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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Dec. 8, 1916)
THE MORNING OltEGONTATf, FRIDAT, DECE3IBER 8, 1916. FOOD PRODUCTION LAOS, NEED GAINS Meat and Dairy Products Only Commodities Keeping Apace, v Says Government. STABILIZING IS ADVISED Improved Crop Varieties and Rota tion' Declared Necessary by Agrl- cultural Secretary New - I'ood Laws Arc Asked. WASHINGTON. Dec. 7. Efforts to re duce the cost of Jiving through In creased production and better distribu tion of the country's foods are detailed In the annual report of Secretary Hous ton, of the Department of Agriculture, made public today. The report also de votes considerable attention to the pure food law and urges on Congress the need of strengthening It to permit etandardization of foods and drugs and Inspection of food and drug factories. Records of the Department, the re port sets forth, show that except for meat and dairy products the per capita production of the leading food com modities In the United States has re mained about the same despite the rapid growth of population. Statistics presented cover a period of 16 years. The population has Increased In that time 33 per cent. There is ground for optimism, the report says, as to the ability of the Nation not only to supply Itself with food, but Increasingly to jneet the needg of the world. Meat Production Increased. One of the principal alms of the De partment has been to increase meat production. The report shows a steady growth since 1913 In the output of beef and an advance in the number of swine every year since 1899. More extensive heep raising is recommended as a source of food. It is pointed out that only one farm in seven In the United States now supports sheep. Fifty mil lion sheep, it -is said, could be added to the country's flocks. Stabilizing of production Is recomr mended as one of the greatest agricul tural needs In producing food crops suf ficient to meet demands. This can be accomplished best, the report points out, through better adapted or Im proved crop varieties, more systematic and rational crop rotation and Im proved agricultural practice generally. In many parts of the country more at tention to livestock production is es sential to enduring and economical ag riculture, the report declares. Improved marketing of livestock and meats has been sought by the Depart ment as a means of cheapening these products. Already, the report says, "ar rangements have been made with 58 etockyard companies to secure monthly reports of livestock receipts and ship ments. A uniform system of marketing records has been established by a num ber of yards. Cold Storage Reports Issued. Other efforts at better distribution methods are described. "The Issuance of monthly cold-storage reports on apples has been contin ued, and the work has been extended to Include butter, eggs and cheese. These reports snow the cold-storage holdin throughout the country and Include comparison of the holdings of the cur rent year with those of the previous year. In co-operation with cnrrinro tensive Investigations of the economic waste of foodstuffs In transit have been conducted. The object of these investigations 13 to secure better ro-niv eration between shippers and carriers 10 reduce the present waste. "Well-tested systems of accounts x-nrl records for primary grain elevators, for livestock shipping associations, and for co-operative stores have been issued. t-ystems for country creameries hav been devised and are being tested under commercial conditions. Systems per fected by the Department for farmers' co-operative elevators and for fruit and produce associations already are In ex tensive use. A plan for adaptlnar farm ers' grain-elevator companies to the patronage dividend basis has been worKea out and published. " Meat production has been Increased according to the report, larerelv thromrh checking of disease and parasites and oy Detter stock raising. , Greater Production Needed. ' The report says of food nrodnetlnn- "The production of food crops ade quate to meet the consuming needs of the country and the export demand Is a matter of large Importance to the American people. Our potential agri cultural resources In this respect are , to varied and ample that there) can be no doubt of our ability abundantly to supply our domestic wants, when n- matic conditions are normal and the foreign demand is not excessive. One or tne greatest agricultural needs, rnererore, is the stabilizing of prbduc tion. "As the principles of croo Imorove- ment are better understood and more generally applied, larger yields per acre should result. In addition, a great neat can oe accomplished through In crease of soil fertility and better cul tural methods. Enough has been done in this direction by the state exneri. ment stations and the Department, and also by good farmers, to Justify the ex pectation that considerably Increased acre yields gradually will be brought a dou t. BONUSES NOT FOR UNIONS Santa Fe Distribution to Be Only to Unorganized Employes. NEW YORK, Dee. 7. Announcement that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fel