you regirded as traitors?" Not to pacify: to burglarize." An objection cut Fhort this line of lnouiry. Much of the session was taken up In the reading of four of the speeches of resident uson in January and Febnifary of 1916 made at Kansas City. IC3 Moines. Chicago and Cleveland, in which he stated that the country was treading: among: dangers: that any day might see the United States plunged into the European conflict, and that there was urgent need to enlarge the army and navy and to take other preparedness measures. The purpose of the recitation was to show that Mr. Ford's, strictures on preparedness advocated were in op position to the president. Familiar Reply Glrra. Mr. Stevenson quoted the phrase "same old scarecrow talk," and asked whon was meant. Mr. Ford returned his familiar reply: "Delavigne wrote that." He added that the "scarecrows" were the pro fessional agitators for preparedness. "Tour position was that they were advocating preparedness in order to profit by munitions?" "Overpreparedness, yes." "Oh, you are still talking: of 'over preparedness.' I think you defined that yesterday as anything in addition to what we had in 91 or 1916," reminded the lawyer. He then referred to the use of the word "murderer" &-S applied by Mr. Ford to professional soldiers and those who make money out of war. "Well, you were a murderer In 1917," suggested Mr. Stevenson. "Oh, no," replied the witness quickly; "that was during the war." . In the course of one of the Dela vigne articles, for which Mr. Ford takes full responsibility, the term "bally-ho" was used. Mr. Ford, being questioned, hazarded the guess that it meant "blackguard." Mr. Stevenson elucidated : "It means a shouter advertising: a show or exhibition." said he. "It means a 'barker.' " put in Alfred Lucking, senior counsel for Mr. Ford. Nair Objections Made. "Have it your way. Mr. Lucking," said Mr. Stevenson, "it's all 'the Bame." What do you understand by the word "treason?" asked Mr. Stevenson, con tinuing the examination. "Anything against the government,' said Mr. Kord. Mr. Stevenson precipitated a torrent of objections by asking the meaning of the word "traitor." In the course of which Mr. Ford interposed: "I'll admit I'm an 'ignorant idealist. " "Why. Mr. Ford." said Mr. Stevenson in surprise, "if you admit that I shall not have to ask you any more ques tions along that line." "I'll admit it if it will close this talk. It is for the jury to decide, any way." "But if you admit it there will be nothing for the jury to decide. The admission settles it." Prefatory to this outburst by the witness, who was plainly nettled by the examination. Mrr Stevenson ex plained to the court: "Your honor, the alleged libelous edi torial in the Tribune referred to Mr. Ford as an 'ignorant idealist.' The questions are to show that he is, in fact, ignorant, and if he is an idealist and doesn't know the meaning of com monly used words, he is plainly an ig norant idealist." Manufacturer Loaea Temper. It was at this point that the manu facturer burst out with his angry ad mission, which, despite efforts of his lawyers, he repeated. The Tribune lawyer seemed content witu Mr. Ford's declaration and aslied him a number of questions as to what he knew of the size, equipment and distribution of the American army in 1915 and 1916. the witness having said yesterday that he considered the force at that time adequate for defense. "Do you know how many troops were In the Philippines?" "No." "In Alaska?" "No." "In Porto Rico?" "No." "By the way. what are the relations between the United States and Porte Rico?" Judge Tucker suggested that this line had been followed far enough. "But this man sets himself tip as an educator and wanted to go to the United States senate." Mr. Ford interrupted 'to say: "I can get a man in five minutes to tell me those things." "Could you get one if you were speaking in the senate?" asked Mr. Stevenson. Counsel and the judge became in volved in a controversy over side re marks and the question was not an swered. Historical Questions Stepped. . Mr. Stevenson started to ask ques tions about history, but was stopped by Judge Tucker, who said that subject had been sufficiently covered. "All right," said the lawyer. "Now, Mr. Ford, soberly, are you not ready to admit that you are an 'ignorant idealist?' That is what the Tribune called you and your counsel declare that it is a lie." , This time Mr. Ford returned a differ ent answer, shaking his head slowly. He explained that his previous affirma tive was merely to stop the examina tion. "Well, all right. Mr. Ford. Now I'll ask you what an 'idealist' is. You un derstand it?" The witness thought for a moment and then replied: "One who helps others to make a profit." . "One