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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 28, 1902)
r 10 THE" MORNING OREGONIAN, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER ' 28. 1902. Diseased Cows Are ' Meriaeb. : 1 a WHAT THE DOCTORS SAY Efficient Inspection fay Offi cers" NeedVd. TUBERCULOSIS IS TOO COMMON "May Bacilli Be' Transmitted Prom Animals to Man f An Interest ing: Variety of Expert Opinion. The need of a State Board of Health and the necessity of taking every possi ble precaution against the spread of in fectious diseases has again been brought prominently before the public. Statistics have becntbrought to light that show that a large percentage of the stock of the country is diseased. Both the milk from diseased cows and the meat of the dis eased animals are constantly being used as food "by the public. The officers who have in charge the inspection of these products have so little assistance that it Is impossible for them to Inspect every bit of meat and milk that comes lntb the city, and thus the public has no protec tion from the dangerous foods constantly being placed on the market. During the Summer months especially was this dan ger manifest. At that time the meat, de cayed quickly, and as the Board of In spectors was Inadequate, much meat was offered for sale that was in such a state of putrefaction as to be unfit for human food. The Oregonian at that time gave column after column urging a more thor ough method of inspection, and also urg ing the necessity of a State Board of Health to regulate the spread of infec tious diseases both among men and ani mals. The recent discovery of a band of .cattle where a large percentage of them were tubercular, has again called this jnatter prominently before the public, and the medical and sanitary profession gen erally is discussing the best methods 'of regulating tnis great evil. Statistics show that all the way from 3 to S3 per cent of the cattle in the different parts of the country are affected with tuberculosis. The question, then naturally arises, "Is this disease directly transmissible to man and is it possible to lessen the percentage of diseased cattle?" Medical authorities state positively that It Is possible for the amount of the disease to be regulated. They are prepared to cite Instances, as in Denmark, where 10 years ago 50 per cent of the cattle were infected with tuber culosis. The people became alarmed and waged war against it, and now it is prac tically eradicated. When approached on the matter, how. ever, the, state health officers Insist that they have not the support that will en able them to carry out any plan of light ing the disease effectively. "It will take a large amount of money," they say, "and a large amount of help. Think of 6pe man covering the entire state!" To this, however, the .medical men answer "prompt ly that the people as a whole should be stirred Into action. "A public sentiment should be created that would demand a State Healths Board and adequate means for fighting such conditions." Such 2Iilk Sot Fit Food.. "It.Tloesjict. matter so much," they say. "whether ornot the disease is directly transmissible from animal' to man. It is transmissible from animal to animal, and if there is not something done there will be a great deal more of it within a short time. The milk from a diseased cow or the meat of a diseased animal Js not fit food for a. human being, whether or not he will directly contract the disease from which the animal, was suffering." As to whether or not the disease Is di rectly transmissible there Is a. great dif ference of opinion. While there, are a number of eminent authorities who hold that it is not, there are a great many more who hold that it is. Dr. Pearson, In an article written in the .Philadelphia Medical Journal, gives instances where men have contracted the disease from post mortems held on tubercular cows. Henry JS. Baker, of the Michigan State Board or Health, in the Progressive Medi cine for December, says: "The medical and sanitary profession as a rule have concluded from the great mass of evidence that can be accumulated on the matter that bovine tuberculosis is a prominent source of human tuberculosis By the report of the State Board.of Mich igan it was found.hat there are five times as many deaths from tuberculosis among children under 5 years of age as there are among children between the ages of oand 10. Owing to the fact that the very young children are as a rule largely fed on cow's milk, and as it has been shown that a large percentage of the milk commonly used is tubercular, it is argued that the disease has In these cass "been transmis sible." ss Among the doctors seen jresterdny there was a great difference of "opinion as to the