jtauroaa naa iimitea tne lu per cent bonuses it will pay to those employes "whose compensation is not paid ac cording to present or former contract schedules." was characterized here to night by D. L. Gallup, controller of the company as a "recognition of un organized labor. The four railroad brotherhoods have wage contracts with all roads. ' This fact, it was said,' will exclude them from participation in the -bonuses. The bonuses, amounting to $2,750,000, will go to employes to meet the high cost or living. BUSINESS STOPS FOR DEAD Tarrytown Halts as Archbold Fu ncral Is Under Way. TAKRITOWN, N. T.. Dec. 7. Whil Tarrytown s business interests ua pended activity for half an hour today the funeral services of John D. Arch bold, president of the Standard OH Company, of New Jersey, who died Monday were" held at the Archbold resi dence. Chancellor day. of Syracus University, and Bishop Luther B. Wil eon, of the Methodist Church, were among those who officiated. John D. Rockefeller and his son an many, btandard on. officials were among the mourners. VOLUNTEER ARMY FAILS IN MISSION, GENERAL SCOTT SAYS System Should Be Relegated to Past, Declares Army Expert Ability to Recruit Needed Strength Doubted. WASHINGTON, Dec. 7 The volun teer military system again has proved itself a failure and should e relegated to the past, declares Major- General Hugh I Scott, chief of staff of tne Army, in his annual report, made udiic tonight. Basing his conclusions n the showing of the federalized Sa- ional Guard, when mobilized for bor er duty, and the fact that strenuous recruiting. campaigns for both the reg- lars and Guardsmen have produced negligible results. General Scott say. In my Judgment the country will neveii be prepared for defense until we do as other great nations do that have large interests to guard, like Germany. Japan and France, where everybody Is eady and does perform military serv- oe in time of peace, as he would pay every other tax. and Is willing to make sacrifices for the protection he gets and the country gets In return. There ts no reason why one woman's son should go out and defend or be trained to defend another woman and her son who refuses to take training or give ervice. The only democratic method Is for every man in his youth to become trained In order that he may render efficient service If called upon In war." Guard Training Inadequate. Taking up the question of the Na tional Guard in Its Federal status. Gen eral Scott declares the training period of 75 days in three years provided by the new National defense act is wholly inadequate. "In jny Judgment," he says. It pre cludes this force from being made fit for war service until It has received at least six months' additional training in time of war." The report reiterates the opinion that it takes a year of intensive training to make a soldier, and adds that the country and Congress appear to have vital misconception of the facts in this regard. Unless the federalized Guard which Congress substituted for the citizen volunteer army advocated by the general staff can be given greater training. General Scott says, the country faces a serious situation. And it Is doubtful," he continues, 'if we will be able to do so and keep the force recruited. The difficulty that is now being experienced in obtaining recruits for the regular Army and for the National Guard in service on the border raises sharply the Question of whether we will be able to. recruit the troops authorized In the National de fense act." Many Units Below Minimum. - In spite of the fact that the prepared ness agitation stimulated interest In the effort now being made to bring the border forces to war strength. Gen eral Scott asserts three months of recruiting left many National Guard units still below minimum strength. General Scott gives at length Btatls- LAND-GRANT PRAISE OF Commissioner Says Desirable Effect Service of OREGONIAN NEWS BUREAU, Wash ington, Dec. 7. The Oregon & Cal ifornia land grant act passed at the last session of Congress is a splen did piece of legislation, in the opinion of Commissioner Tallman, of theOen eral Land Office. In his annual report. made public today, the Commissioner dwells at some length on this new law and its benefits, as he sees them, saying in part: 'The story of the Oregon & California Railroad land grant, when finally told and fully understood, will be recognized as another triumph for the construc tive executive policy of the present Administration in dealing with ques tions involving our National domain." He then reviews the history of the land grant, recites the terms of the granting acts, and of the actual set tlers' clause says: "By this precaution it was intended that in aiding the construction of the railroad an immediate impetus should also be given to the settlement and de velopment of the country through which the road was to be constructed. In theory the scheme of the railroad grant was good, and if it had been car ried into execution by the railroad com pany in accordance with its terms it would doubtless have accomplished. In a large degree, the beneficent purpose for which It was