r
10
THE" MORNING OREGONIAN, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER ' 28. 1902.
Diseased Cows Are
' Meriaeb. : 1
a
WHAT THE DOCTORS SAY
Efficient Inspection fay Offi
cers" NeedVd.
TUBERCULOSIS IS TOO COMMON
"May Bacilli Be' Transmitted Prom
Animals to Man f An Interest
ing: Variety of Expert
Opinion.
The need of a State Board of Health
and the necessity of taking every possi
ble precaution against the spread of in
fectious diseases has again been brought
prominently before the public. Statistics
have becntbrought to light that show that
a large percentage of the stock of the
country is diseased. Both the milk from
diseased cows and the meat of the dis
eased animals are constantly being used
as food "by the public. The officers who
have in charge the inspection of these
products have so little assistance that it
Is impossible for them to Inspect every
bit of meat and milk that comes lntb the
city, and thus the public has no protec
tion from the dangerous foods constantly
being placed on the market. During the
Summer months especially was this dan
ger manifest. At that time the meat, de
cayed quickly, and as the Board of In
spectors was Inadequate, much meat was
offered for sale that was in such a state
of putrefaction as to be unfit for human
food. The Oregonian at that time gave
column after column urging a more thor
ough method of inspection, and also urg
ing the necessity of a State Board of
Health to regulate the spread of infec
tious diseases both among men and ani
mals. The recent discovery of a band of
.cattle where a large percentage of them
were tubercular, has again called this
jnatter prominently before the public, and
the medical and sanitary profession gen
erally is discussing the best methods 'of
regulating tnis great evil. Statistics show
that all the way from 3 to S3 per cent of
the cattle in the different parts of the
country are affected with tuberculosis.
The question, then naturally arises, "Is
this disease directly transmissible to man
and is it possible to lessen the percentage
of diseased cattle?" Medical authorities
state positively that It Is possible for the
amount of the disease to be regulated.
They are prepared to cite Instances, as in
Denmark, where 10 years ago 50 per cent
of the cattle were infected with tuber
culosis. The people became alarmed and
waged war against it, and now it is prac
tically eradicated.
When approached on the matter, how.
ever, the, state health officers Insist that
they have not the support that will en
able them to carry out any plan of light
ing the disease effectively. "It will take
a large amount of money," they say, "and
a large amount of help. Think of 6pe
man covering the entire state!" To this,
however, the .medical men answer "prompt
ly that the people as a whole should be
stirred Into action. "A public sentiment
should be created that would demand a
State Healths Board and adequate means
for fighting such conditions."
Such 2Iilk Sot Fit Food..
"It.Tloesjict. matter so much," they say.
"whether ornot the disease is directly
transmissible from animal' to man. It is
transmissible from animal to animal, and
if there is not something done there will
be a great deal more of it within a short
time. The milk from a diseased cow or
the meat of a diseased animal Js not fit
food for a. human being, whether or not
he will directly contract the disease from
which the animal, was suffering."
As to whether or not the disease Is di
rectly transmissible there Is a. great dif
ference of opinion. While there, are a
number of eminent authorities who hold
that it is not, there are a great many
more who hold that it is. Dr. Pearson, In
an article written in the .Philadelphia
Medical Journal, gives instances where
men have contracted the disease from
post mortems held on tubercular cows.
Henry JS. Baker, of the Michigan State
Board or Health, in the Progressive Medi
cine for December, says:
"The medical and sanitary profession as
a rule have concluded from the great mass
of evidence that can be accumulated on
the matter that bovine tuberculosis is a
prominent source of human tuberculosis
By the report of the State Board.of Mich
igan it was found.hat there are five times
as many deaths from tuberculosis among
children under 5 years of age as there are
among children between the ages of oand
10. Owing to the fact that the very young
children are as a rule largely fed on cow's
milk, and as it has been shown that a
large percentage of the milk commonly
used is tubercular, it is argued that the
disease has In these cass "been transmis
sible." ss
Among the doctors seen jresterdny there
was a great difference of "opinion as to
the transmissibility of . theljdlsease, but
there was not one among them who did
not urge a prompt and aggressive war,
against tuberculosis-among the animals.
They hold that it is a vital matter, and
no matter what the expense, Is a public
necessity, and should receive prompt at
tention. Views of Dr. "Woods Hutchinson.
