THE MORXIXG (XREGOJTIAST, MONDAY, AUGUST 13, 1900.
POLITICS OF THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD
(Copyright. 1600, by Seyaotir Eaton.)
THE OREGONIAN'S HOME STUDY CIRCLE: DIRECTED BY PROP. SEYMOUR EATON
4 - ' . ' t
,
AMERICAN TOLITICAL 'PARTIES
rra.
UT HON. JESS 2IACT.
The new Bepubllcan party entered up
on its first administration under condi
tions, as President Lincoln said, more
difficult than those -which had confronted
"Washington 'himself: "While warlike prep
arations had for months been going vig
orously forward in the South, the Korth
had looked calmly on. as'if expecting the
excitement to die away once more as in
former days. Probably neither party
really expected to come to blows, but
the South was fully determined to set
tle with the Xorth the status of slavery.
Her leaders were doubtless ready to dis
solve the Union if driven to extremes,
but there was among the people strong
opposition to secession, which was yet to
be overcome by the progress of events.
President Buchanan, while maintaining
the unconstitutionality of secession, was
unable to discover any Constitutional
authority for coercing a sovereign state,
and weakly held his peace while the
power of the Federal Government crum
bled away before his eyes. The whole
military and civil service was disorgan
ized. Federal munitions of war and all
Rational possessions within the bounda
ries of the retiring states were quietly
appropriated by them. Only Fortress
ilonroe. the forts at Pensacola and Key
"West and Fort Sumter at Charleston
were still held by loyal forces. The new
Administration and a new government to
create almost from the very foundation.
Party Readjustment.
"The first shot fired at the flag floating
from the ramparts of Fort Sumter "in
Charleston harbor roused the Xorth from
its lethargy and united the people in a
passion of resentment and patriotic devo
tion as Jiears of argument could never
have done. For the moment party lines
were effaced. The clamor for putting
down armed rebellion by force of arms
was loudest of all from the lemocrats.
Xed by Douglas, whose earnest, whole
hearted loyalty to his country in this
hour of her need did much to atone for
past errors, the war Democrats, as they
were termed, were practically absorbed
into the Republican party Along with
what remained of the Americans and
Free-Soilers. There was a tendency to
ignore parry names and unite 'all loyal
forces in the one great Union party.
President Lincoln, in assuming the head
of the Government, had avowed his sin
gle purpose to be to preserve the Union
and the. Constitution intact. Xo "minor
onatter" was to be considered until the
safety of the Nation was assured. To this
policy he held with inflexible firmness,
but in a conciliatory temper. In spite of
pressure trom every quarter. The Na
tional Democratic party, a njere frag
ment of its former self, quickly gath
ered itself together, and as peace Dem
ocrats assumed the critical functions of
the party-in opposition to the Administra
tion. They persistently opposed the pros
ecution of the war, professing to adhere
to the strict construction views of the
Constitution which prevailed in the South
and denying to the Federal Government
any legal power to coerce a state. Doubt
less the party served a useful purpose
as a restraining influence, annoying and
embarrassing as that .influence often was
to the Government. There were many
who looked with genuine concern upon
the conduct of a war by the party of
loose construction principles. Even in the
case of previous wars when the Demo
crats had been in ppwer Constitutional
authority had been repeatedly subjected t
to Revere strain, and there seemed, jeai
danger lest the party of broad Constitu
tional interpretation should wreck the
foundation of the Government. But there
Is no more strongly conservative force
than a Tseen sense of responsibility. Such
a sense profound and solemn ever con
trolled the President's action and sobered
the temper of the whole party. Extra
Constitutional measures were ventured
upon, as the President and his advisers
believed, only in obedience to the .stern
est necessity. The Constitution -was vio
lated that the Constitution might not be
utterly destroyed. As the war went on the
opposition of certain elements of the
peace Democracy became more virulent,
ard overt acts of resistance to Federal
authority were Inspired If not actually
Instigated by them. Serious riots in de
fiance of the military conscription which
became needful occurred in New Tork
City in 38S8: in "numerous Instances the
Infernal revenue law was deliberately
and persistently violated, and in a few
eases United States officers engaged In
the enforcement of the law were mur
dered Republicans gave various oppro
brious names to the Northern opponents
of the prosecution of the war. That which
found widest and longest favor was
"copperheads, which likened these clos
est foes of the Republic to the "snake In
the grass," the venomous reptile in her
very bosom striking slyly and treacher
ously at the Nation's life.