Intended. That it did not do so was due to the refusal of the company to live up to the terms of Its grant. For a time it did .sell lands in bodies of 160 acres, at the price fixed in the grant; it soon, however, withdrew its lands from market on the terms imposed by the grant, and only sold them to timber purchasers, in large bodies, at a price far in excess of that authorized by the grant. The Commissioner, after reciting the NEW BUREAU DESIRED SECRETARY WJXSOX WAXTS SEP ARATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY. Much Good Said to Hare Been Done Through Aid of Postofflces in Bring ing Jobs to Unemployed. WASHINGTON, Dec 7. Expansion, of the Government's public employ ment service by creation of a separate bureau of employment within the De partment of Labor is the chief recom mendation of Secretary Wilson's annual report made publio. today. The work. It Is declared, has outgrown the facil ities of the bureau of immigration, from where it has been directed. Be ginning in a small way in 1907, it now covers the country through the Post office and other departments. The assistance of the Postofflce De partment. Secretary Wilson says, has been particularly helpfuL Some 60,000 postoffices are distributing blanks which the seeker of a job may fill out and send through the mails free of postage. When applications of em pioyers ana employes in the same neighborhood enter the same postoffice the postmaster brings them together without forwarding the applications. One feature of the employment work emphasized in the report is the Depart ment of Labors co-operation with state . and city, public employment work. The department s aim, it is de ciarea, is to make me work so ex tensive as to comprise the whole country geographically and to embrace all its industries, yet so intensive as to discover every opportunity for work. however obscure, and to reach with a helping hand every wage-earner need ing employment or wanting better em ploy mnt." Extension of the service Is urged to provide for the employment of the aged. Modern industrlaTn. It is de clared, condemns to the scrap heap too many able-b'',, and active-brained men, whose only defect is their having passed an arbitrary age limit. The report relates at length the de partment's mediation efforts during the year, and argues for collective bargain ing in matters of employment. Sirs. A. Ti. Stewart Buried at Albany. AXiBAKT, Or., Dec, 7. .(Special, ) tics on the National Guard mobiliza tion available when his report was written. September 80. He shows that in 11 states, with 16,600 enrolled Guardsmen at the time of the call, more than 10 per cent failed to respond and 29 per cent of the remainder could not pass required physical tests, making the force 43 per cent raw recruits when it went to the border. Brought up to war strength, he says, the force would have been 75 per cent green men and useless for war purposes lor many months. "These figures probably hold good for the entire body of the National Guard," the report adds. Turning, to recruiting in the regular Army, the report says that the service was 29,130 short of Its authorized strength August 31 last. Sober Consideration Advised. "It 13 cause for sober consideration on the part of every citizen of the country when the fact Is fully under stood," General Scott says, "that the units of the National Guard and regular Army have not been recruited up to war strength In the crisis we have Just passed through." The report shows that the mobilized National Guar,d not only was more than 97.000 below war strength, but was more than 4000 below authorized mini mum peace strength. General Scott urges a drastic censor ship law to protect military secrets in time of war, and submits, with his ap proval, the draft of a proposed statute drawn by a special board of Army and Navy officers. It would authorize the President to prohibit publication of facts, rumors or speculations regard ing military matters, except when passed by a censor. The report of Brigadier-General Weaver, chief of the coast artillery, which accompanies that of General Scott, says that with slight additional increases over the 264 guns proposed to be added to the coast defenses in the programme approved by Congress last year, "the coast defenses will be able to meet successfully any attack that can reasonably be expected to be made upon them or upon the cities, harbors or interests that they guard by the most powerful warships afloat or at present projected." Desertions Are Iteduced. General Weaver points out, however, that National Guard units of the corps are 168 officers and 6469 men short of their prescribed complement. Judge Advocate-General Crowder In his report, also made public, reviews desertion records for eight years to show that the 1916 figure was the lowest during that time. The true per centage was 1.81, he says, although the reported figure was 2.4. The lowest previous" record was 1.93 in 1911. LAW GAINS MR. TALLMAN Is to Restore Public Domain to the the People. circumstances under which Congress, at its last session, passed the Chamberlain bill, says: ' "Some 2,300,000 acres of land remain