Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 13, 1900)
THE MORXIXG (XREGOJTIAST, MONDAY, AUGUST 13, 1900. POLITICS OF THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD (Copyright. 1600, by Seyaotir Eaton.) THE OREGONIAN'S HOME STUDY CIRCLE: DIRECTED BY PROP. SEYMOUR EATON 4 - ' . ' t , AMERICAN TOLITICAL 'PARTIES rra. UT HON. JESS 2IACT. The new Bepubllcan party entered up on its first administration under condi tions, as President Lincoln said, more difficult than those -which had confronted "Washington 'himself: "While warlike prep arations had for months been going vig orously forward in the South, the Korth had looked calmly on. as'if expecting the excitement to die away once more as in former days. Probably neither party really expected to come to blows, but the South was fully determined to set tle with the Xorth the status of slavery. Her leaders were doubtless ready to dis solve the Union if driven to extremes, but there was among the people strong opposition to secession, which was yet to be overcome by the progress of events. President Buchanan, while maintaining the unconstitutionality of secession, was unable to discover any Constitutional authority for coercing a sovereign state, and weakly held his peace while the power of the Federal Government crum bled away before his eyes. The whole military and civil service was disorgan ized. Federal munitions of war and all Rational possessions within the bounda ries of the retiring states were quietly appropriated by them. Only Fortress ilonroe. the forts at Pensacola and Key "West and Fort Sumter at Charleston were still held by loyal forces. The new Administration and a new government to create almost from the very foundation. Party Readjustment. "The first shot fired at the flag floating from the ramparts of Fort Sumter "in Charleston harbor roused the Xorth from its lethargy and united the people in a passion of resentment and patriotic devo tion as Jiears of argument could never have done. For the moment party lines were effaced. The clamor for putting down armed rebellion by force of arms was loudest of all from the lemocrats. Xed by Douglas, whose earnest, whole hearted loyalty to his country in this hour of her need did much to atone for past errors, the war Democrats, as they were termed, were practically absorbed into the Republican party Along with what remained of the Americans and Free-Soilers. There was a tendency to ignore parry names and unite 'all loyal forces in the one great Union party. President Lincoln, in assuming the head of the Government, had avowed his sin gle purpose to be to preserve the Union and the. Constitution intact. Xo "minor onatter" was to be considered until the safety of the Nation was assured. To this policy he held with inflexible firmness, but in a conciliatory temper. In spite of pressure trom every quarter. The Na tional Democratic party, a njere frag ment of its former self, quickly gath ered itself together, and as peace Dem ocrats assumed the critical functions of the party-in opposition to the Administra tion. They persistently opposed the pros ecution of the war, professing to adhere to the strict construction views of the Constitution which prevailed in the South and denying to the Federal Government any legal power to coerce a state. Doubt less the party served a useful purpose as a restraining influence, annoying and embarrassing as that .influence often was to the Government. There were many who looked with genuine concern upon the conduct of a war by the party of loose construction principles. Even in the case of previous wars when the Demo crats had been in ppwer Constitutional authority had been repeatedly subjected t to Revere strain, and there seemed, jeai danger lest the party of broad Constitu tional interpretation should wreck the foundation of the Government. But there Is no more strongly conservative force than a Tseen sense of responsibility. Such a sense profound and solemn ever con trolled the President's action and sobered the temper of the whole party. Extra Constitutional measures were ventured upon, as the President and his advisers believed, only in obedience to the .stern est necessity. The Constitution -was vio lated that the Constitution might not be utterly destroyed. As the war went on the opposition of certain elements of the peace Democracy became more virulent, ard overt acts of resistance to Federal authority were Inspired If not actually Instigated by them. Serious riots in de fiance of the military conscription which became needful occurred in New Tork City in 38S8: in "numerous Instances the Infernal revenue law was deliberately and persistently violated, and in a few eases United States officers engaged In the enforcement of the law were mur dered Republicans gave various oppro brious names to the Northern opponents of the prosecution of the war. That which found widest and longest favor was "copperheads, which likened these clos est foes of the Republic to the "snake In the grass," the venomous reptile in her very bosom striking slyly and treacher ously at the