transmissibility of . theljdlsease, but there was not one among them who did not urge a prompt and aggressive war, against tuberculosis-among the animals. They hold that it is a vital matter, and no matter what the expense, Is a public necessity, and should receive prompt at tention. Views of Dr. "Woods Hutchinson. Dr. Woods . Hutchinson, who has spent two years In the gardens of the London Zoological Society, and made a careful study of the subject of tuberculosis among animals, said: "As far as the transmissibility of the disease Is concerned I am inclined to favors the views set forth by Koch. I believe' that there are three great types of tuber culosis, avlne, bovine and human, and that the three are not Teadily transmis sible from one to another. There is one thing of which I am sure, however, and that isvthat the milk from a tubercular cow or the meat from a tubercular ani mal Is not fit food fcr man. They are laden with the bacilli, and when they are billed they give off toxlnes which are dangerous to the health. I have seen the experiment tried by taking the milk from a tubercular cow and thoroughly steriliz ing IL After all of the germs are killed. If this milk is fed to a pig it will produce most remarkable symptoms." "Bo you think that the percentage of tuberculosis la ..Oregon cattle is great?" he was asked. "I believe it is as great as SO per cent." "Do you believe that there- is -any way to check the spread of the disease?" "There Is no doubt but that it can be entirely wiped out. if the proper means are used. In Denmark 10 years ago the percentage of tubercular cattle was as high as-50 -per-cent. At the present time the disease is practically eradicated there "But there will .be a large expense at- J tached to such" action;" said the reporter. "Do you think It "is worth the expense?" "It is one of the most Important ques tions before us," he answered, "and no amount ot expense is of as much conse quence as the public health." When asked to suggest the proper way of checking the disease Drv Hutchinson said: "In the first place, it shows the neces sity of a State Board of Health. The State Veterinarian should be a member of this -State Board, and it should have In charge dlsease.4 am'ong both men and animals. There should be a complete Inspection at least once a year. The tuberculin test is accurate, and every time there is an animal found that responds to the tuber culin test it should be either killed or Isolated. It has been proven that cows can be used for breeding purposes, and if the calves are not allowed to grow up with them they will be free from the dis ease. If they are very valuable cattle then they can be isolated and not killed: Where there are any of the herd killed provision should be made to compensate the owner to some extent. At least one-half, I should think, would be right. Our Dnty to Visitor. Dr. E. P. Geary, County Physician, said: "Oregon is one of three states in the Union that has no State Board f Health. The large herd' of tubercular cattle that was found a short.time ago shows us the result. These conditions must be battled with, and the people must furnish ade quate means to carry on the fight. We are preparing for a great fair in 1905, and will ask people from every state in the Union to come here. They come from states where there is a .Health Board, and these matters are well regulated, to a place where there is but little effort made to check the disease. One of the prepara tions for the Lewis and Clark Fair should ' be the creation of an able State Board of Health, so that the conditions can be well In hand by the time the great num ber of visitors commence to arrive." When asked as to a remedy for the ex isting condition the doctor said: "The State Board of Health should bo composed of able medical men, and also a good veterinarian. I hope there will be a law passed at the next session of the Legislature creating a State Board of Health. There is some doubt as to wheth er or not tuberculosis is directly communicable- from animal to man. It Is also a known fact that the calf of a tuber cular cow will not be tubercular lf it is removed from its mother as soon as it is born. For these reasons I would think that the wholesale destruction of even infected herds might be premature. There should be regular Inspection, however, and infected cattle should be isolated, if they are not killed. "Another vital necessity is that the city should have a more adequate Board of Inspectors. At present there is not a large enough force for nearly all of the meats or milk to be inspected, and there Is a large amount of both placed on the market that is not fit for food. This should be done at once, as no matter how energetically the state might act, an immediate cure cannot be