unsold under this grant, and are in- eluded within the decree of the Su preme Court. The value of these lands has been variously estimated at from $30,000,000 to $30,000,000. consisting, in the main, in the vast growth of timber carried thereon. Aside, however, from the timber value, much of the land Is also useful for agricultural purposes: so that the serious problem relegated to Congress by the decision of the court can well be understood. "The lands revested In the United States are, under this act, to be ex amined in the field and classified in accordance with their chief value. either as power-site lands, timber lands or agricultural lands, and to be dis posed of in accordance with such classi fication, though in the cast of lands classified as 'timber lands' the timber will be sold separate and apart fro the land, which, after the removal of the timber, will become subject to homestead entry. Provision is also made for the payment to the several counties in the state of the unpaid and accrued taxes due on the lands, title to which has been revested In the United States. "By this admirable piece of legisla tion this great body of land, with its Immense values, has been restored to our public domain, where it will be made to serve the interests of the peo ple to its fullest extent. "Active measures in the General Land Office have been taken to secure the proper classification of these lands, and as soon as this is accomplished they will be open to disposition." The funeral of Mrs. Ann Rebecca Stew art, Linn County's oldest woman and one of this city's best-known pioneer residents, who 3ied Tuesday, was held this afternoon at the residence of her son, C. H. Stewart, postmaster of Al bany. The services were conducted by Rev. W. P. White. D. D.. pastor of the United Presbyterian Church of Albany, oi wnicn Airs, fatewart was a member a great many years. Interment was In the Masonic Cemetery. There are no distilleries, breweries or public houses in Persia, and the only intoxicating beverage used is home-made wine. " Christmas Money For the Folks at Home Let us send, your Christmas money. We transfer money direct to all parts of the world at reasonable rates. Having direct wireless ar rangements with Germany, and cable facilities with all others countries, we are in position to serve you quickly and safely. Our travelers' cheques and letters of credit are avail able everywhere. 'fLUMBCRMENS National, bank Fifth and Stark. Capital and surplus $1,200,000. FURTHER INCREASE OF NAVY ADVISED America Must Add Power to Fleet Until Nations Agree, Says Mr. Daniels. BOARD'S PROGRAMME CUT Secretary Asks for Four' Capital Ships in 1018, Instead of Six Desired by Experts Recruit ing Is Falling Short. WASHINGTON. Dec. 7. Until all na tlons agree to reduce their armament, the United States must continue to in crease its naval power. Secretary Daniels declares In his annual report. made public tonight and which urges that funds be appropriated at once to begin building 42 additional ships. I reel it my duty to warn as solemnly as I may," the Secretary says after reciting the high expenditures tor the Navy authorized at the last session of Congress, "against the danger that lies In a possible feeling on the part of our people that the Navy has now been attended to has been placed where it belongs, among the great navies of the world and there Is nothing further to be done. Com placent retrospection is the father of dry rot. We have made a magnificent beginning, but that it must not be for gotten by the public that the same in telligent appreciation of our needs, the same willingness to provide for these needs, must be shown this year and every succeeding year If we are to finish what we have commenced." Secretary Daniels recalls that the 1917 appropriation bill carries provision for a possible limitation of armament agreement. , Increased Strength Advised. "I earnestly hope the time Is not far distant when this act of Congress will result In such an agreement," he con tinues, "and that the nations of earth will have the statesmanship to devise errective means of preserving the world's peace without constantly build ing ever Increasing dreadnoughts at ever increasing cost. Until that hour arrives the United States cannot safejy adopt any policy other than that of continuing the policy of steadily In creasing Its naval strength." Picturing the result of construction now contemplated. Secretary Daniels says the main fighting elements of the fleet, completed and in commission in 1921. will be 27 dreadnoughts of the first line, supported by six battle cruisers, 25. second line battleships, 13 scout cruisers, 108 destroyers, 13 fleet submarines and 130 coast defense sub- mersibles. While there is no pos sibility of predicting what rank among the naval powers the country will then take, he adds, the authorization of such a programme has been accepted as as-, surance that the United States has def initely embarked on the policy of building an adequate Navy. The Secretary devotes much attention to discussion of the problems en countered by the department in getting the new ships laid down. Building