Dltlded Con n els in Union. Party.
But the Republican or Union party
was not itself a unit. There were those
among its ardent anti-slavery members
ho believed from the outbreak of the
war that the stars lir their courses had
fought for thelr'icruwsnn'a that Provi
dence had itself in a tragic and spectac
ular way called upon the Nation to strike
the death blow of the evil institution.
These urged the Administration contin
ually to aggressive measures of emanci
pation, and the President's steadfast ad
herence to his great central purpose re
gardless of factional clamor won him
enemies among them.
Tirse has fully vindicated Lincoln's calm
strength, his wise moderation and good
onsc. To the judgment of the more Tadi
cal leaders of opinion his attitude was
on of timidity and irresolution. Ho
moved, slowly when they would have
driven him swiftly toward the desired
end,
Lincoln's quiet reserve of strength, his
patient waiting in the face of misunder
standing and the alienation of trusted
friends until he was assured that the
right moment for going forward had
come, were due in no small degree to his
intimate knowledge of the common,
"plain people" of the country. He knew
that he must have their sympathy and
support in order to any enduring suc
cess, and he know that these were not
to he won in a- day. He thoroughly un
derstood their simple manner of life, the
slow .movement of their thought and its
r.arrow range, and the steady, faithful
tenacity of their adhesion to a purpose
once formed as few public men have
ever known them. When he saw that
thlR slowly awakening but IrresIstllSe
force in the National life was stirred at
laet then he, too. was ready.
The policy of the Administration was
at lirst one of exceeding caution in rts
spect to slavery. Those slaves who
escaped to the Union lines were sur
rendered to their masters If the claim
could be proved. After a time fugitives
were admitted to sen-ice in the army.
When General Fremont, commanding the
Department of Missouri, proclaimed the
freedvtn of the slaves of that state, his
order was overruled by the President.
But In Virginia General Butler's more
prudent action of accepting the salve H
holder s view of the negroes as "prop
erty, -and therefore liable to confisca
tion as "contraband of war." was in
d rsK"d aad a eenstant stream of "contra-b-.ns,
7et la toward the Union lines.
Pv the end of 18C, a year of sad and
serious reverws to ahe Union arms. Hhe"
times were rtpe for the blow which should
encourage the downcast friends of the j
i men itna oisoearten meir enemies and
put them in the wrong before the na-
. ?yJZJ:
dpation proclamation, by ivhlch all slaves
withln that portion of the country then
in rebellion, were declared free. This had
been preceded three months before by &
proclamation addressed to the seceded
states warning them of the President's
purpose, In case they refused to return
to their allegiance, to proclaim the free
dom of their slaves. The emancipation
act -was hailed with rejoicing by the
Northern Abolitionists, and received gen
eral support throughout the iree states.
j but there were some within the Repub
lican party who questioned its Constitu
tionality, and there was a temporary fall
ing off in the party majorities.
Other measures into which the Admin
istration believed Itself to be forced by
the Intensity of the struggle had a like
effect, gainlcg only a hesitating approval
from party supporters and calling forth
unmeasured denunciation from the peace
Democracy. .Such were the draft acts,
the suspension of the nabeas corpus writ
. 0rvC
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FROM LINCOLN'S DRAFT OF THE
and the act creating a legal tender paper
currency.
Lincoln -vs. Congrress on Reconstruc
tion. ,
The President early adopted a settled
and logical theory respecting the status
of-the seceded states. Refusing to ad
mit the possibility of the withdrawal of
any state from the Federal Union, ho
maintained that the state governments
had been overturned by the act of seces
sion. He therefore felt himself bound
to recognize the equal rights in tho
Union of all states or parts of states
which returned to their allegiance, and
to see to it that regular legal govern
ments were set up in them as soon as
conditions permitted. As early as De
cember, 153, a proclamation of amnesty
was made, offering most liberal terms to
those who would take the oath to sup
port the Constitution of the United
States, with the exception of certain pe
culiarly guilty classes, and It was pro
vided that whenever in any of the dis
loyal states one-tenth of the voters by
the census of 1S60, having taken tho
oath, should -set up a state government
'in accoxdence with the Constitution, such
a government should be recognized by
the President, leaving Congress to pass
upon the admission of Its Representatives
to the House.