effected, and the Influx of diseased food and dairy products should be checked at once. Xeeds More Help. Dr. H. R. Biersdorff, City Health Offi cer, said: "In my mind there is np doubt but that tuberculosis Is directly transmissible from animal to man, and that bovine tubercu losis Is a prominent source of human tu berculosis. The amount of tuberculosis is something astounding. In Portland alone we have from 10 to 15 deaths every month from this disease. The Health Department inspects all of the meat and .milk that it can, but there is not nearly a large enough force to cover the ground. We should have more help in the city "work, and there should also be a State Board of Health, who could take in hand the matter of eradicating the disease." Time for Action. Dr. A. E. Rockey said: "Your questions as to the transmissi bility of bovine tuberculosis to human beings, and the advisable plan for eradi cating the disease from our herds are timely and proper for public discussion. The announcement by Koch at the In ternational Congress In London that bo vine tuberculosis was not transmissible to the human subject has led to a world wide and highly profitable discussion of the subject. "The consensus of opinion at the pres ent time seems, to be that while inter change of tuberculosis- from man to ani mals or from animals to man is not so readily accomplished as are infections be tween individuals of the same species, yet a sufficient number of examples of such Interchange have been established to lead us to consider exposure of certain sus ceptible persons to bovine tuberculosis as hazardous. Experiment has demon strated that pathogenic bacteria undergo change of form and virulence by being grown for several generations in unsuit able culture medea, or temperatures, and also that infection of more resistant ani mals for a time diminishes their virulence. It has also been proved that In time by such change" they may develop new char acteristics, or by being returned to the original soil, may regain their former con dition. Bovine, avian and human tuberculosis differ slightly in morphological and patho genic properties. Horses, guinea pigs, swine and hens are, however, quite read ily infected by human tuberculosis. Dogs and cattle are more resistant. The tuber culosls of fowls Is not so readily trans mltted to mammals. After avian tubercu losls has been bred for several genera tions on artificial culture medea, it is again gulte readily transmitted to mam mals like guinea pigs and rabbits. I be lieve that prompt, measures should be taken, to stamp out tuberculosis among cattle in Oregon by destroying all affected animals. The tuberculin test Is suffi ciently conclusive to distinguish the healthy from the diseased. "The State Veterinarian, personally and through his assistants, is the proper per .son to carry on this work. He needs for -support a public sentiment created by just such a campaign of Education as you are now giving in y.our columns. With that support there will be no need of 'keeping things quiet' and working in efficiently In the dark for what is of the highest importance to the public wel fare the preservation of health." .Make a Fight Against It. Dr. E. N.' Hutchinson, of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, said: "While the amount of tuberculosis Is increasIngto a remarkable extent, I do do not believe that It exists In as great an amount as Is represented by Dr. Mc Lean and J. W. Bailey. There are dis .trlcts, notably Eastern Oregon, that are almost free from It. ; . "There is, however, the greatest, neces-L slty for making a fight against the dis ease. There' should be a State' Board of Health, of which an able veterinarian should be a member, and this board should have charge of the diseases of both animals and men." Action Should Be Taken. Dr. Harry Lane, who has made a study of tuberculosis, said: "There is some question as to whether -or not bovine tuberculosis can be readily transmitted to humans or not. At any rate, tubercular cattle are not fit food for ; man, ana tncre snouia oe some effort made to stamp the disease out of our country. It can be done, and the medical and sanitary profession generally demand that it shall be done. At a meeting of the Portland Medical Society there was action taken on this matter, and the vote wa3 unanimous that steps should be' taken to have a State Board of Health .created that could take in charge such matters as these. There should also be inspectors appointed to guard the city against dis eased food products." COST OF MILK INSPECTION. J. -TV. Bailev Malcen an Estimate of r Jj&O.OOO. "Inspection of dairies that supply Fort- land with milk 'will coot from 515.