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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (July 17, 1919)
13 TO PROTECT CHILDREN United States Stands Ninth in Matter of Illiteracy. MATEHXAL SIORTAMTV HIGH Democracy, Head of Children's Bu reau Declares, Is Despised When Mother or Child Die Needlessly. TIIE MORNING O R EG O NI AN, TOCKSDAY, JULY 17. 1919. " Y $ M ILWAUKIE, Wis. Julia C. Lathrop, chief of the children's bureau. Washing ton, E. C, addressing the national edu cation association of the United States Ht the fifty-seventh annual convention held in this city, said: It 13 not too much to say that the world is beingr forced willy nilly to a new activity for the protection of all i-hildren not a few, not favored chil dren, but all children. War losses of population and of wealth force Eu rope. A descent self-respect would force the United States even if it were not plain that the nations which are to maintain leadership will be those which most wisely and generously equip the children of today and tomorrow. 1 submit the best available figures on these subjects which are singularly linked together in the consideration of child welfare. Since these figures were made I believe the United States has improved. Whether we have improved enough to be moved up in the lists can not be stated but whatever improve ment we have made there is call for much acceleration. I nltrd States Moth In Illiteracy. "First, as to illiteracy, the United States is perhaps ninth among civilized nations; that is, Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Nether lands, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Uermany all have a larger proportion of the population who can read and write than has the United States. "Second, as to maternal mortality, the United States is fourteenth in the list of civilized nations judged by the pro portion of deaths of mothers from causes incident to child-bearing. That is, in 13 countries the moters life is safer than it is in the United States. "Third, the United States was eleventh among civilized countries tested by its infant mortality rate, a rate whose searching value as a sign of social well being is axiomatic. "Considering the exemption this country enjoys from the poverty and hunger and devastation of Europe, it is not less than our. reasonable service to make the United States stand first In every phase of child welfare in any list of countries. We cannot help the world toward democracy, if we despise when nioiher or child die needlessly. It is de spised in the person of every child who is left to grow up ignorant, weak, un skilled, unhappy, no matter what his race or color. The war has left us no sectional questions. We have only the issue of a nation's welfare. Of the il literate persons who make up 7.7 per cent or our people, Zs per cent are na tive white, 40 per cent are negroes and lit) per cnt are foreign born white. It is to be noted that the rate for children of foreign born is 1.1, the most favor able figure given. The rural illiteracy rate is nearly twice the urban rate and it is highly significant that the great areas bf r.dult illiteracy are the great areas of rural child labor. Direct lim itation of rural child labor has not been attempted. We are all afraid to touch it. Yet only by stopping that can we stop the supply of adult illiterates. England Point to a Way, "It has remained for England to point a way. The new English educational act cuts the root of rural child labor by providing that every child in the land without exception shall attend school at least until 14 for the full term of the school year. "Undoubtedly the same result can be obtained here by federal aid to elemen tary education. The schools can be standardized, the teachers reasonably paid, as a condition of the federal aid. such aid cannot come too soon as a measure of sheer economy. "Each year more htan 1,000,000 chil dren between 14 and 16 years old leave ih schools to go to work. The great majority have not reached the seventh grade. Take the most advanced of the 1,0(10,000. What work do they find. Who helps them find it? Who gives them the guidance, the physical protec tion they had yesterday in the best schools. Do they need protection less or more? "These are the questions which I well know stir teachers as they see children go out the door for the last time. The acknowledged facts as to lack of good, promising jobs for chil Iren under 16 ar et oo well known to dwell upon here. The question raised cannot be answered by any one class of people. Teachers, factory, inspec tors, the coming juvenile employment service, public health authorities and public-spirted volunteers all have a task for their mettle, and its begin nings at least must be made in a co operative way unless much tme is to be wasted. , "Here, too, we are Indebted to Eng land for a practical example in the method by which the juvenile employ merit exchanges co-operate with the schools and secure the aid of a vast number of voluntary committees who aid in helping to place children in suitable occupations. These commit tees are representative, including par ents wh oknow working conditions and practical useful folk rather than t heor ists. Some of you may have met R. L. lavidson, who is in charge of juvenile employment exchanges in England and who has just visited this country to attend the children's bureau conference on child welfare standards. "The 'Back to School' and 'Stay in School' drive of children's year re vealed to many communities what teachers well knew but cannot unaided prevent the unnecessary swinging out from school us soon as law permits. Our best schools are the best in the .world, the best equipped, the most nenuinely democratic. Of the rest none of us are proud. And those who have made the best of what they are only live to make them, over and make them more genuine, more elastic, luore living parts of the world. Would that all the yearly million of leavers were uijder the thrall of the best schools. Technical School rrded. "We need technical schools. We need continuation schools which children shall desire and not dislike. I am sure wo are on the roait at last to the i-iRht kind of school. Largely thanks to the courage and wisdom of that heroic teacher of us all, Klla Flagg Young, the German plan of class in dustrial and continuation schools was Inid heforo the war. and now we may believe its ghost will never walk in our hud. No one can read without imotion the insistence of the Knglish labor party and of Herbert Fisher, head of the education board, that the continuation school must give culture, not mere trade skill. "Teachers are members of the most fundamental profession but one. and the least recognized but one I mean, of course, that teachers come after mothers. 