Dr. Woods . Hutchinson, who has spent
two years In the gardens of the London
Zoological Society, and made a careful
study of the subject of tuberculosis
among animals, said:
"As far as the transmissibility of the
disease Is concerned I am inclined to favors
the views set forth by Koch. I believe'
that there are three great types of tuber
culosis, avlne, bovine and human, and
that the three are not Teadily transmis
sible from one to another. There is one
thing of which I am sure, however, and
that isvthat the milk from a tubercular
cow or the meat from a tubercular ani
mal Is not fit food fcr man. They are
laden with the bacilli, and when they are
billed they give off toxlnes which are
dangerous to the health. I have seen the
experiment tried by taking the milk from
a tubercular cow and thoroughly steriliz
ing IL After all of the germs are killed. If
this milk is fed to a pig it will produce
most remarkable symptoms."
"Bo you think that the percentage of
tuberculosis la ..Oregon cattle is great?"
he was asked.
"I believe it is as great as SO per cent."
"Do you believe that there- is -any way
to check the spread of the disease?"
"There Is no doubt but that it can be
entirely wiped out. if the proper means
are used. In Denmark 10 years ago the
percentage of tubercular cattle was as
high as-50 -per-cent. At the present time
the disease is practically eradicated
there
"But there will .be a large expense at- J
tached to such" action;" said the reporter.
"Do you think It "is worth the expense?"
"It is one of the most Important ques
tions before us," he answered, "and no
amount ot expense is of as much conse
quence as the public health."
When asked to suggest the proper way
of checking the disease Drv Hutchinson
said:
"In the first place, it shows the neces
sity of a State Board of Health. The State
Veterinarian should be a member of this
-State Board, and it should have In charge
dlsease.4 am'ong both men and animals.
There should be a complete Inspection at
least once a year. The tuberculin test
is accurate, and every time there is an
animal found that responds to the tuber
culin test it should be either killed or
Isolated. It has been proven that cows
can be used for breeding purposes, and if
the calves are not allowed to grow up
with them they will be free from the dis
ease. If they are very valuable cattle then
they can be isolated and not killed: Where
there are any of the herd killed provision
should be made to compensate the owner
to some extent. At least one-half, I should
think, would be right.
Our Dnty to Visitor.
Dr. E. P. Geary, County Physician, said:
"Oregon is one of three states in the
Union that has no State Board f Health.
The large herd' of tubercular cattle that
was found a short.time ago shows us the
result. These conditions must be battled
with, and the people must furnish ade
quate means to carry on the fight. We
are preparing for a great fair in 1905, and
will ask people from every state in the
Union to come here. They come from
states where there is a .Health Board,
and these matters are well regulated, to a
place where there is but little effort made
to check the disease. One of the prepara
tions for the Lewis and Clark Fair should
' be the creation of an able State Board of
Health, so that the conditions can be
well In hand by the time the great num
ber of visitors commence to arrive."
When asked as to a remedy for the ex
isting condition the doctor said:
"The State Board of Health should bo
composed of able medical men, and also
a good veterinarian. I hope there will be
a law passed at the next session of the
Legislature creating a State Board of
Health. There is some doubt as to wheth
er or not tuberculosis is directly communicable-
from animal to man. It Is also
a known fact that the calf of a tuber
cular cow will not be tubercular lf it is
removed from its mother as soon as it is
born. For these reasons I would think
that the wholesale destruction of even
infected herds might be premature. There
should be regular Inspection, however,
and infected cattle should be isolated, if
they are not killed.
"Another vital necessity is that the city
should have a more adequate Board of
Inspectors. At present there is not a
large enough force for nearly all of the
meats or milk to be inspected, and there
Is a large amount of both placed on the
market that is not fit for food. This
should be done at once, as no matter
how energetically the state might act, an
immediate cure cannot be effected, and
the Influx of diseased food and dairy
products should be checked at once.
Xeeds More Help.
Dr. H. R. Biersdorff, City Health Offi
cer, said:
"In my mind there is np doubt but that
tuberculosis Is directly transmissible from
animal to man, and that bovine tubercu
losis Is a prominent source of human tu
berculosis. The amount of tuberculosis is
something astounding. In Portland alone
we have from 10 to 15 deaths every
month from this disease. The Health
Department inspects all of the meat and
.milk that it can, but there is not nearly
a large enough force to cover the ground.