who helps others to make a profit," echoed Mr. Stevenson slowly. "Is that your definition?" "Yes; that's about it." The lawyer smiled and said: "Well. Mr. Ford. I guess we will let the question of an 'ignorant idealist' rest right here." A speech by President "Wilson at Kan sas City in 1916 urging preparedness was read to the jury and the witness by Attorney Warren S. Stone of counsel for the Tribune. "You characterized everybody who advocated preparedness doing it for the purpose of making money out of it? asked Mr. Stevenson. "I advocated preparedness after we got into the war." "I was speaking about 191a or lsis. explained the lawyer, and Mr. Ford added: "I was a murderer just as anybody else was." "You were a murderer?" "I was a party to it; one of the help ers. "One of the helpers of murder?" Lurking requested that the entire speech of the president be stricken out "It s a round-about way or arguing preparedness, as viewed by a high au thority, and your honor a month ago ruled that the subject does not belong in this case." argued Mr. Lucking. He was overruled and Mr. Stone started to read another of the president's pre paredness speeches. There was a quick ly smothered patter of applause as he finished reading the Kansas City ad dress. The president's speech at Cleveland was the last one read, and Mr. Ford resumed the stand. "These are the speeches commented on in your booklet?" Inquired Attorney Stevenson. "T believe so." "Did not you start your propaganda to oppose the wishes of the president as expressed in these speeches which began in January. 1916?" Mr. Lucking objected, asserting that the Ford peace programme became active before 1916. "We opposed war." "Is that a fair answer?" protested the lawyer. "President Wilson said that he didn't know what moment we would be plunged into war. Tour 'concerning preparedness.' advertisement and 'hu manity and sanity," were published after these speeches. You were op posing the president, weren't you?" "We were preparing our factory then to be ready if war came." replied the witness. Mr. Stevenson did not regard this as a fair answer to his question, nor was he able to get one under a ruling of the court. HUGE TIDE OF UNREST SWEEPS OVER EARTH DiscontentArising From War Termed "Social Madness." ALL SEEK OPPORTUNITY Return of 'ormaI Conditions Ex pected in Time to Prevent Col . lapse of Civilization. . BY WILLIAM T. ELLIS. (Copyright by the New York World. Pub lished by arrangement.) MOUNT SINAI. Amid the uproar In Cairo, with the sight of runs at every turn and the sound of the mounted pa trols In one's ears day and night, to gether with the clamor of clashing views and bitter antipathies, and with echoes from every direction carrying tidings, of a world in tumult and up heaval and uncertainty, there seems something like reason in the oft-expressed view that civilization in going to smash once more. eve as It has re peatedly done around th shores of tbe restless Mediterranean. So I have come off here, seeking detachment, to get a look at things in the large and In per spective. In the clear air of these high vast nesses, where stern-browed red crag answers to crevnssed red crag, and both look out upon the ever-shifting, ever same sands of the immemorial desert; and where once the voice of the living Jehovah spoke audibly to a troubled and expectant people, K may be that I can behold without passion or panic or prej udice the significance of the great hu man movement, political and social, which for months past I have been studying in close view. Here are occasional remains and re minders of the world-ruling kingdoms of an ancient day as the undeciphered inscriptions on the rocks of the wilder ness; the hieroglyphics of the Pharaohs in he mines at Maghara, and the mas sive walls of the very citadel within which I write, built by Justinian more than a dozen centuries ago, when the eastern empire of Home governed the known world. Arab, Egyptian. Greek. Roman, Moslem sovereignties all have passed and their story is to be read In the meager ruins that beguile a pass ing glance from the blase traevler. I pheaval Ciunn Speculation. A dozen times within a month I have heard men raise the question as to whether the present world upheaval Is to continue until mankind has gone back to primitive barbarism. "Is civil zation once more going to be over thrown?" is the common phrasing. These men are not fanatics or theorists or fear-smitten alarmists; they are edu cated men. mostly soldiers and Britons, conversant at first hand with the lands from which come disturbing tidings borne on every breeze. They think In large units, and are sincerely wonder ing what the unpredictable end of the present universal human ferment is to