1 do not minimize fathers hut the technique of bringing up a family belong. to mothers. Teachers. 'h''thcr men or women, are like mothers the astounding thing is that No cigarette names mentioned There are only three kinds of cigarettes: (i) those containing Turkish tobaccos alone, (2) those containing Domestic tobaccos alone, and (3) those containing various blends of both Turkish and Domestic We manufacture all three kinds. Hence we have nothing to lose and everything to gain by advising you fairly and openly as to which one of these three kinds of cigarettes will probably 6uit you best. "How much Turkish?" is the big question in choos ing a cigarette and the more smokers we can help by this frank advice, the more steady, contented purchas ers we can count on, year after year, for our various cigarettes. Tear out this advertisement show it to some friend. MANUFACTUKLXS OF ZVZXT KISD OF CIGARETTES r Are you smoking too much or i too little Turkish? T TNTIL you find the right answer to that question, you won't get one-half of the sheer enjoyment and comfort you should get from each day's smoking. Maybe you have the answer already. Maybe your present cigarette is exactly the right one for you. If so, hang on to it you're lucky and this story is not meant for you. . But, unless you are posttive unless you KNOW that your present cigarette suits you better than any other cigarette pos sibly can, it willpay you well to understand this question 01 "How much Turkish?" straight Domestic They can't stand any Turkish at all. . They find it over-rich or heavy too much aroma. And in between these two extremes is the big majority the normal or average smokers. ' These average smokers like the Turkish flavor yes. But they find that Turkish tobacco is something like plum pudding or candy awfully good, but too much is, decidedlv, too much. Straight Turkish rs. Domestic Tobaccos ' Turkish and Domestic tobaccos are very different from each other. Turkish has a delicate, smooth flavor and a very rich, heavy aroma Domestic has more real tobacco character, and the better grades possess what tobacco men like to call "life" or "sparkle." Some men (comparatively few, however) can smoke straight Turkish cigarettes all day long. Others many of them, our records show go to the other extreme, and prefer Turkish and Domestic Blended So the average smoker finds that the just-right cigarette is a happy medium that he can smoke more often and actually get more solid pleasure out pf his smok ing, all day long, by choosing a cigarette which is of p&rt Turkish and part Domestic tobaccos, combined in a good blend. ' Such cigarettes are called "Turkish blend" cigarettes. How to recognize a good "Turkish blend" There are only two things that count in a "Turkish blend" cigarette. One is the quality of the tobaccos themselves (both Turkish and Domestic), and the other i the proper proportioning of each to each in the blending. But while there are many "Turkish blends" on the market, it is easy for any one to pick the good ones. Here is a simple test. If a cigarette satisfies your own requirements on these three points, it is pretty sure to be both a good blend and the right smoke for you: First It must give you that real Turkish flavor but not so much of it as to be too rich or heavy. Second Along with this Turkish flavor, watch also for that "life" and delightful "sparkle" or that ripe, cool mellow ness, peculiar to certain Domestic tobaccos. Third The cigarette should let your smo': appetite stay sharp and crisp so that you will relish every smoke clear up to bed-time; and whether or not you. happen to smoke more heavily than usual, it should leave you feeling keen and fine. "How much Turkish?" So begin with this question "How much Turkish?" You'll have to answer it yourself, for each man's taste is his own. But keep thinking about it; for when you've answered it correcdy, you'll have found "your" cigarette. And we know we don't need to emphasize how much that will mean to you. beginning next TJcek w k&H raw 1 nil the aHvrtam&g here in Portlami for out of our lini ng "TurkkH bland" ogwaCN. The mdtn rn u will you mora shoot "How mooch Tuxfcmh?" and we fed quttaovtam they will mtarssryou Copyright, 1919, by Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. so many of them, with poor equipment, with poor pay, without assurance in most states against the poorhouse. re tain a warm, human interest in boys and girls and accomplish miraculous things for them against unbelievable odds. "The rates of maternal and infant deaths are accepted as an index of in telligence and of social and economic well being. They can be pulled down by civic activities such as public health nursing and proper medical care, by decent living standards, by special edu cation in hygiene, but fundamentally by some general education of a type which makes men and women really competent and ensures the power to earn a decent income. Indeed, no one can approach the subject of the pro fessional status of teachers -without realizing- that the economic status of the profession is most unfair to the teacher and expensive rather than cheap for the nation. "We are told that last year the averaee annual salary of school teach ers was $630. Averages are like the economic man, they are inventions, not real. "When applied to salaries they hide paunt poverty at the lower end. AChy do not the teachers of the coun try ask for the right to insure in the war risk insurance? Teachers are more