We should have more help in the city
"work, and there should also be a State
Board of Health, who could take in hand
the matter of eradicating the disease."
Time for Action.
Dr. A. E. Rockey said:
"Your questions as to the transmissi
bility of bovine tuberculosis to human
beings, and the advisable plan for eradi
cating the disease from our herds are
timely and proper for public discussion.
The announcement by Koch at the In
ternational Congress In London that bo
vine tuberculosis was not transmissible to
the human subject has led to a world
wide and highly profitable discussion of
the subject.
"The consensus of opinion at the pres
ent time seems, to be that while inter
change of tuberculosis- from man to ani
mals or from animals to man is not so
readily accomplished as are infections be
tween individuals of the same species, yet
a sufficient number of examples of such
Interchange have been established to lead
us to consider exposure of certain sus
ceptible persons to bovine tuberculosis as
hazardous. Experiment has demon
strated that pathogenic bacteria undergo
change of form and virulence by being
grown for several generations in unsuit
able culture medea, or temperatures, and
also that infection of more resistant ani
mals for a time diminishes their virulence.
It has also been proved that In time by
such change" they may develop new char
acteristics, or by being returned to the
original soil, may regain their former con
dition.
Bovine, avian and human tuberculosis
differ slightly in morphological and patho
genic properties. Horses, guinea pigs,
swine and hens are, however, quite read
ily infected by human tuberculosis. Dogs
and cattle are more resistant. The tuber
culosls of fowls Is not so readily trans
mltted to mammals. After avian tubercu
losls has been bred for several genera
tions on artificial culture medea, it is
again gulte readily transmitted to mam
mals like guinea pigs and rabbits. I be
lieve that prompt, measures should be
taken, to stamp out tuberculosis among
cattle in Oregon by destroying all affected
animals. The tuberculin test Is suffi
ciently conclusive to distinguish the
healthy from the diseased.
"The State Veterinarian, personally and
through his assistants, is the proper per
.son to carry on this work. He needs for
-support a public sentiment created by
just such a campaign of Education as you
are now giving in y.our columns. With
that support there will be no need of
'keeping things quiet' and working in
efficiently In the dark for what is of the
highest importance to the public wel
fare the preservation of health."
.Make a Fight Against It.
Dr. E. N.' Hutchinson, of the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry, said:
"While the amount of tuberculosis Is
increasIngto a remarkable extent, I do
do not believe that It exists In as great
an amount as Is represented by Dr. Mc
Lean and J. W. Bailey. There are dis
.trlcts, notably Eastern Oregon, that are
almost free from It. ;
. "There is, however, the greatest, neces-L
slty for making a fight against the dis
ease. There' should be a State' Board of
Health, of which an able veterinarian
should be a member, and this board
should have charge of the diseases of both
animals and men."
Action Should Be Taken.
Dr. Harry Lane, who has made a study
of tuberculosis, said:
"There is some question as to whether
-or not bovine tuberculosis can be readily
transmitted to humans or not. At any
rate, tubercular cattle are not fit food for ;
man, ana tncre snouia oe some effort
made to stamp the disease out of our
country. It can be done, and the medical
and sanitary profession generally demand
that it shall be done. At a meeting of the
Portland Medical Society there was action
taken on this matter, and the vote wa3
unanimous that steps should be' taken to
have a State Board of Health .created
that could take in charge such matters as
these. There should also be inspectors
appointed to guard the city against dis
eased food products."
COST OF MILK INSPECTION.
J. -TV. Bailev Malcen an Estimate of
r Jj&O.OOO.
"Inspection of dairies that supply Fort-
land with milk 'will coot from 515.-000 to
J20.COO a year. Has the city got the
money?"
Dairy and Food. Inspector Bailey asked
this question yesterday.
"I am just as much in favor of Inspec
tion as anybody, but I wish to Stay on the
practical side of this question instead of
to get off on the flurried side of it. We
can find plenty of tubercular bacilli in
milk. I doubt that any milk is entirely
free of those bacilli. They are in the air
all about us, and when milk is exposed to
the air it becomes a propagating element
for them.