Nation's life. Dltlded Con n els in Union. Party. But the Republican or Union party was not itself a unit. There were those among its ardent anti-slavery members ho believed from the outbreak of the war that the stars lir their courses had fought for thelr'icruwsnn'a that Provi dence had itself in a tragic and spectac ular way called upon the Nation to strike the death blow of the evil institution. These urged the Administration contin ually to aggressive measures of emanci pation, and the President's steadfast ad herence to his great central purpose re gardless of factional clamor won him enemies among them. Tirse has fully vindicated Lincoln's calm strength, his wise moderation and good onsc. To the judgment of the more Tadi cal leaders of opinion his attitude was on of timidity and irresolution. Ho moved, slowly when they would have driven him swiftly toward the desired end, Lincoln's quiet reserve of strength, his patient waiting in the face of misunder standing and the alienation of trusted friends until he was assured that the right moment for going forward had come, were due in no small degree to his intimate knowledge of the common, "plain people" of the country. He knew that he must have their sympathy and support in order to any enduring suc cess, and he know that these were not to he won in a- day. He thoroughly un derstood their simple manner of life, the slow .movement of their thought and its r.arrow range, and the steady, faithful tenacity of their adhesion to a purpose once formed as few public men have ever known them. When he saw that thlR slowly awakening but IrresIstllSe force in the National life was stirred at laet then he, too. was ready. The policy of the Administration was at lirst one of exceeding caution in rts spect to slavery. Those slaves who escaped to the Union lines were sur rendered to their masters If the claim could be proved. After a time fugitives were admitted to sen-ice in the army. When General Fremont, commanding the Department of Missouri, proclaimed the freedvtn of the slaves of that state, his order was overruled by the President. But In Virginia General Butler's more prudent action of accepting the salve H holder s view of the negroes as "prop erty, -and therefore liable to confisca tion as "contraband of war." was in d rsK"d aad a eenstant stream of "contra-b-.ns, 7et la toward the Union lines. Pv the end of 18C, a year of sad and serious reverws to ahe Union arms. Hhe" times were rtpe for the blow which should encourage the downcast friends of the j i men itna oisoearten meir enemies and put them in the wrong before the na- . ?yJZJ: dpation proclamation, by ivhlch all slaves withln that portion of the country then in rebellion, were declared free. This had been preceded three months before by & proclamation addressed to the seceded states warning them of the President's purpose, In case they refused to return to their allegiance, to proclaim the free dom of their slaves. The emancipation act -was hailed with rejoicing by the Northern Abolitionists, and received gen eral support throughout the iree states. j but there were some within the Repub lican party who questioned its Constitu tionality, and there was a temporary fall ing off in the party majorities. Other measures into which the Admin istration believed Itself to be forced by the Intensity of the struggle had a like effect, gainlcg only a hesitating approval from party supporters and calling forth unmeasured denunciation from the peace Democracy. .Such were the draft acts, the suspension of the nabeas corpus writ . 0rvC Otv&r ilX0Zy , - farOuCT JZr &nti ho5SjLdL L'Z G?Jr - tJY"'vr!'' FROM LINCOLN'S DRAFT OF THE and the act creating a legal tender paper currency. Lincoln -vs. Congrress on Reconstruc tion. , The President early adopted a settled and logical theory respecting the status of-the seceded states. Refusing to ad mit the possibility of the withdrawal of any state from the Federal Union, ho maintained that the state governments had been overturned by the act of seces sion. He therefore felt himself bound to recognize the equal rights in tho Union of all states or parts of states which returned to their allegiance, and to see to it that regular legal govern ments were set up in them as soon as conditions permitted. As early as De cember, 153, a proclamation of amnesty was made, offering most liberal terms to those who would take the oath to sup port the Constitution of the United States, with the exception of certain pe culiarly guilty classes, and It was pro vided that whenever in any of the dis loyal states one-tenth of the voters by the census of 1S60, having taken tho oath, should -set up a state government 'in accoxdence with the Constitution, such a government should be recognized by the President, leaving Congress to pass upon the admission of Its Representatives to the House. Congress was, on the other hand, dis posed to take tho view that the states which had attempted secession had by that act divested themselves of the rights and privileges of states in the Union, and, having been defeated in their