be. Some of them are better informed upon conditions in great nations than their homekeeping compatriots are per mitted to become. They know the depth and power of the surge of unrest that is sweeping thj world. With the ruins of the eloquent past all about them, their views take on a gloomy and cataa- tropnio and cataclysmic tinge. Roughly outlined, their reasons are obvious. Great Russia is saturated with anarchy, and an apparent desire to overturn the older order of life. Armies and statecraft, have not sufficed to arrest this glacier drift. Lesser na tions that impinge upon Russia are In fected with the same genius for de struction. Germany and Austria have turned to a kindred form of revolu tion. Italy la on the verge. France, too, fills some prophets with forebod ing. There have been strange doings, doubtless unreported, among the sol di rs and workingmen of tireat Britain herself. Turkey openly talks of a re sort to bolshevism. If she fails, she threatens to pull down the structure of western civilization with her. Egypt's first acts of Insurrection were the destruction of th means of mod ern progress, and she rapidly pro ceeded to the creation of national and local Soviets, which were only ren dered inoperative, temporarily or per manently, by the presence of a huge army of white soldiers. India Aflame with Revolt. In Palestine Moslem and Christian, flouting ideals of toleration and arbi tration, openly threaten to pogrom the children of Israel. Various elements in Syria, with equal candor, promise a resort to knife and bullet if not treated by Paris in accordance with their own sense of right and deserving. On the borders of all these lands hover the Arabs, still in a primitive state and lusting to kill and destroy. India is aflame with armed revolt and of a portentousness which seems most grave to those who best understand the land. Central to the yellow races, Corea has been breaking out against her Japa nese suzerain, while China and Japan both give tokens of smouldering so cial unrest, which may take on bol shevist forms. Persia. In chronic dis order, is raw material for any sort of conflagration. Of the Balkans and North African nations it is needless to speak. South Africa has been figuring in recent dispatches. To a superficial view, at least, tlve world is in a worse case after the war than during it. Humanity has become so yeasty that all the old bonds and vessels called civilization may be burst. Things as they were are clearly doomed. There is no modern precedent DANCING GUARANTEED In eight lessors. Ladies, 2.50: gentlemen. $5. at D e H o n e y'a Beautiful Academy. 23d and Wash ington. New summer classes start Mondav. Tuesday and Thursday evenings. 8 to 11:30. Plenty of desirable partners and practice. No embarrassment. Pri vate lessons a 1 1 hours. Learn from professional dancers. Phone Main 7656. R-TAB LETS- tff now under way among Slowly throughout ttie centuries. rap Idly of late, humanity has made certain discoveries and come to certain convic tions. These lessons are not going to be forgotten overnight. As every trav eler among he Arabs and other promi tive peoples well knows, the human race has a long memory. Because the world is in upheaval today people are not going , to lose .the art of reading and writing. They will not forget that the world is round, and that there Is a planetary system. The circulation of the blood is a fact that will not -fade from the common mind: nor yet the use of antisepsis In surgery. The dis coveries of medical science are too precious to be let go because there has been a revolt against a social sys tem. ' Men of cunning mines and fln :ers will still know .how to make gun powder, railways, steamships, automo- ouea ana airsnips. imagine a rever sion to barbarism that includes the air snip: steam and gasbline are here to stay. Nobody will exchange tanned leather for undressed skins of wild ani mals. .Mother will not be willing to bring children into the world, as does a savage, in the expectation of k.lnr most of them. Love of beauty and of knowledge are too widely diffused to permit of the destruction Nof the treas ures of art and literature. Even the Arab must have his cotton garment from neighboring, nations. . So com merce cannot cease. After this fashion.