facilities and skilled labor are lacking, he says, and the programme he has recommended for 1918,. featured by three battleships and one battle cruiser, will tax private and public plants to their utmost even with the Increased building equipment authorized for Navy-yards. It was for that reason, the Secretary adds, that he did not follow the general board's recommenda tion and urge that the four of the six remaining battleships of the three-year programme and both of the battle cruisers be laid down at once. Board Sticks to Programme. The board says In Its report accom panying that of the Secretary, that its information as to building facilities Indicates the 1918 programme outlined could be built. It also recommends the addition of 12 mine sweepers, one supply ship and two seagoing tugs to the total of the 156-Bhlp three-year programme. ' Secretary Daniels indicates clearly the difficulties faced by the Depart ment, however, in the following lan guage: "The last naval bill does not give to the department any additional or extraordinary powers in connection with placing the contracts for these vessels or in obtaining materials for their construction. It Is hoped that the necessity will not arise of having to ask for such powers, as a number of ship builders and manufacturers have shown an attitude of willingness to as sist the department In meeting the un usual situation created by the desire of the country to commence and to ex pedite an entirely unprecedented naval programme at a time when the in dustrial resources of the country are already taxed to their utmost capacity in meeting the demands of tremendous trade activity, both domestic and for eign, in every branch of business. It may be necessary, however, for Con gress to enact legislation of this char acter to Insure the early completion of the programme of construction." The report touches briefly on many activities of the Navy Department and commends highly the new organization and co-ordination that is being effected by Admiral Benson, chief of operations. What Professor Stetson Says About Educational Games and Toys for Children Games that instruct as well as amuse have been featured at Gill's for years Jiere in abun dance and variety you'll find games and toys of educational value for the children games for the little tots for those from walking age and those well up in their teens. Whether your child be mechanically inclined, or of an artistic or literary bent, you'll find a toy1 or game suited to his taste and temperament at Gill's ! Below Is a Partial List of Educational Games and "Meccano," "Erector" the new structural toys for boys of all ages. Come in sets of various sizes and prices. Tinker toy, Bi Id more, Makatoy, Wood Structural Toys and Building Blocks. -Paint Wig Sets, Character Dolls, Games and Spelling Boards, Alphabet Blocks, etc. Professor Stetson Also Said: "Do not purchase a toy because It appeals to you or because it is cheap or wildly expensive,' earnestly advised Trofessor Stetson, "but choose it for Che correct age." nai i.i.piaii i wj.a.W4a.iM..Mimajii(Mii.aav.a m ujiiiw I . ii ihhw.jm.ii m,i... IJf imia,, u..i. y-re-MTr--r.wl In addition to tho report of the gen eral board, a full statement by Admiral Benson is appended, showing the rapid progress being- made in every line of development. The most disappointing feature of the year, according to the general board and Admiral Benson, has been the slow progress with develop ment of naval aircraft. "Undoubtedly much preliminary work has been done experimentally which does not show," the board says, "but the application of this very important branch of the service to the practical uses of the fleet has not yet been fully developed. Satisfactory aircraft do not appear as yet to be available for use with the fleet." The board recommends a new organi zation of the flying service under a directing officer in the office of the chief of operations. While admitting the slowness of aeronautical develop ment. Admiral Benson expresses the hope that a big machine designed and built by the Navy and now under test may solve the problems encountered. The report shows that the Navy now has 17 aeroplanes in active service and that 60 more have been orderd. In ad dition several French and British-made machines have been ordered1. In its brief review of the European war, the general board finds nothing to warrant modification of its previous belief that the battleship is "the back bone of the Bea power of a nation." For this reason, the report adds, the board has determined that the number,- power and size of the guns to be placed aboard new battleships should be increased without sacrificing armor, speed or cruising radius. Larger ships must be built to contain all these characterls tics, the report continues, and for the 1918 ships the board has recommended "the most powerful battery which it believes can be constructed having due regard to the present state of the art of building heavy ordnance in this country." 