efforts to withdraw, were now not states as before, but were rather In tho con dition of territories dependent upon the will of Congress for readmlssion to state hood. New governments in Arkansas, Louisiana and Tennessee had already re ceived recognition from the Executive be fore the death of Lincoln led to a dis astrous change In the course of affairs. Election in 1S04 and End of War. The Republican National Convention met June 17, IS&i, at a dark hour for tho National cause. The people were be come restive under the long continuance of the war. War taxes were burdensome, and the great suffering and loss of life already experienced seemed after all of uncertain result. The more radical Unionises had previously met and nom inated General Fremont for tho Presi dency. The Baltimore convention com prised not Republicans only, but the va rious groups and factions devoted to the preservation of the Union. Every stato represented, Missouri excepted, cast its ballot for Lincoln. For reasons of policy the second place on tho ticket was given to Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, a Union Democrat of strict construction principles. Peace Democrats controlled the Nation al Democratic Convention, which met in August and nominated General George B. McClellan. Their platform declared tho four j'oars of war a failure, charged the Republicans with repeated violations of the Constitution, and demanded that hos tilities should cease. The more offensive articles of the platform were repudiated by the candidate in his letter of ac ceptance, but the result of the campaign was a foregone conclusion. The radical faction withdrew its ticket and joined in the support of Lincoln, who was over whelmingly the choice of the states whose votes were counted. Eleven states chose no legal electors. Tho election marked the turn of the tide. The war was quickly brought to an end. In the midst of the rejoicings over the conclusion of terms of peace, on Aprjl 15. IKS, the wise and strong hand Board of Trade and Stock Exchange Brokers GRAIN PROVISIONS STOCKS and COTTON cjCc-z-2Kj"ln of f?U tucvat&i li 1 1 pi.t iifT ii'i' jnriL U .I it fo CULLISOMCO. BOUGHT AND SOLD FOR CASH OR CARRIED ON MARGINS ' 214-215 Chamber of Commerce Portland, Oregon of President Lincoln, was withdrawn from the helm of state by the act of an assassin. Iowa College. "HIGHER EDUCATION." Approves Relation of Primary and Secondary Schools. SALEM, Aug. 8. To the Editor.) Su perintendent Armstrong, ' of Multnomah County, in his report to the State Su perintendent of Public Instruction seems troubled in regard to the welfare, of tho public schools. He says: - "The present tendency of educational legislation in Oregon seems to discrimi nate In favor of higher education." Now "higher education" is a very in definite term, and its meaning' depends upon the stage of enlightenment to which a community has attained. By "discrim inate" I understand Superintendent Arm strong to mean that state support'ot uni versities is inimical- to 'the Interests of the district schools. I do not believe this can be proven. I spent my school days in Ann Arbor, Mich., the seat of, ZfX fiUstjZxf QcnKHnSh i piOnrtt' GJCZ&riXCW,6& tiittfj9 ' 0 Srltsa, a Ctorxots uyxj&e. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. a great -university that' has sent its grad uates to every corner of -the earth. In its early days appropriations for its maintenance -were .bitterly opposed by men who. held, with Multnomah's Super intendent,' that the tendency of legisla tion discriminated In favor of higher ed ucation. Small In its beginning, it has added department after department, until now It ranks among "the. great schools of the world, and no Michigan Legisla ture would entertain a proposition, to stint its revenues. It has been a good invest ment for the stata, morally, Intellectually and financially, and the public schools of Michigan have fully kept pace with it. It is reasonable to supposerthat men who are thorough scholars in law, medicine, literature or any of the higher branches of education will be good friends of the public school system, and I believe tho state should put a liberal education with in the reach of all of Its citizens who are capable of receiving the same and aro willing to work for it, and state univer sities do no t more than this. As for the normal " schools, the only good reason that can be given for their, existence at state expense Is that they are a part of the public school system. The state is in the business of educa-5" tion, and if the graduates of normal schools are better qualified to instruct our children than they would be with out normal training, then the money is well Invested, and this branch of "higher education" is certainly in the interests of the "little red schoolhouse." Nor mal schools If they accomplish their, supposed object, bear the same relation to the public school system that the train ing schools at West Point and Annapo lis bear to the Army and Navy of the United States. I believe it requires COO new teachers annually to supply the needs of our