-000 to J20.COO a year. Has the city got the money?" Dairy and Food. Inspector Bailey asked this question yesterday. "I am just as much in favor of Inspec tion as anybody, but I wish to Stay on the practical side of this question instead of to get off on the flurried side of it. We can find plenty of tubercular bacilli in milk. I doubt that any milk is entirely free of those bacilli. They are in the air all about us, and when milk is exposed to the air it becomes a propagating element for them. "The fact is that Portland is healthier now than it ever has been. It has an ex tremely low death rate, and Oregon is just as free of tuberculosis as is any state. in the Union. Now listen and I'll tell you why Inspection will cost at least $15,000. "About 4000 cows directly supply Port land consumers with milk. The milk "of about 4000 more cows comes to our five large creameries. But suppose Inspection should cover only the first class of cows. One man would do well If he examined 20 cows a day. To make the rounds of all the 4000 animals that supply Portland would therefore require at least 200 working days and 200 more for the creamery cows. The cows should be inspected, say. once a year. Here,, then, we have work for two men all the year round.. "If two men should start out today to Inspect all those cows, they would not cover all the dairies In less tnan a year. Those 4000 cows represent about 200 dairies. "Should the city desire to undertake this wont, we n an stana in ana neip. i icci secure In doubting that bovine tuberculosis is transmissible to man, and In this I fol low the lead of eminent scientists. It may be that the bovine disease aggravates the human disease I don't deny this. Of course, the best milk is healthful milk, the kind that contains no disease germs. For this reason I advocate extermination of all diseased animate. "The present law works rank Injustice, because It cannot be generally enforced. One man is singled out here or there and subjected to loss. His property Is confis cated, while the property ofva neighbor not half a mile away, equally as dangerous to the public health, -is not molested. Let us compensate owners of cattle for their losses, at least in part And fet us have a law that we can enforce." GERMS IX COWS' MILK. IVot Caused by Food or Drink, hnt by Unclean Surroundings. Disease germs In cows' milk do not come from the food or drink of the animal. Ex periments at the Oregon Agricultural Col lege prove this fact in the case of a healthy cow under normal conditions. The germs gain access to the milk by means extraneous to the cow, such as- unclean vessels for holding the milk, carelessness In mllkinc or ncclicence in excluding fierm-breedlig elements- from the milk. Last April a cow at the experiment sta tion was fed on pure cultures of typhoid bacilli for 15 successive days. Cultures. were made from the milk night and morn ing, but only two colonies of tvnhold de veloped. Tnese were probably accidental Inoculations. At the same time examina tions and cultures of the excreta and urine of the cow were made, but no colonies of typhoid could be Induced to grow. The experiments had no effect upon the health of the animal. Similar experiments were made with various other kinds' of bacilli, but colonies could be developed In neither the milk nor the urine, nor the excreta of the cow. In order to determine whether typhoid bacilli would enter the cow's udder through the teat, by the cows wading in stagnant water containing this germ, the teats were Inserted in a bottle which con tained pure cultures of the bacilli. Twelve hours later and just before milking each teat was disinfected. This operation was repeated morning and evening for five days, but no colonies of typhoid appeared. The cow was a Jersey, about 4 years old. and a fair subject for the experiment. The report of the experiment says: It Is evident that outbreaks ot typhoid fever come not from the milk as It leaves the cow, but from vessels which have been washed with contaminated water. The results obtained by this investigation are conclusive, first, that a pure culture or typhoid bacilli, mixed with water and given to the cow to drink, did not pas3 into the milk; second, that the bacilli did pass alive from the cow with the excreta; third, that they did not pass alive from the cow with the urine,: fourth, that they were not taken Into the udder by capillary attraction through the teat orifice. It is generally believed that .micro-organisms gain access to the milk In a cow's udder through the teat, but In this case they did not. However, the result might 'not be the same with all cows. A teat possessing weak sphincter muscles Is imperfectly closed at Its extremity, and must necessarily be more ac cessible for bacteria. Another teat having good muscular contracting power would be less likely to admit