1 It is shown that the batteries decided f 'Small $495 Here is a real Grand Piano in every essential, tone, action, design' and finish, that is built to fit individual needs. It is small enough for your apartment, flat or cottage, and really occupies litde or no more room than the average upright. What is more important perhaps is that it costs no more than a high-class upright piano. The Harrington Grand Piano is made under the supervision of and guaranteed by Hardman, Peck & Co., the Great New York Makers of Artistic Pianos. . We invite you to test it thoroughly, compare it with any similarly priced Grand in the market, and locate if you can one fault. In our forty years of piano merchandising we have seen no Small Grand to equal this. We will welcome your criticism. Your Money's Worth or Your Money Back fsJ V Player Pianos. Music Rolls, Victrolas and Records Morrison Street at Broadway Other Stores San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento, San Jose, Los Angeles, Fresno and San Diego. TP" on to meet these requirements will be 12 16-inch, EO-caliber guns for each ship. A test gun is now being built. .Discussing enlistments in the Navy. Secretary Daniels shows that Congress has authorized an immediate increase of 26.000 men, only 2524 of whom have been obtained. "Here again lie new and serious problems," he says, "More than ordi nary methods must be used to persuade young men to decline countless oppor tunities opening before them in com mercial life in favor of service with the Government. "Were it not for the gratifying results in enlistments already shown, as a result of the policy of the last few years of offering educational ad vantages, particularly along technical lines, to our recruits, I would feel, in deed, that the problem of securing the men authorized for our fleets was an almost hopeless one. As it is I feel sure it will be solved, but it is still a problem and what I desire in this re port is to warn the public against con sidering that the mere passage of laws authorizing additional men is equiva lent to having these men actually on board our ships." DEFENSE BILIS DUE SOOX Army Appropriation to Be Reported Before Christinas. WASHINGTON. Dec. 7. Rapid prog ress" in Congress toward framing Na tional defense bills to appropriate about $800,000,000 was forecast today when the House military committee took up its share of the work. Chairman Dent said he expected to report the Army appropriation bill be fore Christmas. The naval committee has been in session for nearly two weeks and expects to complete its hear ings within a few days. While Quartermaster-General Sharpe wns advising the military committee of " - ' 'Vi Abundant Quality IS IN THIS Grand Piano 3 . -SJfiSLCHOLOGY' URGED! 2f SELECTION OF TOYSfOR CIMS 1 Gifts" Should" Selected With View'oTVErfucational Value.Says. Ef,"Stets6n CLASSIFICATIONS MAt) Poller Bt Bmlfflnc Only ' On. Scbool Sooim la rntun AdToota Pychoocr hould te used In th Icrllon of toy, declared Professor 8tt fcoit. of the University of Orecori. in s spedch of pre-Ctvistmss sdvic to Pr eiits st the Fitday sfternpon meeting of ths Vultnomfth council of. Pwnt Teacher associations. In the librsxy Attendance st the meeting u so good lht not all could find seats. To most people a, rsifis Is a. ratt1 and a, jujnplng jack an. tnfant laugh (.loducer, but Professor Stetson said 1 toys should be carefully chosen, for their educational vs.lue and In, buUdlnc ne cnaractr rt; tr.c- cMi Gill's Toys Fourth Floor) ILL'S The J. K. Gill Co. Bookftellera, Htationrm and complete offlre outfitters. 3d & Aldrr. the probable cost of the Army In 1918. Dr. Charles D. Walcott. chairman of the National advisory committee on aero nautics, told the naval committee hHt control of the sea now depended on con trol of the air. because it was the avi ators who gathered information and di rected the fire of long-range guns. Dr. Walcott. who appeared to support his request for $107,000 to continue the work of the advisory committee, also discussed peaceful uses of aircraft, say ing the Postoffice and State Depart ments would utilize tliem as letter and dispatch carriers. He told of stops In contemplation for the preparation of "charts of the air" over all continental United States. an1 urged the development of llghter-than-alr cruisers of the Zeppelin type for the Army and Navy. In this he was sup ported by Henry Souther, consulting engineer of the Army and Navy aviation section, who said that a study already was in progress based on German de velopments of this type of aircraft. Exhausted Deer Caught Alive. EUGENE. Or., Dec. 7. (Special.) Lon Moore, cattle buyer, residing near Eugene, caught a full-grown buck yes terday near Spencer's Butte. He brought the deer to his farm and will attempt to keep it in an enclosure. The animal had been chased by dogs until it was exhausted. A bed that folds into a wall and is hidden by a pair of doors is the idea of a Cnlnrido Inventor. Kail to New Orleans Steamer to New York. 2 Daily Trains on SUNSET ROUTE San Francisco, Los Angeles, El Paso, New Orleans. "SUNSET LIMITED" "SUNSET EXPRESS Berth and Meals included on steamers New Orleans to New York. City Ticket Office, 6th and Oak John M. Scott, G. P. A. Southern Pacific Lines VISIT THE APACHE TRAIL r-v i J .1.