common school system, and It seems to be In the interest of true economy that these new teachers should have received such a course in pedagogy as Is given at the Monmouth Normal School, and presumably at the other nor mal schools of the state. Superintendent Armstrong does not specify the partic ular Institution from which he would "divert',' money, therefore It Is Impossi ble to tell whether he Is opposed to the Normal Schools, the State University or the Agricultural College at Corvallls." He simply rails at higher education as op posed to the common schools, and his logic, if traced back, is to the effect that the high-school grade Is opposed to the grammar grade, the grammar grade to tho primary grade, and, in fact, that all who wish an education should buy the books and go out behind the haymow and study them; though most "educators" of his ilk are willing to ad mit that the three Rs are not dangerous to public welfare nor particularly strain ing upon the pockets of the taxpayers. Superintendent Armstrong saysr "The remedy for this undesirable condition Is plain and simple divert money from sec ondary schools to the elementary." "As easy as rolling off a log." Like all truly great men, the professor Is simplicity it self. No need to go into details as-to the amount to be diverted from each in stitution, or whether any pr all of tlrem shall be absolutely abolished. Just "di vert" a lot of money from these sec ondary schools to the elementary. Let us estimate that the entire running ex pense of the State University, Normal Schools and Agricultural College to the stato is J65,000 per annum, and that they are all to be abolished. This would give less than SO cents per capita for the school children of the state. How far would it go toward teaching an additional three months' term In a district of 20 pupils, and vers many districts have les than that number? But, of course, no such abolition will occur, and the amount to be saved by crlopllng our state in stitutions of learning would be ridicu lously small when divided among the school districts of the state upon a oer capita basis and would not enable any district to hold two days additional school. As a matter of fact, educational legis lation in Oregon has discriminated in favor of the small school districts by giv ing each district $50 from the Interest on the Irreducible school fund before any per capita division .Is made. This may not be enough, and if more is needed more should be given; but nothlnp ever has been or ever will be accomplished for the district schools by an attack on tlie more advanced Institutions of learning, and tho enemies of the former will be found joining hands with the enemies of the latter, and using them for the injury or our free school system, in the Interest of sectarian and private Institutions of learning. E. H. FLAGG, Destructive Auto Criticism. New Tork Times. No less harsh epithet than "Chinese" is applied by The Electrical Review to the manufacturers of automobile, all because they continue to give their ma chines a form that makes them look Ilka "a horse vehicle without a horse." "In other branches of design," declares the Indignant critic, "the best taste has unanimously decreed that the function of the structure should be expressed in its external apperance; there should be no concealment of the mechanism of struc ture, because the highest canons of acs ehctlcs demand that for beauty a struc- Chicaoo Board of Trade " . M--.V-.I. C.-I- 1 Room 4, Ground Floor--" BOTH TELEPHONES fffegk' Pacific Coast S HI F0R- NOME d irec THE NEW PALATIAL STEEL STEAMSHIP "SENATOR" sail rem Seattle aa4 lacoma ts The Senator?' has a. capacity ,of 2300 accommodations are superior to Jbe - flrst - ctAamaTD nrtVfsrHQArT fhr Nome. The Pacific Coist Steamship Company has been running its steamers to Alas kaWinter and Summer for 25 years: and 4s the pioneer Pacific Coast line. Seat tle freight and passenger rates appiy" from Portland.' For "further information .inqulro of GOOD ALL. PERKINS .-& CO., General Asents. 10 Market; San Fran .jCisco or N. POSTON, Agent, 249 "fashlnston St..' Portland, Or. ture should be not only symmetrical but truthful. It Is Just '.this, that the ordinary automobile is not."' It does not look like a self-propelling vehicle,, and ifdoesnot even suggest that it contains the mn chlnery'for Its own propulsion. It Is thor oughfy Chinese in its adherence to the good old things that were.," That, un doubtedly, Is orthodox criticism, but why didn't this -well-Instructed writer gp'nhead and tell the automobile manufacturers Just what to do In order to make afpuf wheeled vehicle carrying human passen gers look materially different from other four-wheeled s vehicles ,:deslgned for the same purpose? The taik"is by no means an easy one by no "means as easy 'tis ,that of denouncing failure to accomplish It -offhand and In a hurry. CURIOUS BRITISH CUSTOMS. Selling "God's Acre" by Candle, nn,d "Sln-Eatlnff." ' , The custom of "selling by. candle' 'an ancient ceremony still prevails in soveraL towns In England, notably at Aldermas-ton.