Congress was, on the other hand, dis
posed to take tho view that the states
which had attempted secession had by
that act divested themselves of the
rights and privileges of states in the
Union, and, having been defeated in their
efforts to withdraw, were now not states
as before, but were rather In tho con
dition of territories dependent upon the
will of Congress for readmlssion to state
hood. New governments in Arkansas,
Louisiana and Tennessee had already re
ceived recognition from the Executive be
fore the death of Lincoln led to a dis
astrous change In the course of affairs.
Election in 1S04 and End of War.
The Republican National Convention
met June 17, IS&i, at a dark hour for
tho National cause. The people were be
come restive under the long continuance
of the war. War taxes were burdensome,
and the great suffering and loss of life
already experienced seemed after all of
uncertain result. The more radical
Unionises had previously met and nom
inated General Fremont for tho Presi
dency. The Baltimore convention com
prised not Republicans only, but the va
rious groups and factions devoted to the
preservation of the Union. Every stato
represented, Missouri excepted, cast its
ballot for Lincoln. For reasons of policy
the second place on tho ticket was given
to Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, a
Union Democrat of strict construction
principles.
Peace Democrats controlled the Nation
al Democratic Convention, which met in
August and nominated General George B.
McClellan. Their platform declared tho
four j'oars of war a failure, charged the
Republicans with repeated violations of
the Constitution, and demanded that hos
tilities should cease. The more offensive
articles of the platform were repudiated
by the candidate in his letter of ac
ceptance, but the result of the campaign
was a foregone conclusion. The radical
faction withdrew its ticket and joined in
the support of Lincoln, who was over
whelmingly the choice of the states whose
votes were counted. Eleven states chose
no legal electors.
Tho election marked the turn of the
tide. The war was quickly brought to
an end. In the midst of the rejoicings
over the conclusion of terms of peace, on
Aprjl 15. IKS, the wise and strong hand
Board of Trade and
Stock Exchange Brokers
GRAIN
PROVISIONS
STOCKS and
COTTON
cjCc-z-2Kj"ln
of f?U tucvat&i
li 1 1 pi.t iifT ii'i' jnriL U .I it fo
CULLISOMCO.
BOUGHT AND SOLD FOR CASH OR
CARRIED ON MARGINS
' 214-215
Chamber of Commerce
Portland, Oregon
of President Lincoln, was withdrawn
from the helm of state by the act of an
assassin.
Iowa College.
"HIGHER EDUCATION."
Approves Relation of Primary and
Secondary Schools.
SALEM, Aug. 8. To the Editor.) Su
perintendent Armstrong, ' of Multnomah
County, in his report to the State Su
perintendent of Public Instruction seems
troubled in regard to the welfare, of tho
public schools. He says: -
"The present tendency of educational
legislation in Oregon seems to discrimi
nate In favor of higher education."
Now "higher education" is a very in
definite term, and its meaning' depends
upon the stage of enlightenment to which
a community has attained. By "discrim
inate" I understand Superintendent Arm
strong to mean that state support'ot uni
versities is inimical- to 'the Interests of
the district schools. I do not believe
this can be proven. I spent my school
days in Ann Arbor, Mich., the seat of,
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Srltsa,
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Ctorxots uyxj&e.
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
a great -university that' has sent its grad
uates to every corner of -the earth. In
its early days appropriations for its
maintenance -were .bitterly opposed by
men who. held, with Multnomah's Super
intendent,' that the tendency of legisla
tion discriminated In favor of higher ed
ucation. Small In its beginning, it has
added department after department, until
now It ranks among "the. great schools
of the world, and no Michigan Legisla
ture would entertain a proposition, to stint
its revenues. It has been a good invest
ment for the stata, morally, Intellectually
and financially, and the public schools of
Michigan have fully kept pace with it.
It is reasonable to supposerthat men who
are thorough scholars in law, medicine,
literature or any of the higher branches
of education will be good friends of the
public school system, and I believe tho
state should put a liberal education with
in the reach of all of Its citizens who
are capable of receiving the same and aro
willing to work for it, and state univer
sities do no t more than this.
As for the normal " schools, the only
good reason that can be given for their,
existence at state expense Is that they
are a part of the public school system.