-one has only -to begin to call the -roll of the permanent possessions of humanity to perceive mat any collapse or civilization on anv such scale as the past has known is simply Impossible. The 'world's learn ing Is not stored in a single Alexandria imrary. to be destroyed by a fanatical conqueror. The assurance of the per manence or the best civilisation lies In. its widespread diffusion among peo ple wno nave experienced Its benefits. Temporary aberrations of social mad ness certain aggregations of people may undergo; but normality will surely re turn. World's lareat Explained. Democratization of religion has be come a safeguard of civilization. It as sures, so far as it has been real, that whatever changes the mass of man kind effect In established Institutions they will. In the long run, be In ac cord with the spirit of the Christian re ligion. It is even thinkable, as It cer tainly is desirable, that there will arise great religious prophets who will be the leaders of the people in seeking a new social equilibrium. Despite all our straying and our folly, our times are not going to forget the Eternal God. The men who predict the complete collapse of civilization are mistaken prophets. They have not taken into account all the factors of the situation. Disturbing days are ahead of the world but not a deluge. The cries we hear are of a world In birth pangs and not in death throes. What. then, mean these tremendous movements all over the map? There must be some general and common sig nificance to these phenomena which are so nearly universally Identical. Surely a huge tide that is sweeping en tirely around the earth must be ca pable of comprehension. Generally stated, the movement of masses that is perturbing all thought ful persons Is three-fold. It is pres ent and simultaneous because the war broke down old barriers and pooled into a new onenees the affairs of the whole world. The war created a con dition of universality from which the race will never again emerge. First of the causes of the present un rest is the revolt against need and in equity and injustice. High prices have made the worst sufferers desperate and these are often the ones least edu cated and therefore readiest to resort to direct action and first to listen to any quack who comes offering a social cure-all. Besides the immediate wrongs which men feel themselves to be suffer ing there are the age-old disabilities under which the majority of mankind have labored. No open-minded and fair-spirited person can deny that up to date the world's social order has not given a square deal to all concerned. We are now witnessing a revolt against the caste system, in Its many Yorms and Implications, and with all Its special privileges for the few. The whole vast congeries of problems comprehended within the theory of "divine right" are now up for adjudication ami possible settlement. Reeoamtrwetloa la Ahead. Second of the factors now operative Is the spirit of nationalism. This is observed less In Kurope than in Asia and Africa. Nationalism really Is a protection against the vicious "inter nationalism" of bolshevism. People long in tutelage to stronger nations, like Kgypt. India. Corea. Syria. Greece, Armenia. Georgia. Persia and others, find their national life resurgent and insurgent. They would rather govern themselves badly than be governed well by an alien nation. Theirs Is the spirit of the young man who would rather go out to hardship and independence than remain comfortably in his father's house as a child. Third of the major causes which have set the world into a furore is the "di vine discontent" disseminated by the allies during the war. There is a measure of truth In the criticism often heard out in this part of the world, that "President Wilson and his prin ciples are causing all this trouble." The proclamation of essential human right, of justice, of liberty, and of self realization, has to long submerged masses sounded like the bell of hope at the portal of a new earth. Dormant passions of Independence have been awakened. The self-consciousness of manhood has been aroused. Kntlre peoples have risen to claim their dues and their privileges. Of course this has upset the normal course of things; and the complacency of many who have for long years borne with equanimity If not profit the sub mergence of their fellows has been rudely jolted. The process of read- for what is mankind. i The Shopping News for Today Will Be Found on , the Back Page I Tub QjjuM.rrY' 3top c PosrjxAMP I r .18 Suits are of size 3.1 23 Suits are of size 36 19 Suits are of size 37 22 Suits are of size 38 .13 Suits are of size 39 IS Suits are of size 40 . 