- It Is letting land, not selling, how ever, and the property is a piece of. meadow, the "church acre,1' whloh- was bequeathed some centuries ago; to the church. The custom or ceremony is --as follows: A candle Is lighted, and one Inch below the flame is duly measured off, at which point a pin is inserted. The bidding then commences, apd continues until the inch of candle is consumed and the pin drops out To the one who' Is bidding as the pin drops oat the land be longs. Every three years this -ceremony is performed. At Chedzoy 'the church acre is.lejt every, 21 years by 'this means, and' at TatWoxth a sale by lighted candle takes pJaco every year. At Wartohr the grazing rights upon the roadside have been annually let by the same means, a custom which has been observed since .the time of George III. The one who-presides at, the auc-t tion produces the old Book "containing the record of the annual Iettlngs slncd 1815. An ordinary candle is then cut into' five equal portions, about one-half Inch long, one for' each lot. At the.last. auc tion attention was drawn to the' fact that the sporting rights Over an old., gravel pit were. Included in lot 1, but unfortunately there were no' fish' in the pondi "Got on, gentlemen, please the light's burning," was a frequent exhortation. Pepys in his diary refers to selling by candre: "After dinner e ni6t"nnd" sold the fellowship milks; here I observed cno man cunninger than the rest, that was sure to'bld last and'to earn it; and, in quiring the reason,' he told me that jUst. as the fiam,ef goes out thesmoke descends, which Is a thing incver observed before, and by'thafhe knew' the instant when io bid .a'st." ' ., ' At funerals 4n some parts.- of,- Wales there is ff curious custom. A poor per- son is'h'ired "a long, lea,nr ugly, lament able rascal" to perform tho duties' of sin-eater. Bread and beer afe parsed, 'to this man over the corpse, or laid on it; these he consumes, and by the process he Is supposed to take on hjm all the sins of the deceased and "free the person from walking after death. When a sin eater Is not employed, glasses of wine and funeral biscuits arp given ta each bearer over the qoffln. ' Tho people be-f lieve that every drop of wine drunk, at a funeral Is a sin committed by the de ceased, but that by" drinking the wine the soul of the dead Is released from, the burden of the sin. . ., In some places it is the custom to send to the friends of a family, after a death, a bag of biscuits with a 'card oi the 'de ceased. These funeral biscuits often small, round sponge cakes were known, as arvel bread, arvel meaping ale. "When arvel bread Is passed around at a funeral, each -guest is expected fo put a shilling on tho plate. . , In families where cheese is made, one is put aside for the funeral of the mas ter, but should f he not die within the year, it is sold,- and" always brings a fancy price. All the chlmesare rung when a body is brought into the church, and the custom Is called "ringing the dead hom&i've Spanish Tomfoolery. - , Old "World privilege and restriction reign supreme in Spaln,,where there js a'lijv that no subject shall touch the person of the King or Queen. ' The present King of Spain nearly, suf fered a severe fall' In his childhood. An aunt of his made- him a present of swing. When he " used it for the 'first time the motion frightened him, and he began to cry. Thereupon a lackey lifted him quickly out of it, and so, no doubt, preserved him from falling. The breach of etiouette"! however, was flitrrantinnd dreadful. The Queen was obliged to. pun-- isn it dj- dismissing the man front his post. But she appointed him Immedi ately to another and better place In the royal household. - In another case a Queen of Spain, near ly lost her life In. a dreadful way,, owing to this peculiar rule. She had been thrown when out riding, atid, her foot catching In the stirrup, she was dragged. Her escort would not risk interference, and she would have been dashed toipleces but for the heroic lnterposlrtn fit a young man who stopped tne horse and released her from her dangerous position. As soon as they saw she was safe, her escort turned to arrest the traitor who had dared to touch the Queen's loot, but he was not to be seen. Knowing well the penalty he had Incurred, he made off-at' once, fled for his life, and did not stop until he had crossed the frontier. Flowers in. London Tenements. London Telegraph. - Brick and mortar reign supreme In the East End of London, and gardens, no matter how unworthy they may be of. the name, are few and far between. Little wonder, therefore, is there that, a society having for Its object the cultivation of fenestral flowers .'meets with welcome support. The proof of this was ssen vin the ISth annual show of the St. George-in-the-East Window Garden Society, held in the ground adjoining the parish church yesterday. The parish mentioned, with which mustered, some COO plants In all, or nearly 100 more specimens than those shown last year. "VVhen it 13 taken in.to accountthat all the plants arranged In'the. marquee set apart for their exhibition aWBiarfl' tg f.