The state is in the business of educa-5"
tion, and if the graduates of normal
schools are better qualified to instruct
our children than they would be with
out normal training, then the money is
well Invested, and this branch of "higher
education" is certainly in the interests
of the "little red schoolhouse." Nor
mal schools If they accomplish their,
supposed object, bear the same relation
to the public school system that the train
ing schools at West Point and Annapo
lis bear to the Army and Navy of the
United States. I believe it requires COO
new teachers annually to supply the
needs of our common school system, and
It seems to be In the interest of true
economy that these new teachers should
have received such a course in pedagogy
as Is given at the Monmouth Normal
School, and presumably at the other nor
mal schools of the state. Superintendent
Armstrong does not specify the partic
ular Institution from which he would
"divert',' money, therefore It Is Impossi
ble to tell whether he Is opposed to the
Normal Schools, the State University or
the Agricultural College at Corvallls." He
simply rails at higher education as op
posed to the common schools, and his
logic, if traced back, is to the effect
that the high-school grade Is opposed
to the grammar grade, the grammar
grade to tho primary grade, and, in fact,
that all who wish an education should
buy the books and go out behind the
haymow and study them; though most
"educators" of his ilk are willing to ad
mit that the three Rs are not dangerous
to public welfare nor particularly strain
ing upon the pockets of the taxpayers.
Superintendent Armstrong saysr "The
remedy for this undesirable condition Is
plain and simple divert money from sec
ondary schools to the elementary." "As
easy as rolling off a log." Like all truly
great men, the professor Is simplicity it
self. No need to go into details as-to
the amount to be diverted from each in
stitution, or whether any pr all of tlrem
shall be absolutely abolished. Just "di
vert" a lot of money from these sec
ondary schools to the elementary. Let
us estimate that the entire running ex
pense of the State University, Normal
Schools and Agricultural College to the
stato is J65,000 per annum, and that they
are all to be abolished. This would give
less than SO cents per capita for the
school children of the state. How far
would it go toward teaching an additional
three months' term In a district of 20
pupils, and vers many districts have les
than that number? But, of course, no
such abolition will occur, and the amount
to be saved by crlopllng our state in
stitutions of learning would be ridicu
lously small when divided among the
school districts of the state upon a oer
capita basis and would not enable any
district to hold two days additional
school.
As a matter of fact, educational legis
lation in Oregon has discriminated in
favor of the small school districts by giv
ing each district $50 from the Interest on
the Irreducible school fund before any
per capita division .Is made. This may
not be enough, and if more is needed
more should be given; but nothlnp ever
has been or ever will be accomplished for
the district schools by an attack on tlie
more advanced Institutions of learning,
and tho enemies of the former will be
found joining hands with the enemies of
the latter, and using them for the injury
or our free school system, in the Interest
of sectarian and private Institutions of
learning. E. H. FLAGG,
Destructive Auto Criticism.
New Tork Times.
No less harsh epithet than "Chinese"
is applied by The Electrical Review to
the manufacturers of automobile, all
because they continue to give their ma
chines a form that makes them look Ilka
"a horse vehicle without a horse." "In
other branches of design," declares the
Indignant critic, "the best taste has
unanimously decreed that the function of
the structure should be expressed in its
external apperance; there should be no
concealment of the mechanism of struc
ture, because the highest canons of acs
ehctlcs demand that for beauty a struc-
Chicaoo Board of Trade
" . M--.V-.I. C.-I- 1
Room 4, Ground Floor--"
BOTH TELEPHONES
fffegk' Pacific Coast S
HI F0R- NOME d irec
THE NEW PALATIAL STEEL STEAMSHIP "SENATOR"
sail rem Seattle aa4 lacoma ts
The
Senator?' has a. capacity ,of 2300
accommodations are superior to Jbe - flrst -
ctAamaTD nrtVfsrHQArT fhr Nome.