important than ever before to the preservation of this nation. shortage, they are buying a brewery. A company has been formed to pur chase and operate it and the capital of $100,000 is being subscribed by vari ous miners clubs, which are taking out shares in the concern in proportion to membership. Coal Miners Bay lirewery. LONDON. Because the" coal miners cannot buy cuough beer cwius to the AMERICA LOSING AIR LEAD Congress JMvided on Importance of Aviation Work. WASHINGTON. Although the air plane was invented by an American and an American naval officer was the first to fly across the Atlantic there is grave danger of the United States be ing left far in the rear in development of the -navigation of the air. The whole question is now up to congress, which is considering the army and navy appropriation bills, al lowing only $30,000,000 in the aggre gate for the land and sea air serv ice, compared with $300,000,000 appropri ated by England and $200,000,000 by France. On one side are those senators and representatives who contend that $30. 000 000 is ample for the temporary needs of the military air service and that n independent department of aeronautics rhould be created to exer cise jurisdiction over army, navy, na rme corps, postal and commercial avia tion, with funds at its disposal tom mcutjurate with the British and French the war and navy departments who are f ightingjthe establishment of a depart appropriatlons. On the other aide are the officials of ment of aeronautics on the ground that it would be impracticable and suicidal for the army and navy to part with complete control of their air forces. "While this controversy is raging many of the great plants which were manufacturing aircraft during the war have been dismantled and others are retaining idle staffs of experts at great expense awaiting the decision pf the government on the question of con tinuing or discontinuing production on a large scale. It Is estimated that It will take at least five years to develop commercial aviation from the experi mental stage and that this cannot be done unless aircraft factories are able to obtain government contracts of suf ficient volume to make experimenta tion and operation on a large scale profitable. The purpose of the large appropria tions by France and Kngland is not onyl to assur- military supremacy of the air but to encourtge the develop ment of. commercial aviation. Senator New is preparing to press his bill for the creation of a depart ment of aeronautics and there In t be a general airing in congress df views on the American aviation prob lem. Congressman Lm. Uuardia. who was an aviator in the war, was Instru mental fn paring down the naval air service appropria t ion in the houe on the ground that the chief hc of air craft development on a large scale Ilea In the creation of an aviation depart ment. "The sir industry of this country has really never had achance; never had any real encouragement, he ex plained. "When we started to appro priate large sums of money $640,000. 00 for the army that money was spent In certain limited quarters. Millions and millions were spent on swamp lands, millions were spent for building purposes. larye amounts were spent for planting csstor beans, so that really a not very lsrge sum of money has gone intoMie aviation industry. "It has cost us sbout half a billion dollars to lesrn that it Is impossible to create one motor to serve all pur poses. That cannot be done. It cost us half a billion dollars to lesr that, but finally we have learned the lesson. If the motor industry is given a chance In this country we will develop a real iv'al.un motor. Kngland is ahead of uk today In motors, and so are Krenre aui Italy, but I do not despair. I am hopeiul for the future. "We will waste more out of our $30. OOC.Ooo. as we are going along at the present time, having these various services, where there Is an overlapping of work, than Tn eland will waste out of her $300,000,000. Knglaud has -a separate unltrd aervice. It Is a suc cchs. Kngland has gone through the trouble we are having today. When we have a separate service where we ran concenrrate nil of these a-ttvitle-. where we can take care of the postal lines and the geodetic work, and the patrol work of the department of the Interior. I know congress will appro priate the money we need and we will then be able to see real progress.' SWISS WANT" MORE CREDIT Bunkers Seek $30,000,000 Ironi United Slates Financier. NEW YORK. While local bankers are endeavoring to work out a plan for financing the requirements of reedy European countries it develops that s new applicant for American credits has entered the field. Kankers In Switzer land have asked financiers here to extend accommodation for the pur chase of materials In the United States. It Ih understood that the amount de sired Is about $30. 0-0.000. Rankers have tAkeu up the applica tion, but it in unlikely that anything will be done with regard to It until the larger question of assist in g ne-dy count Tien is ueter mined. Sime sur prise was expreed thut IS w ;;j:erl:ind should ak lor credit here. That coun try as a neutral bor1rrin:r on both Krancc and Germany has Vlird a K'od trade with eah and fs one c.f the few Muropean couniriea to enters from the war period more rro(rrous than It wan when the war started Hankers who arranged the $ . 0.00.0.1.1 acceptance credit fur the bem-f it ! I lcli;iutn. wM''i w marie i-r.ti t last week, said that the credit is u com plete success. A 1 bert Breton, vice president of the Guaranty Trust com pany, who played an Important part in the negotiations, said thai the Bel gian interests on the other side are very muh pleased with its operation. The Belgians are making full use of the accommodation. The statement, that the credit Is a pronounced success was made in de nial of reports published that the crertU had proved m failure. The allegation was made tha 1 credits extended were of too abort a duration to serve tiie re quirements of the Belgian Interests. Re d The Ore eon i;m clisi f id ads. . .-Jr tor s y r M!ldHL-ra StatFilJTOrfar TW SM, 1 1 lenr .. or1 land. I'hnns, I u:i, Jtuute