germs. It does not follow that the danger from a cow's- using polluted water does not exist. AH cows may not have the power of rendering the germ inert, and continuous use of such water for a great length of time might yield far different results. If a cow becomes sick from any cause, It Is difficult to tell how the ailment may affect the mammary glands or milk recretlon. It would certainly be far better that she be permitted to drink only the purest water. Sloughs and stagnant water ponds in pastures should be fenced off so as to keep cows from them. Stagnant water does not always contain typhoid fever germs, yet It Is a very likely place to find them. A pond ot stagnant water contains an immenee number of germs, which In warm weather multiply rapidly. As they are at that time In an active condition of life, they must feed upon something In the water. If they live and feed, they must also secrete. Their secretions are chemicals and compounds not found In pure water. There fore water charged with these gerja products Is often unwholesome both to the human and to the animal body. Although such water may be freed from germs, by boiling or other means, the chemicals remain. These experiments were conducted by E. F. Pernot, of the chair of bacte'riology. UNCLE SAM IN TROUBLE. Must Sow Present Detailed Claims in Shnioan Arbitration Cne. WASHINGTON. Nov. 27. The State De partment is preparing to present to King Oscar, the arbitrator of the Issues be tween the United States and England on one side and Germany on the other. growing out of the Samcan troubles of 1S99, the second pha?e of the case, and finds Itself In a peculiar position. The re cent decision of King Oscar touched only the principle Involved, namely, the liabil ity of the United States and Great Britain for damages sustained by foreigners as a result of joint naval operations. That having been decided against the United States and Great Britain and In favor of Germany, the next step In order Is to prepare and submit to the arbitrator detailed statements of the Individual losses. By the terms of the arbitration treaty, each of the countries concerned undertook to look after the claims of Its own citizens. Thus It happens In the case of the United States that the Govern ment Is in the peculiar' position of pre senting to the arbitrator for payment the claims of a number of American citizens after it had. through elaborate arguments presented to the arbitrator by special counsel, specifically denied liability for any such claims.. ArchbiMhop Riorilnn Retnrns. NEW YORK. Nov. 27. Archbishop Rlor dan, of San Francisco, is a passenger from Liverpool on the White Star steamer Cel tic, which arrived tonight. The Children's Favorite. One of the greatest difficulties encoun-; tcrcd wnen children are Hi is the objec lion they have. to taking ,mediclne. The remedy must be pleasant or the patience of the parent is exhausted before It Is successtullv administered. Mr. G. G. Wag npr. of Spring Grove, Pa., overcomes this annoyance by using Chamberlain's Cough Remedy. He says his little boy always asks for It whenever he catches cold. This remedy has become the children's favor ite, as It Is pleasant to take and It always? cures ana cures quioiuy. ror sale by all SHEEP HUSBANDRY Its General Condition in This State. FEEDS, BREEDS AND TYPES How- a. Kn in ous OrcRon Missionary Came to Grie'f The Menace of the Iiiver llnke. By a' StafT Writer. Eighth Letter. M'MINNVILLE, Or., Nov. 26. The moment one begins to study the special industries in Oregon there is borne In upon him a new sense of the largeness of the country and the variety of its condltions.Tare fed upon the alfalfa hay, which is' With respect to sheep husbandry, for example, there are five distinct climates without reckoning the many minor and local variations within each of these general divisions. Of the five four are in the western district of the state one in Tillamook, which is too wet for sheep unless a .variety endowed with rubber mnnkintnsh nan h fnnnrt. nnn In tho Willametto Valley, a third in the lower parts of the country Is exhausted. I Jn the enfl by Its very bulk intcrfer Umpqua region and a fourth in the Rogue Excepting during the Winter season. Jng wIth the normai and essentia! ope Rlver country. The differences in these therefore, the flocks of Eastern Oregon j ratjons of tno 1lVer ftow. general this several districts relate to temperature, j are constantly on tne move and In the j pst is and hov. mucn damage it docs can rainfall, quality and quantity of long period between the Spring shearing , Qnly be appreciated by thcee who have to. feed and tho general character of the pasturage, and they are radical enough to create local conditions which, If the most Is to be made of them, call each for