16 Suits are of size 42 EES '11 Suits are of size 14 2 Suits are of size 46 1 S u i t is of size .10 H Total 143 justment, will create difficulties and work hardships. But the new life of larger liberty and self-expression that will result to the majority Is worth all that It will cost. This emergence of masses of men. to far from meaning the collapse of civilization means that the race aa a whole Is only now enter ing Into the full benefits of civilization. Not collapse, but reconstruction, lies ahead of the social order of the world. FLAX FORCES 'INCREASED ASYtCM PATIENTS WII.li HELP CONVICTS HARVEST CROP. Workers Will Be Paid 50 Cents a Day, According to Plan Ap proved by Board of Control. SALEM, Or.. July 1. tSpeclal.) In response to an urgent appeal that addi tional help be furnished in harvesting the state flax crop which already has been materially affected by sunburn due to the recent warm weather, the board of control today conferred with Dr. Urlfflth of "the state hospital, with the result that a crew of SO inmates from that Institution will be recruited and sent to the flax fields to iM in saving the yield. Twenty boys from the atate training school also will be pressed Into service within the next two or three days. In previous years the harvesting of flax haa been done exclusively by the Inmates of the penitentiary, but be cause of the decreased population of ithe Institution at the present time and the so-called poor risks, only .'.0 men are available there this season. In a statement before the board of control. K. H. KablMman. In charge of the flax Industry, said the present sea son had been anaual in that the pres ent warm weather had continued un abated for a Teral days and that the product already showed effects of sun burn. Immediate action, he said, was necessary to save the crop. Many of the patients at the state hos -. ' 1 I Special! Men's Summer Suits at $28.50 . . ON SALE BEGINNING TODAY We place on sale 143 Men's Suits, grouped into one lot, at the attractive price of $28.50 ! The colors are largely of light or medium effects and every garment carries with it our usual guarantee of satisfaction. As these suits are so far below market values an early selection will be of advantage. .Winthrop Hammond Co. CORRECT APPAREL FOR MEN 127 Sixth St. Successors to Buffum & Pendleton Established 1884 pital are now employed on the farms of that Institution and the men in the flax crew will be recruited from the wards. While not promising any great efficiency. Dr. Griffith said he would gladly send 50 men to the fields to help in relieving the emergency. The state has 403 acres planted to flax and the yield is said to be the heaviest in years. Free labor ta not available, and as a last resort the officii felt the need of appealing to the state hospital management for as sistance. Bothithe convicts and patients who work industriously will be paid at the rate of SO cents a day. while those who shirk" will get nothing, according to a plan approved by the board of controL WHEAT GUARANTEE RAISED Presidential Order Names 92.30 as Price at Ciulf Port. WASHINGTON. July l. President Wilson today algned an executive order Increaalng the guaranteed price of the Itl wheat crop to S3. 30 per bushel at Galveston and New Orleans. At the same time a presidential proclamation was issued declaring that In order "to protect the I'ntted States against undue enhancement of Its liabilities." under the law guaranteeing wheat prices, that on and after July 1 no wheat or wheat flour should be Imported Into or exported from the United States except under prescribed limitations to he fixed by Wheat Ad ministrator Julius Flames. Have You Stored Your Winter Furs? Expensive Furs are quickly ruined through neglecting to store them dur ing hot days. . Co( dry air is required to preserve the brilliance and liveliness of the fur, and to keep the pelt from becoming brittle and stiff., Liebcs Special Fur laults are maintained at a constant temperature of 20 degrees below freezing. When left with usj-our furs are in the expert care of FURRIERS. Furthermore they are kept safe from moths, fire and theft. Phone Marshall 783 or A 6141. Our auto will call EstehtishedJ8G4 Trmo BOY GLOATS OVER MURDER BRCTAL ATTACK OX M N RE COVXTKl) TO PRISONERS. Responsibility Taken for Killing of Woman. Vhoc llu-band. Con -ticted for Crime. Killed Seir. KREKHOLP. N. J . July I. While a grand jury In New York was indicting Kdward O'Brien. 10 jfart of age, on a charge of murdering Gardiner C. Hull, a Manhattan stationer. the youth boasted today about his crime to fel-lom- prisoners in the countJaiI here. Not only did he tell the details o? the brutal alack on Mr. Hull, but a sumed responsibility for the killing o: Mrs. Julia t?. Wllkins. for whose mur, der her husband. Ifr. Walter Keenr Wllkins. was convicted and afterward committed suicide In the jail at Mlneols The police profess to place little credence In O'Brien's confession of the Wilklns murder, however. They de clare he Is revelling in the notoriety he has gained and eeklng to make the prisoners here think he is a "bad man ' Kuropesn experimenters have founo that adding from 30 to SO per cent of graphite to negative arc light carbons produces a stable arc and reduces the shadow a 1