&ao Q Ef&. Ha Srf This cteat Vaseta hlo Vlullzer, too prescription of afamona French physician, will quickly cure you of all nervous or dljfKV-sof tho genftrstfTQ orgasra, such aa Ssoat manhood, Jtnaomntjv Pnlna la tho Cccfe, Dentlual mtaIona, Nerfou Dcbllit.r, Plniplew DsQinMR to Mnrrr. Kxbaciilitxrr Drain. Varicocele r.nrt Conolfnntlon. mm IttU)saII losses OXday or night. Prevenrsqniotcneasol dlacharfco, which Hnotchecked leads to Stierraatorrhcoa and all tea horrors of lmpotcncy. -CIIIE"Ecleanieitbo llrr. the kldntrand tho nrinarv nreani of all imtmrltlea. lIXrID?lE streneibsna CM V Tgfirr?" and restores small irwJr. organ. . There-won sufferers are,notcmrd by Doctors Is bcnn.ie 90 per cent aro troubled with Proetnll Hit. CUPIDEITJ5 the only known remt-dr tv cure without nn operation. WOO tcntimntilnls. A written guarantee given and moiirr returhM if 6 hazes dues not effect & permanent cure. 41.OO a boz,6 for JWX), brTOall. Bond for rnE: circular and ic.tlmonSms. Address 1) A VOSt 5IiUICIS2J CO.. i O. Bex COTC. Pan Francisco. Cl- . . " For sale by Aldrlch Pharmacy. Sixth and "Washington otreeta. Portland. Or- "Si Chamber of Commerce teamship Co or about Aaiast 6, and Srptcnrbtr E. 'tons. Her second cabin and steerago elaks" accommodations o f " J ol most OL IUU came from the very poorest and most squalid and-OongestedT-parts of London, and for-the most part are reared on win dow ledges In tenements, the results were truly surprising. The cleanness of the exhibits-was also -very- marked, showing how the society has brought its Influence to bear dp the working classes in foster ing amongst them a love of floriculture. COMMON DEFECTS OF VISION People Snfferins From Some of Them Slionld Use Glasses. The three defects of eyesight which are most commonly encountered in. otherwise healthy persons, and which can be more or leas perfectly-' overcome by means of glasses; are near-sightedness, far-sightedness and astigmatism. These are all- im portant, for, besides the discomfort and ann6yance of Imperfect sight, the invol untary efforts which tho sufferer makes to see better strain the eyes, and not only injure them, but also give rise, through- reflex action, to headaches and various nervous -disturbances. Near-sightedness, short-sightedness, or myop'ia, as It is variously called, Is a condition of the eyeball usually a length ening In consequence of which the rays of light are brought to a focus in front of the retina, and so the object is blurred. This condition may exist from birth, but is usually theN result of too much and too early use of the eyes, as In the case of students) engravers, women who do fine sewing, and so forth. Thus we may say, says the Toutlj's Companion, that putting children to work at some of the kindergarten exercises, such as perforat ing and drawing, Is In a double sense a short-sighted procedure. Many near-sighted people refuse to wear glasses, preferring to deprive themselves of sight for everything beyond the nose rather than to Injure their personal ap pearance, as they think. This is another shortsighted policy, for, besides losing much of thejoy of existence which comes from seeing the beautiful things about and above us, such persons are very liable to suffer from Inflammation of the eyes produced by constant strain A less common defect Is long or far sightedness or hypermetropla. This is the opposite of myopia, the eyeball being flat tened or shortened and the rays of light consequently not coming to a focus by the time they reach the retina. In this case the eye often corrects the defect more or less successfully by mak ing the crystalline lens more convex, but it does this at the expense of the suf ferer's' nervous force, and so we often find tired and congested eyes, headaches, indi gestion and even serious- nervous affec tions. The effort to correct the vision Is entirely Involuntary, and can be over come only by the fitting of suitable con vex glasses.- r The third and most cortimbn defect Is astigmatism. In this con'dltlon there is some Irregularity of the surface of tho eye or the lens, by means .of which the image as it reaches the retina is dis torted. Untreated -astigmatism Is a fre queilt cause of headache and other ner vous disturbances.' The only relief Is the wearing of glasses, at least while reading, writing, or whenever near objects are lodked' at. Heliographs In 15G0. London Chronicle. In "Tho Art of Warre," by Nicholas Machlavellac, dated 15G0, and translated by Peter Wbltohorne, at the end of tho book the translator had added somo orig inal matter. Here Is "How to write, and cause the same that Is written to be read afar off without sending any mes sage:" "A Ca-ptaln besieged In any town or fortress unable to communicate with out any letter, may, as far as light can bo seen, and by day, as fan as a burnished glass can cast-the sun on aThut-or such like, may be descried 4ie having arranged with his frionds the order of signal one or two lights being flashed, hidden or displayed again." RitfEftJ Wo Cure 1TILI1 M No Pay THE MODERN APPLIANCE A positive way to perfect minhood. The VACUUM' TREATMENT CURES jou without medicine of all nerrbus or diseases ci the generative or gans, Much as lost manhood, exhaustive drains, varicocele, lmpotcncy, etc Men are quickly r store.d"to perfect health and strength. Write for circulars. Correspondence confident! it. THJIEALTH APPLIANCE CO.. rooms 47-JJ Safe -Deposit building. Seattle. Wash. vJl "c O- ! a non-polsbnont OOaSsX lOlsBt. Kierinatorrh- Whites, unnatural dir i nrioture. cnaraes. or any lunninma- (Fnrcati contagion, tion of mucous men? TrtEEYAS30HEU10ALCo. branw. Kon-aetringcnt. CMCtmTt,0.f""l 361d by Dmrtrl(, or sent in plain wrapper, br cxtrtH. -prepaid, for $1 00, or 3 bottiss. 