"The fact is that Portland is healthier
now than it ever has been. It has an ex
tremely low death rate, and Oregon is just
as free of tuberculosis as is any state. in
the Union. Now listen and I'll tell you
why Inspection will cost at least $15,000.
"About 4000 cows directly supply Port
land consumers with milk. The milk "of
about 4000 more cows comes to our five
large creameries. But suppose Inspection
should cover only the first class of cows.
One man would do well If he examined 20
cows a day. To make the rounds of all the
4000 animals that supply Portland would
therefore require at least 200 working days
and 200 more for the creamery cows. The
cows should be inspected, say. once a year.
Here,, then, we have work for two men all
the year round..
"If two men should start out today to
Inspect all those cows, they would not
cover all the dairies In less tnan a year.
Those 4000 cows represent about 200 dairies.
"Should the city desire to undertake this
wont, we n an stana in ana neip. i icci
secure In doubting that bovine tuberculosis
is transmissible to man, and In this I fol
low the lead of eminent scientists. It may
be that the bovine disease aggravates the
human disease I don't deny this. Of
course, the best milk is healthful milk,
the kind that contains no disease germs.
For this reason I advocate extermination
of all diseased animate.
"The present law works rank Injustice,
because It cannot be generally enforced.
One man is singled out here or there and
subjected to loss. His property Is confis
cated, while the property ofva neighbor not
half a mile away, equally as dangerous
to the public health, -is not molested. Let
us compensate owners of cattle for their
losses, at least in part And fet us have
a law that we can enforce."
GERMS IX COWS' MILK.
IVot Caused by Food or Drink, hnt by
Unclean Surroundings.
Disease germs In cows' milk do not come
from the food or drink of the animal. Ex
periments at the Oregon Agricultural Col
lege prove this fact in the case of a
healthy cow under normal conditions. The
germs gain access to the milk by means
extraneous to the cow, such as- unclean
vessels for holding the milk, carelessness
In mllkinc or ncclicence in excluding
fierm-breedlig elements- from the milk.
Last April a cow at the experiment sta
tion was fed on pure cultures of typhoid
bacilli for 15 successive days. Cultures.
were made from the milk night and morn
ing, but only two colonies of tvnhold de
veloped. Tnese were probably accidental
Inoculations. At the same time examina
tions and cultures of the excreta and urine
of the cow were made, but no colonies of
typhoid could be Induced to grow. The
experiments had no effect upon the health
of the animal. Similar experiments were
made with various other kinds' of bacilli,
but colonies could be developed In neither
the milk nor the urine, nor the excreta
of the cow.
In order to determine whether typhoid
bacilli would enter the cow's udder
through the teat, by the cows wading in
stagnant water containing this germ, the
teats were Inserted in a bottle which con
tained pure cultures of the bacilli. Twelve
hours later and just before milking each
teat was disinfected. This operation was
repeated morning and evening for five
days, but no colonies of typhoid appeared.
The cow was a Jersey, about 4 years old.
and a fair subject for the experiment. The
report of the experiment says:
It Is evident that outbreaks ot typhoid fever
come not from the milk as It leaves the cow,
but from vessels which have been washed with
contaminated water.
The results obtained by this investigation
are conclusive, first, that a pure culture or
typhoid bacilli, mixed with water and given
to the cow to drink, did not pas3 into the
milk; second, that the bacilli did pass alive
from the cow with the excreta; third, that
they did not pass alive from the cow with
the urine,: fourth, that they were not taken
Into the udder by capillary attraction through
the teat orifice.
It is generally believed that .micro-organisms
gain access to the milk In a cow's udder
through the teat, but In this case they did
not. However, the result might 'not be the
same with all cows. A teat possessing weak
sphincter muscles Is imperfectly closed at Its
extremity, and must necessarily be more ac
cessible for bacteria. Another teat having
good muscular contracting power would be
less likely to admit germs.
It does not follow that the danger from a
cow's- using polluted water does not exist.
AH cows may not have the power of rendering
the germ inert, and continuous use of such
water for a great length of time might yield
far different results. If a cow becomes sick
from any cause, It Is difficult to tell how the
ailment may affect the mammary glands or
milk recretlon. It would certainly be far
better that she be permitted to drink only the
purest water. Sloughs and stagnant water
ponds in pastures should be fenced off so as
to keep cows from them.