a particular type or family of the sheep brute. Perhaps I ought to say, before getting very deeply Into this theme, that all that I don't know about the sheep would make a very complete manual of shee'p 'knowledge; and my only Justification for touching upon the subject is that in the couroe of the past few months I have been about the state a good deal and noted a few points which may have some interest for the general reader, though they are not likely to much increase the knowledge of practical sheep men. Western Oregon Is essentially a long wool country that is, a country "for the long-wool breeds, due to the fact that by Its "lay" upon the sheep's body long wool shedo rain, while short wool under long exposure absorbs water and carries it from the surface to the sheep's skin where it naturally works mischief, for the health of the. sheep requires that he should keep his back drjv Furthermore, in Western Oregon sheep range upon in closed lands and aro left to shift for them selves in the sense that they are not kept under the guidance of a shepherd or herder who takes them to the places where they are to graze and keqps- them from what may harm them. And thesee conditions, being similar to those of their native habitat, are suited to the English breeds of sheep; especially so in view of the fact that Willamette Valley sheep husbandry looks as much to the produc tion of mutton as of wool. The favorite types, therefore, with Valley breeders are the Cots wold, tho Lincoln and the Leices ter, the first named standing, perhaps, in the most general favor and being, all things considered, tho best sheep for the general farmer with whom sheepkeeping Is merely a side line. Curiously enough the English breeds do better In the Will amette Valley than In their native coun try, lambs being stronger at birth, matur ing earlier and having greater vitality; and while the wool product Is hardly equal In quantity it is softer and more lustrous and worth as much or more, fleece for fleece, as tho English product. And If mutton here Is not so good as in England the fault Is with ourselves, due to the fact that we do not "finish" for the market as they do in the older country. Although mutton Is a standard food pro duct with us, there Is practically no prep aration of sheep for slaughter. It Is not surprising that under this, practice mut- ton. as an article of food, has no very 42 'T " -r distressed, 'Apgi oM1P"7? . v About an unexpected guest. jj Jv ' "There's nothing In the Vp If jMF "There's sdmething better "rffk -V far than meat." J .. WBy w The guest endorsed Jim's view v yy-,L ,- MF When helped to "Force" by . , "pll :'f j Jy Sweet, crisp flaKes of wheat and malt. . jSp k L CJ Why Her Vacation Was Prolonged. . vVi"T4 "When you stand in your own house, monarch, of all jSwv Y V jafc (gfew. ,, nrtt5?!- 70U BUrve7 Jind nothing to eat, it touches you from Mf ' . L filL $F7rMV tSxr crown to heel. Mrs. -D. wrote to say she missed my BF-' S3 8 PvVjT A'X 0" usual Impatience about her coming homo and wanted jdKfi 71 i k ' Wh' 1 8lmP1y replied : 'No hurry; I am eat- 1 1 Sv SVS,SV (Nao fembhed on application.) high repute with us and that It should constantly be contracted with English mutton to the disparagement of the home product. That wo could produce as fine mutton as the English Is beyond question and it is a serious defect in our practice that we don't do If. In Southern Oregon the- conditions are most favorable to the "downs" South downs, Shropshlres, etc., and those who are careful in such matters make a spec ialty of these breeds and have been highly successful with. them. In Eastern Oregon the conditions, .of course, are radically different, both as to the climate, the feeds and the purposes and methods of sheepkecplng. While west of the mountains small flocks are main tained as a feature of a general farming business, on the east side the business Is on a wholesale basis. Sheep are kept In large bands and are ranged over mountain pastures under the constant guidance and protection of professional herders who never leave them day or night, and who for many months together do not come within many miles of a human habita tion. Of late years the flocks of Eastern Oregon are generally kept at home sta tions durinc the Winter season where they now abundant In the country: and many flock-owners .have come to own iar; ranges of territory wfHch are kept Tinder the wire fence and used to supplement the j marshv lands everywhere in Western Ore haystack In the season o,f Winter and , gonf ,and Js vcrv of tcn attached to plants early Spring. But for Summer feeding of vnlcn sheep are fond. Once intro the range, proper, is universally depend-i duccd tQ tne-lnsltle of a snoep the leech at ed upon, tho practice being to seek