2.T5. tV "Circular cent on rsqusst. TRAVELERS' GUIDE. ARE YOU talctne a- Vacation? IT so, -we -would like to send you soma literature about "Banff Hot Springs," "The Great Glacier of the Sklrks," and the magnificent ho ftels there, operated by the Canadian l'a lflc Railway. Cheap Excursion Rates mads from all PaclQc Coast pdlnts. OR, IF TOU are going East take your Tick ets by the "Imperial Limited" and spend a. daj or two at our mountain resorts. You will benefit by it and' fiijoy It. Atfpty to any Canadian Paclflo Ry. Agent or to H. II ABBOTT. Agent. E. J. COTLE, ' Portland, Or. A"ist. Gen. Pa. CAgent, Vancouver, B. C. ,sg?fei 'Pfc "CUPIDEfJE Away ' . - to the - - . ' mountains TRAVELERS' G15IDE. I'nlon Depot. Sixth and. J Street. THREE TRAINS DAiLY FOR ALL POINTS EAST "CHICAGO-PORTLAND SPECIAL.- Leaves for tho East, vl Hustlcston. at 3U3 A II.. arrives, -t P. M. SPOKAW3 FLYER, For Spokane, Eastertt. YTaahinston. and Great Northern points, leaves at s i. M. arrive at JAM. ' ATLANTIC EXPRESS. 'Leaves for tho Ea3t. via. Uuhtlnrton. at 0 T. 1L; crrives at 8:40 A. iL v THUOUGK PULLMAN AND TOURIST SLEEPERS. Water llces aoheilule, subject to cha&se -without notlca: OCEAX AND RJVER SCHEDCLC. OCEAN DIVISION Steamships sail from Alnaworth DocK at 8 P. -II. Leave Portland Stato of California, Sunday, Aug- C; WeUnea daj Aus. 15; Saturday, Aus. 23; Tuesaar. Sept. 4: FridftA- snt 14. nolumhlo. Friday. I Aug; 10; Monday, Auff. !i, Thursday. Aug. 30. 1 Sunday. Sept. 9. I rrom San Francisco Leaving Spear-Street Pier No. 24. San Francisco, at 11 A. M.. as follows; State of California. Wednesday, Aug. 1; Saturday, Aug. H; Tuesday. Aug. -1; Fri day, Aug. 31; .Monday. Sept. 10.- Columbia. iionday. Aug. C; Thursday, Aug. 10; Sunday, Aug. 26; Wednesday. Sept. 5. COLUMBIA RIVER DIVISION. PORTLAND AND ABTORLU Steamer Uaualo loatea Portland dully, except Sunday, at 8.00 P. it.; on Saturday at 10.00 P. M. Returning, Ieae Astoria dally. icept sua- day. at 7rt A. M. Steamer T. J. Potter leaves Portland Tues days and Thursdays at 0 A. It.. Saturdays. 1 P. M., for Astoria ard Long Beach. Leaves lhvaco Tuesdays, Thursdajs and Sundays from 5 to S P. M. aecrtnllnx to tido. WILLAMETTE RIVER rilVISlO.f. PORTLAND AND SALEM. OR. Steamer Ruth, for Salem and way points, leaves Portland Mondays. Wednesdays and Fri days at d.00 A. M. .Returning, leaves Salrni Tuesdays. Thursdays and Saturdays at ti.Ov A. M. TtASmVUIr RIVER ROUTE. PORTLAND-AND DAYTON. OR Steamer Hhnore, for Dayton and way point. leaves Portland Tuesday, Thursday and Sat urday at 7 A. M. Returning, leaves Daytoa for Portland and war'poini Moudays, Wconedayj end Fridays at 0 A. M. BXAKE RIVER ROUTE. RIPARIA. WASH.. AND LEWISTON. ID M" Steamer Spokane or iearaer ivovrtston leavrs Klparia daily at 3:33 A. M arriving at Lerwls ton at 3 P, 1C Returning, the Spokane or Lewlston leacs Lewiston daily at 7 A 21., arriving at 'Rlparia same evening. W. H. nURLEURT, Gtaral Psonser Agent. V. A. CHTLLINO, City Ticket Agent. Teiephona Main 712. E0 Third street, cor. Oak. NewStcamsMpLinetotbeOrient CHINA AND JAPAN. FROM PORTLAND, la contwctloa with THE OREGON RAILROAD & NAVIGATION CO. Schedule. liOO UUbJcct to changr): Steamer. Due to Leave Portland. "MONMOUTHSHIRE" Sept. 0 "BRAEMAR" Sept. SO tor rates, accommodations, etc.. applv tu DODWELL A COMPANY. Limited, General Agenti. Portland. Or. To principal points In Japan and China. VIA SOUTH Leave Drpit Fifth sail Streets Arrlv OVERLAND EX PRESS TRAINS for Balezn. Roae burg. Ashland. Sac ramento, D s d n, Ean Franclaco, Mo Jwe. Los Angeles. El Paso, New Or leans and tho Eaat At "Woodaura (daily except Sun day), morning train connects with train for Mt. Angel. 511 v,erton, Browns ville. Springfield and Natron, and evening train for Mt. Angel and SU verton. Albany passenger Corvallla passenger Sheridan passenger 3:30 P. M. 3:30 A. it 7M3 A.M. 0:30 P. M. 4:00 P.M. t":30 A. M. Xi-C0P. At. 10:10A.M. .C0 P. M. tS:25A. M. Dally. JDaily except Sunday. Rebate tickets on sale between Portland. Sac ramehco. and San francirco. Net rates il ant class and $11 decond class, including sleeper Rates and tlcleta to Eastern points and Eu rope. Also JAPAN. CHINA. HONOLULU and AUSTRALIA, Can be- obtained from J. li. K1RKLAND. Ticket Agent, 140 Third st. YAMHILL DIVISION. Passenger Depot, foot of Jefferson Streot. Leave for Oswego dally at 7:20. 0.40 A. M.: 12. JO, 1:55, 3.25, 4.40. 