Stagnant water does not always contain
typhoid fever germs, yet It Is a very likely
place to find them. A pond ot stagnant water
contains an immenee number of germs, which
In warm weather multiply rapidly. As they
are at that time In an active condition of
life, they must feed upon something In the
water. If they live and feed, they must also
secrete. Their secretions are chemicals and
compounds not found In pure water. There
fore water charged with these gerja products
Is often unwholesome both to the human and
to the animal body. Although such water
may be freed from germs, by boiling or other
means, the chemicals remain.
These experiments were conducted by
E. F. Pernot, of the chair of bacte'riology.
UNCLE SAM IN TROUBLE.
Must Sow Present Detailed Claims
in Shnioan Arbitration Cne.
WASHINGTON. Nov. 27. The State De
partment is preparing to present to King
Oscar, the arbitrator of the Issues be
tween the United States and England
on one side and Germany on the other.
growing out of the Samcan troubles of
1S99, the second pha?e of the case, and
finds Itself In a peculiar position. The re
cent decision of King Oscar touched only
the principle Involved, namely, the liabil
ity of the United States and Great Britain
for damages sustained by foreigners as a
result of joint naval operations.
That having been decided against the
United States and Great Britain and In
favor of Germany, the next step In order
Is to prepare and submit to the arbitrator
detailed statements of the Individual
losses. By the terms of the arbitration
treaty, each of the countries concerned
undertook to look after the claims of Its
own citizens. Thus It happens In the
case of the United States that the Govern
ment Is in the peculiar' position of pre
senting to the arbitrator for payment the
claims of a number of American citizens
after it had. through elaborate arguments
presented to the arbitrator by special
counsel, specifically denied liability for
any such claims..
ArchbiMhop Riorilnn Retnrns.
NEW YORK. Nov. 27. Archbishop Rlor
dan, of San Francisco, is a passenger from
Liverpool on the White Star steamer Cel
tic, which arrived tonight.
The Children's Favorite.
One of the greatest difficulties encoun-;
tcrcd wnen children are Hi is the objec
lion they have. to taking ,mediclne. The
remedy must be pleasant or the patience
of the parent is exhausted before It Is
successtullv administered. Mr. G. G. Wag
npr. of Spring Grove, Pa., overcomes this
annoyance by using Chamberlain's Cough
Remedy. He says his little boy always
asks for It whenever he catches cold. This
remedy has become the children's favor
ite, as It Is pleasant to take and It always?
cures ana cures quioiuy. ror sale by all
SHEEP HUSBANDRY
Its General Condition in This
State.
FEEDS, BREEDS AND TYPES
How- a. Kn in ous OrcRon Missionary
Came to Grie'f The Menace
of the Iiiver
llnke. By a' StafT Writer. Eighth Letter.
M'MINNVILLE, Or., Nov. 26. The
moment one begins to study the special
industries in Oregon there is borne In upon
him a new sense of the largeness of the
country and the variety of its condltions.Tare fed upon the alfalfa hay, which is'
With respect to sheep husbandry, for
example, there are five distinct climates
without reckoning the many minor and
local variations within each of these
general divisions. Of the five four
are in the western district of the state
one in Tillamook, which is too wet for
sheep unless a .variety endowed with
rubber mnnkintnsh nan h fnnnrt. nnn In
tho Willametto Valley, a third in the lower parts of the country Is exhausted. I Jn the enfl by Its very bulk intcrfer
Umpqua region and a fourth in the Rogue Excepting during the Winter season. Jng wIth the normai and essentia! ope
Rlver country. The differences in these therefore, the flocks of Eastern Oregon j ratjons of tno 1lVer ftow. general this
several districts relate to temperature, j are constantly on tne move and In the j pst is and hov. mucn damage it docs can
rainfall, quality and quantity of long period between the Spring shearing , Qnly be appreciated by thcee who have to.