the t , th .. drawincr Its nourishment 'mountains after the scanty feed of the! and the drive-In just before the snow flies, j a circuit of many hundred miles is made. in regions always infested by coyotes and often under conditions of scant feed. The business of the herder Is, indeed, no sine cure and It would be an impossibility If he had to deal with animals disposed to independent habits of action. The merinos are admirably suited to the conditions of Eastern Oregon, and they practically mo nopolize tho ranges. They ljke altl tude; they are easily managed in big flocks, having for many centuries In he: native country been so cared for; they are good travelers and under most condi tions keep well, together. They are pre eminently a wool sheep, but their car cass, while small. Is of good quality and especially suited to the Eastern market, which prefers a small sheep. There Is juet now some'hlng of a move ment to Introduce a larger type of sheep Into Eastern Oregon, and several large flock-owners, very notably the Baldwin Sheep & Land Company, of Hay Creek, In Crook County, have made Imnortant importations of the famous RambouIIlet French breed, a sheep distinctly larger than the merino. This experiment has not gone, far enough to determine the adaptability ot the larger type In all situa tions, but It starts out hopefully and there are many who believe that the change to a heavier sheep will mark a great ad vance In the industry. I have found others who shake their heads, holding that until conditions In Eastern Oregon more closely approximate domestic prac tice it would be wiser to stick to the merino type. It means much, however. 'with practical sheepmen that the Baldwin ranch people Cartwrlght. Edwards and Van Houghton all men of long, practical experience, are making a start with the RambouIIlet breed; nobody In the business, certainly, la better qualified to judge of the values of breeds. But however opinions may differ as to what is best under present conditions there can be no question that the future sheen of Eastern Oregon is to be a domestlc as distinct from a range anlmali This will come through substitution of ranch for rango methods a change al ready In process. With the wire fence, supplemented by universal irrigation and tho cultivation of forago plants, the business of sheep ranging must give way to the practices of sheep farming; and with this general change there must come many minor ones, Including the dlversl- ficatlon of breeds. The larger type sheep will amcst certainly find favor In the newv Often result in a heavy cold, neglect of which means pneumonia or consumption. ia&e a qium, ur, mm s UGiisn ?ru It ha3 cured couchs and colds for fifty years. Its a --3vc harmless and effective remed v and will euro BEST FOR THROAT. David Hughlitt, of lOthuind Susquehanna Ave.. Phila delphia, says : "I have found Dr. Bull's Cough Syrup a positive cure for coughs and colds, especially where the cough is hard and distressing. It heals the throat and cures the inflammation. It is the best medicine I have ever used for diseases of the throat and lungs." REFUSE CHEAP SUBSTITUTES offered by unreliable dealers. They are thinking of lnrrpr nrnfltq. nrtfc nf rmir hpnlth. Insist on rettinr the genuine "Dr. Bull's Cough Syrop." Seo All druggists. "Large bottles, 25c. ''SMALL DOSS. PLEASANT conditions, and It Is possible that the "downs" may play an Important part. Chun hllchnnlnf In Wnotnfn rmrs- lias under a aCrlou menace from the "Uver- fluke.. or leech wnIcn of late years has grown from an occasional annoyance into a common nest- Tho leech abounds in r- v. it i.l-i r ontmni do wUh hfi care of sheep pasture(i jn low awamm. situations. There is nosltively no cure for an animal once attacked, buf the trouble majj be prevented by pastur ing sheep only upon high or drained land which the leech or fluke does not inhabit. ThJs Is. indeed, tho only cure; and as the matter comes to be better understood, there will be less 'exposure of flocks by pasturage In low and swampy tracts. S In this connection it may be noted as an ri interesting fact that the Willamette Val ley Is less "swampy" than at an earlier time. Indeed, In very early times the country abounded in marsh: and in riding across-country a common practice of the days before roads and fences were uni versalone needed to have a care lest his horse mired down In the soft surface of the country- I own memory goes back to a time when jvcry country road In the Valley ran through pactions of "swale" In which horses floundered belly-deep much of the year, and which at times were really dangerous to travelero unfamiliar with, the I Tr-nlf,, nnd fhp wars of getting i about them. Most of these marshy dis tricts have dried up or become firm land under drainage