0.25. S.JO, 11. SO P. M.; and 0:00 A. M. on. Sunaayi only. 4rrlvt at Portland dally at 0.J5, V30. io 50 A. M.: 1.35, 3.10, 4.J0, 5:15, 7:JC. 10 00 P. M., 12 4U A. M. dall), except Monday, S so and 10.05 A. M. on Sundays only. Lave for Dallas dally, except Sunday, at 6.05 P. M. Arrive at Portland at 0 JO A. M. Passenger triln leavto Dallas for Alrlle Mon daje, Wednesdays and Fridays at 2:43 P. 1L Returns Tueed.i, Thursdays and Saturdays. 'Except Sunday. R. KOSHLER. C. H. MARKHAM. Manager. Gen. Frt & Pass Agt. rttwrnpv tr.MMSPCf DOUBLE DAILY TRAIX SE11VICE. The Pioneer Dfninsr and Observation Cur Iloiitc. Union Depot, Ethan J J St5 No. 2 2 P.M. North Coast Limited. For Tacoma, Seattle, No 2 7A.lt North Yakima, opo- kane, Pullman, ilos cow. Lewlston, Hol land. B C Butt. Helena. StT Paul. Min neaoolH. Chlcano. Bos ton, New York ind all points tiast ana oouin east. No. -4 11:50 P.M. Twin City Express, for Tacoma. Seattle, Spo No. 3 Sl. M. kane. Helena, isime. St. Paul. Chicago. Bos ton. New roric. umano, Kansas City. Council Bluffs. St. Louis, act! all points east and southeast. Through train sirvlco via Northern Pacific and Burlington line rrom Portland to Omaha. Kansas Ctt, St. Loula. ulck tlmo and un equaled accommodations. v Take Noirth Coast Limited Train No. 2 for South Bend. Oiyropla and Grav's Harnor points. Sen the North Coast Llm-tsd. Elegant Up holstered Tourist Sloping Cars. Pullman Standard Sleepers. Dlnlns Car and ObtfrM tion. Car. all electric lighted. Solid estlbuled trains'. Ticket!-, sold to all points In tho United Stales and Canada, and baggaga checked to destination of tickets. For Information, tickets, sleeping-car resci atlor.i. etc.'. call on or write A. D CHARLTON Assistant' General Pnnnenjrer Agent, 25S aiorrlaon St.. Cor. Tliiril. Portland. Oreicon. WHiTE COLLAR LINE BAILEY OATZERT fAlder-street DocU Leaves Portland dally ev-ry mornln? at 7 o'clock, except Sunday. Returning. leas As toria every night at 7 o'clock; except Sun lay. Oregon phono Main 331. Columbia phono 33L fl SUNSET i I O 0GDEN EMAS1A 1 Un scutes n Y 7 . -. Si E).raurrri4rii1-trfi-rt.'-.--r-iv-TT-M TRA.VELEIIS GX3BC POSSIBLY tOU ARE MOT AWARE OF THE FAST TiftlE AND "SUPERB SERVICE Now offered by 1ha ssss WE HAVE DAILY FAST TRAINS TO THE EAST 2 2 If you cannot take the mornlngr train., travel via the evening train. Both ara tinely equipped. "Our Specialties" Fast Time Through Service PUIilijrAX PALACE SI.EBr'BRS. PULLMAN TOURIST 3LSEPERS. PULLMAN' D1X.EBS, LIBRARY (CAFE) CAR AND FRB3 RECLINING CHAIR CARS. Hours in Time Saved to Omaha. CMcaj.ro, Knmai City., St- L,oain. STew York. Itonton. And Other Eastern Points. Ticket good via Salt Lako City and Denver. It Is to your Interest to use THE OVER LAND ROUTE. Tickets and sleeping-car berths can be secured from GEO. LANG. City Pass, and Ticket Agent. J. H. LOTKROP, General Agent. 13o Third St.. Portland. Or. 1 To Chicago And Return Low Rates to All Points East. Call or write for full particulars before purchasing elsewhere. Choice of routes. Finest trains in the world. Tfefcet Office, Cor. Third and Stark Slz K. Vf. F03T3TV Tlckac Actnt. GEO. 0. TATLOK. City Paseansir Acsnt. PLEASURETOU Sept. 6 Oct. TT Round the World ov. 3 Japan Holy Land Sept. 6 From New York. Sept. 22 Other tours to Earope nnd else- . where. Programmes ninlled. free on application. TKOS. COOK & SON 621 Market St. San Francisco EATNORIHERN Ticket OIRct, 263 Harrison Streit, 'Pbsne 53J , LS-VE. from sl 'paBU u,n IARRIVX. No. 4 ipolli, Daluth. Cnloaji I Na.,3. COOP. AI ail Plnt Ct. ".00 A. 23. Through Palnce and TourUt flleey-er. Dlnlnj. and JJurfet Stnoltlne-Uhrary Cars. JAPAN - AMERICAN LINE STEAMSHIP IDZUMI MARU For Japan. China and all Asiatic polnu wia leave Seattle About Srpt. 12th Astork & Columbia River Railroad Co. LEAVES j Tor iLjysri. Italnter. AJtntVES UNIOM DEPOT. DKPOT. i Clifton. Ajtorla. War- renton. FIttsI. Hara- muiKl, Fort Stvcn Grarnirt Pnrlt. SeauMff. Aitorla. and deajhor xprua Dally. As tor H Express, Dally. Seashore Express. Snturdny only. 11:10 A. M 9140 P. U. 0840'P. iL 5 55 P. M. 2-20 P. II Except Saturday. Tlcxet o(3ce. 203 MorrHon it. and Union dtpot. J. CL iTATO. Gen. Pan. Act.. Aatorta. Or. Pacific Coast Steamship Co. FOR ALASKA. THE COMPANY'S elegant stea-nTS Queen. Cottage City, City f Topcka and M - XI leave TACOMA It A. it.. SE ATTLE 0 P M.. Auf. 3. 8, 13. 13. IS. 2J. 2S. Sept. 2. 1 12, 17, 22, 2T, Oct 2. nnd tvry flttft dav thereafter. Tor further Information obtain company 3 folder The comrany ren" tio right to changtt stam?. railing date and hours of nallinff, without prciious notice ACEXT-S POSTON,, 21f ahlnston Bt Portland. Or . F CAittSTOX. N. V it B. Dock. Tacoma TICKF.T OFFICK tHS First avfr . SenttI, E W :.IKL,R3. Ticket ant.: H. H LLOYD Pus't Srund upt. C W. MIL LER. A". 3"Pt . Ocm Dock. Sattk. GOODALL, PERKINS & Co . en. Agta.. 3. Tt, mpire uoe FOR e And Yuiton River Point J S.S. "OHIO," 3500 Tons falls from Seattle or or about Aus- 23 Rcsfnratlons can now be made upon appllca tion to any railroad or aub-aeent ot the Inttf natlonal Navigation Company, er to EKPIItE TIt.VX5POUTA.Tr.OX CO- -Stt.virrf.x:. wash.