feed and tho general character
of the pasturage, and they are
radical enough to create local conditions
which, If the most Is to be made of them,
call each for a particular type or family
of the sheep brute. Perhaps I ought to
say, before getting very deeply Into this
theme, that all that I don't know about
the sheep would make a very complete
manual of shee'p 'knowledge; and my
only Justification for touching upon the
subject is that in the couroe of the past
few months I have been about the state
a good deal and noted a few points which
may have some interest for the general
reader, though they are not likely to much
increase the knowledge of practical sheep
men. Western Oregon Is essentially a long
wool country that is, a country "for the
long-wool breeds, due to the fact that by
Its "lay" upon the sheep's body long
wool shedo rain, while short wool under
long exposure absorbs water and carries
it from the surface to the sheep's skin
where it naturally works mischief, for the
health of the. sheep requires that he
should keep his back drjv Furthermore,
in Western Oregon sheep range upon in
closed lands and aro left to shift for them
selves in the sense that they are not kept
under the guidance of a shepherd or
herder who takes them to the places
where they are to graze and keqps- them
from what may harm them. And thesee
conditions, being similar to those of their
native habitat, are suited to the English
breeds of sheep; especially so in view of
the fact that Willamette Valley sheep
husbandry looks as much to the produc
tion of mutton as of wool. The favorite
types, therefore, with Valley breeders are
the Cots wold, tho Lincoln and the Leices
ter, the first named standing, perhaps,
in the most general favor and being, all
things considered, tho best sheep for the
general farmer with whom sheepkeeping
Is merely a side line. Curiously enough
the English breeds do better In the Will
amette Valley than In their native coun
try, lambs being stronger at birth, matur
ing earlier and having greater vitality;
and while the wool product Is hardly equal
In quantity it is softer and more lustrous
and worth as much or more, fleece for
fleece, as tho English product. And If
mutton here Is not so good as in England
the fault Is with ourselves, due to the
fact that we do not "finish" for the
market as they do in the older country.
Although mutton Is a standard food pro
duct with us, there Is practically no prep
aration of sheep for slaughter. It Is not
surprising that under this, practice mut-
ton. as an article of food, has no very
42
'T " -r distressed, 'Apgi oM1P"7?
. v About an unexpected guest. jj Jv
' "There's nothing In the Vp If
jMF "There's sdmething better "rffk
-V far than meat." J .. WBy
w The guest endorsed Jim's view v yy-,L ,-
MF When helped to "Force" by . , "pll
:'f j Jy Sweet, crisp flaKes of wheat and malt. . jSp
k L CJ Why Her Vacation Was Prolonged.
. vVi"T4 "When you stand in your own house, monarch, of all jSwv
Y V jafc (gfew. ,, nrtt5?!- 70U BUrve7 Jind nothing to eat, it touches you from Mf '
. L filL $F7rMV tSxr crown to heel. Mrs. -D. wrote to say she missed my BF-'
S3 8 PvVjT A'X 0" usual Impatience about her coming homo and wanted jdKfi
71 i k ' Wh' 1 8lmP1y replied : 'No hurry; I am eat-
1 1 Sv SVS,SV (Nao fembhed on application.)
high repute with us and that It should
constantly be contracted with English
mutton to the disparagement of the home
product. That wo could produce as fine
mutton as the English Is beyond question
and it is a serious defect in our practice
that we don't do If.
In Southern Oregon the- conditions are
most favorable to the "downs" South
downs, Shropshlres, etc., and those who
are careful in such matters make a spec
ialty of these breeds and have been highly
successful with. them.
In Eastern Oregon the conditions, .of
course, are radically different, both as to
the climate, the feeds and the purposes
and methods of sheepkecplng. While west
of the mountains small flocks are main
tained as a feature of a general farming
business, on the east side the business
Is on a wholesale basis. Sheep are kept In
large bands and are ranged over mountain
pastures under the constant guidance and
protection of professional herders who
never leave them day or night, and who
for many months together do not come
within many miles of a human habita
tion. Of late years the flocks of Eastern
Oregon are generally kept at home sta
tions durinc the Winter season where they
now abundant In the country: and many
flock-owners .have come to own iar;
ranges of territory wfHch are kept Tinder
the wire fence and used to supplement the j marshv lands everywhere in Western Ore
haystack In the season o,f Winter and , gonf ,and Js vcrv of tcn attached to plants
early Spring. But for Summer feeding of vnlcn sheep are fond. Once intro
the range, proper, is universally depend-i duccd tQ tne-lnsltle of a snoep the leech at
ed upon, tho practice being to seek the t , th .. drawincr Its nourishment
'mountains after the scanty feed of the!
and the drive-In just before the snow flies, j
a circuit of many hundred miles is made.
in regions always infested by coyotes and
often under conditions of scant feed. The
business of the herder Is, indeed, no sine
cure and It would be an impossibility If
he had to deal with animals disposed to
independent habits of action. The merinos
are admirably suited to the conditions of
Eastern Oregon, and they practically mo
nopolize tho ranges. They ljke altl
tude; they are easily managed in big
flocks, having for many centuries In he:
native country been so cared for; they
are good travelers and under most condi
tions keep well, together. They are pre
eminently a wool sheep, but their car
cass, while small. Is of good quality and
especially suited to the Eastern market,
which prefers a small sheep.