or cultivation, or both: and the process Is still going on as witness Lake La BIshe, just north of Salem, and the famous "swale" in the Panther Creek J ;tmon Qf that , the nortn. em and molotcr countries of Europe, where whole provinces of firm land have apparently rlsen from historic marshes. England was once little more than a vast marsh; and the same statement Is true of North Germany. And an evolution i which took ages there will be quickly ac complished here, where the ditching ma chine and the drain-tile combine with the commercial value ofJand and the uni versal spirit of Intelligence and progress to make thinge go faster. And to return to our mutton It may not be very long before the Hyer-fluke, having no swamps In which to breed, will ceaye to trouble the Valley sheep farmer. The advance of sheep Industry In lato years has been two-fold first In re- spect to numbers, and second In respect to wool-producing power. The first sheep introduced into Eastern Oregon were of a breed or lack of breed corresponding to tho razor-back hog. They were at once great consumers and poor wool makers; and tho fact that they made profit for their owners was due to the abundance of feed In the early days and to the high pprlco of wool. Such sheep under present conditions would bankrupt any man so unfortunate as to own them. The pres- iui ptj p you in a day. X that the ''Bull's Head" is on the package. TO TAKE. ALWAYS CURES. j ently prevailing type of sheep is a vastly i Improved animal in all respects consum- lng not more than 60 per cent of what was required by its predecessor and yielding a fleece at once finer in quality and double the weight. And with the substitution of careful and domestic methods of hus bandry there is reason to hope for-a still I further advance of the ratio of product to consumption and cost. The problem Is for the practical man, who. by the way, Is the solver of most problems. From the beginning the sheep has been a source of wealth in Oregon and many very considerable fortunes have been built up on the basis of sheep husbandry. No Sheep were brought by the first settlew. but it was not long before straggling bands made the journey across the plains. Among the earlier large importations was a large flock owned by R. R. Thompson, later associated with the .navigation of our rivers, and now, in extreme old age, a resident of San Francisco: and It is an interesting fact that it waa as a herdsman, one of several, in charge of this famous flock, that the late D. P. Thompson walked his way to Oregon. Even more famous in the annals of early times was an Importation made by the late W. H. Gray in the early '40s. which came to nothing through a disaster which de- ! stroyed his little flock almost literally within a stoned throw of their destina tion. After making the journey across tho plains with infinite pains, hard ship and loss, and having gotten the sur viving remnant of his band to Astoria, Mr. Gray loaded his animals Into a whale boat at the last-named point for the passage of. Young's Bay, en route to his Clatsop Plain farm. Half way across the narrow bay a squall struck the sails and the boat, being heavily loaded, filled with water, which drowned every sheep. It was a case of hard luck and to his last day Mr. Gray could never understand how -anybody should see anything funny in it. A H. GREAT LIVESTOCK SHOW Third Held at Chicago Will Surpass All Previously Held. CHICAGO, Nov. 27. Everything Is In readiness for the Informal opening Satur day of the third international stock ExT position at the stockyards in this city. The exposition this year will be' one-third larger than that of last year, making It far ahead of any other exhibition in the world In point of number of entries, gen eral Interest and educational influence. Many of the foreign countries have rec ognized the Importance of the exposition by naming special representatives to como as delegates or notifying their diplomatic and industrial representatives In this coun try to attend and make a full report of the progress and conditions of livestock as shown In the exhibits and in the com petitive events. Railroad officials and the exposition management estimate an at tendance of 500,000 people from outside the City of Chicago and great efforts have been made to provide accommodations for this throng of visitors. On Wednesday a new $100,000 bulldlns provided by the TJnion Stockyards Com- pany as permanent headquarters for the pure bred livestock record associations of the United States and Canada, a direct result of the scope of the international ex position, will be dedicated by Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson and the Gov ernors of a number of agricultural states ,' who have accepted invitations to attend.