There Is juet now some'hlng of a move
ment to Introduce a larger type of sheep
Into Eastern Oregon, and several large
flock-owners, very notably the Baldwin
Sheep & Land Company, of Hay Creek,
In Crook County, have
made Imnortant importations of
the
famous RambouIIlet French
breed, a sheep distinctly larger
than the merino. This experiment has
not gone, far enough to determine the
adaptability ot the larger type In all situa
tions, but It starts out hopefully and there
are many who believe that the change to
a heavier sheep will mark a great ad
vance In the industry. I have found
others who shake their heads, holding
that until conditions In Eastern Oregon
more closely approximate domestic prac
tice it would be wiser to stick to the
merino type. It means much, however.
'with practical sheepmen that the Baldwin
ranch people Cartwrlght. Edwards and
Van Houghton all men of long, practical
experience, are making a start with the
RambouIIlet breed; nobody In the business,
certainly, la better qualified to judge of
the values of breeds.
But however opinions may differ as to
what is best under present conditions
there can be no question that the future
sheen of Eastern Oregon is to be a
domestlc as distinct from a range anlmali
This will come through substitution of
ranch for rango methods a change al
ready In process. With the wire fence,
supplemented by universal irrigation and
tho cultivation of forago plants, the
business of sheep ranging must give way
to the practices of sheep farming; and
with this general change there must come
many minor ones, Including the dlversl-
ficatlon of breeds. The larger type sheep
will amcst certainly find favor In the newv
Often result in a heavy cold, neglect of which means
pneumonia or consumption. ia&e a qium,
ur,
mm s UGiisn ?ru
It ha3 cured couchs and colds for fifty years. Its a --3vc
harmless and effective remed v and will euro
BEST FOR THROAT.
David Hughlitt, of lOthuind Susquehanna Ave.. Phila
delphia, says : "I have found Dr. Bull's Cough Syrup a
positive cure for coughs and colds, especially where the
cough is hard and distressing. It heals the throat and
cures the inflammation. It is the best medicine I have
ever used for diseases of the throat and lungs."
REFUSE CHEAP SUBSTITUTES
offered by unreliable dealers. They are thinking of
lnrrpr nrnfltq. nrtfc nf rmir hpnlth. Insist on rettinr the
genuine "Dr. Bull's Cough Syrop." Seo
All druggists. "Large bottles, 25c.
''SMALL DOSS. PLEASANT
conditions, and It Is possible that the
"downs" may play an Important part.
Chun hllchnnlnf In Wnotnfn rmrs- lias
under a aCrlou menace from the "Uver-
fluke.. or leech wnIcn of late years has
grown from an occasional annoyance into
a common nest- Tho leech abounds in
r- v. it i.l-i r ontmni
do wUh hfi care of sheep pasture(i jn low
awamm. situations. There is nosltively
no cure for an animal once attacked, buf
the trouble majj be prevented by pastur
ing sheep only upon high or drained land
which the leech or fluke does not inhabit.
ThJs Is. indeed, tho only cure; and as the
matter comes to be better understood,
there will be less 'exposure of flocks by
pasturage In low and swampy tracts.
S In this connection it may be noted as an
ri interesting fact that the Willamette Val
ley Is less "swampy" than at an earlier
time. Indeed, In very early times the
country abounded in marsh: and in riding
across-country a common practice of the
days before roads and fences were uni
versalone needed to have a care lest his
horse mired down In the soft surface of
the country- I own memory goes back
to a time when jvcry country road In the
Valley ran through pactions of "swale" In
which horses floundered belly-deep much
of the year, and which at times were really
dangerous to travelero unfamiliar with, the
I Tr-nlf,, nnd fhp wars
of getting
i about them. Most of these marshy dis
tricts have dried up or become firm land
under drainage or cultivation, or both: and
the process Is still going on as witness
Lake La BIshe, just north of Salem, and
the famous "swale" in the Panther Creek
J ;tmon Qf that , the nortn.
em and molotcr countries of Europe,
where whole provinces of firm land have
apparently rlsen from historic marshes.
England was once little more than a
vast marsh; and the same statement Is
true of North Germany. And an evolution
i which took ages there will be quickly ac
complished here, where the ditching ma
chine and the drain-tile combine with the
commercial value ofJand and the uni
versal spirit of Intelligence and progress
to make thinge go faster. And to return
to our mutton It may not be very long
before the Hyer-fluke, having no swamps
In which to breed, will ceaye to trouble
the Valley sheep farmer.
The advance of sheep Industry In
lato years has been two-fold first In re-
spect to numbers, and second In respect
to wool-producing power. The first sheep
introduced into Eastern Oregon were of
a breed or lack of breed corresponding
to tho razor-back hog. They were at once
great consumers and poor wool makers;
and tho fact that they made profit for
their owners was due to the abundance of
feed In the early days and to the high
pprlco of wool. Such sheep under present
conditions would bankrupt any man so
unfortunate as to own them. The pres-
iui ptj
p
you in a day. X
that the ''Bull's Head" is on the package.
TO TAKE. ALWAYS CURES.
j ently prevailing type of sheep is a vastly
i Improved animal in all respects consum-
lng not more than 60 per cent of what was
required by its predecessor and yielding a
fleece at once finer in quality and double
the weight. And with the substitution
of careful and domestic methods of hus
bandry there is reason to hope for-a still
I further advance of the ratio of product
to consumption and cost. The problem
Is for the practical man, who. by the
way, Is the solver of most problems.
From the beginning the sheep has been
a source of wealth in Oregon and many
very considerable fortunes have been built
up on the basis of sheep husbandry. No
Sheep were brought by the first settlew.
but it was not long before straggling
bands made the journey across the plains.
Among the earlier large importations was
a large flock owned by R. R. Thompson,
later associated with the .navigation of
our rivers, and now, in extreme old
age, a resident of San Francisco: and It
is an interesting fact that it waa as a
herdsman, one of several, in charge of
this famous flock, that the late D. P.
Thompson walked his way to Oregon. Even
more famous in the annals of early times
was an Importation made by the late W.
H. Gray in the early '40s. which came to
nothing through a disaster which de-
! stroyed his little flock almost literally
within a stoned throw of their destina
tion. After making the journey across
tho plains with infinite pains, hard
ship and loss, and having gotten the sur
viving remnant of his band to Astoria,
Mr. Gray loaded his animals Into a whale
boat at the last-named point for the
passage of. Young's Bay, en route to his
Clatsop Plain farm. Half way across
the narrow bay a squall struck the sails
and the boat, being heavily loaded, filled
with water, which drowned every sheep.
It was a case of hard luck and to his last
day Mr. Gray could never understand how -anybody
should see anything funny in it.
A H.
GREAT LIVESTOCK SHOW
Third Held at Chicago Will Surpass
All Previously Held.
CHICAGO, Nov. 27. Everything Is In
readiness for the Informal opening Satur
day of the third international stock ExT
position at the stockyards in this city.
The exposition this year will be' one-third
larger than that of last year, making It
far ahead of any other exhibition in the
world In point of number of entries, gen
eral Interest and educational influence.
Many of the foreign countries have rec
ognized the Importance of the exposition
by naming special representatives to como
as delegates or notifying their diplomatic
and industrial representatives In this coun
try to attend and make a full report of
the progress and conditions of livestock as
shown In the exhibits and in the com
petitive events. Railroad officials and the
exposition management estimate an at
tendance of 500,000 people from outside
the City of Chicago and great efforts have
been made to provide accommodations for
this throng of visitors.
On Wednesday a new $100,000 bulldlns
provided by the TJnion Stockyards Com-
pany as permanent headquarters for the
pure bred livestock record associations of
the United States and Canada, a direct
result of the scope of the international ex
position, will be dedicated by Secretary
of Agriculture James Wilson and the Gov
ernors of a number of agricultural states
,' who have accepted invitations to attend.