The Pacific Coist Steamship Company has been running its steamers to Alas
kaWinter and Summer for 25 years: and 4s the pioneer Pacific Coast line. Seat
tle freight and passenger rates appiy" from Portland.' For "further information
.inqulro of GOOD ALL. PERKINS .-& CO., General Asents. 10 Market; San Fran
.jCisco or N. POSTON, Agent, 249 "fashlnston St..' Portland, Or.
ture should be not only symmetrical but
truthful. It Is Just '.this, that the ordinary
automobile is not."' It does not look like
a self-propelling vehicle,, and ifdoesnot
even suggest that it contains the mn
chlnery'for Its own propulsion. It Is thor
oughfy Chinese in its adherence to the
good old things that were.," That, un
doubtedly, Is orthodox criticism, but why
didn't this -well-Instructed writer gp'nhead
and tell the automobile manufacturers
Just what to do In order to make afpuf
wheeled vehicle carrying human passen
gers look materially different from other
four-wheeled s vehicles ,:deslgned for the
same purpose? The taik"is by no means
an easy one by no "means as easy 'tis ,that
of denouncing failure to accomplish It -offhand
and In a hurry.
CURIOUS BRITISH CUSTOMS.
Selling "God's Acre" by Candle, nn,d
"Sln-Eatlnff." ' ,
The custom of "selling by. candle' 'an
ancient ceremony still prevails in soveraL
towns In England, notably at Aldermas-ton.-
It Is letting land, not selling, how
ever, and the property is a piece of.
meadow, the "church acre,1' whloh- was
bequeathed some centuries ago; to the
church. The custom or ceremony is --as
follows: A candle Is lighted, and one
Inch below the flame is duly measured off,
at which point a pin is inserted. The
bidding then commences, apd continues
until the inch of candle is consumed and
the pin drops out To the one who' Is
bidding as the pin drops oat the land be
longs. Every three years this -ceremony
is performed.
At Chedzoy 'the church acre is.lejt every,
21 years by 'this means, and' at TatWoxth
a sale by lighted candle takes pJaco every
year. At Wartohr the grazing rights upon
the roadside have been annually let by
the same means, a custom which has
been observed since .the time of George
III. The one who-presides at, the auc-t
tion produces the old Book "containing
the record of the annual Iettlngs slncd
1815. An ordinary candle is then cut into'
five equal portions, about one-half Inch
long, one for' each lot. At the.last. auc
tion attention was drawn to the' fact that
the sporting rights Over an old., gravel pit
were. Included in lot 1, but unfortunately
there were no' fish' in the pondi "Got on,
gentlemen, please the light's burning,"
was a frequent exhortation.
Pepys in his diary refers to selling by
candre: "After dinner e ni6t"nnd" sold
the fellowship milks; here I observed cno
man cunninger than the rest, that was
sure to'bld last and'to earn it; and, in
quiring the reason,' he told me that jUst.
as the fiam,ef goes out thesmoke descends,
which Is a thing incver observed before,
and by'thafhe knew' the instant when io
bid .a'st." ' ., '
At funerals 4n some parts.- of,- Wales
there is ff curious custom. A poor per-
son is'h'ired "a long, lea,nr ugly, lament
able rascal" to perform tho duties' of
sin-eater. Bread and beer afe parsed, 'to
this man over the corpse, or laid on it;
these he consumes, and by the process
he Is supposed to take on hjm all the
sins of the deceased and "free the person
from walking after death. When a sin
eater Is not employed, glasses of wine
and funeral biscuits arp given ta each
bearer over the qoffln. ' Tho people be-f
lieve that every drop of wine drunk, at a
funeral Is a sin committed by the de
ceased, but that by" drinking the wine
the soul of the dead Is released from, the
burden of the sin. . .,
In some places it is the custom to send
to the friends of a family, after a death,
a bag of biscuits with a 'card oi the 'de
ceased. These funeral biscuits often
small, round sponge cakes were known,
as arvel bread, arvel meaping ale.
"When arvel bread Is passed around at a
funeral, each -guest is expected fo put a
shilling on tho plate. . ,
In families where cheese is made, one
is put aside for the funeral of the mas
ter, but should f he not die within the
year, it is sold,- and" always brings a fancy
price.
All the chlmesare rung when a body is
brought into the church, and the custom
Is called "ringing the dead hom&i've
Spanish Tomfoolery. - ,
Old "World privilege and restriction reign
supreme in Spaln,,where there js a'lijv
that no subject shall touch the person
of the King or Queen. '
The present King of Spain nearly, suf
fered a severe fall' In his childhood. An
aunt of his made- him a present of
swing. When he " used it for the 'first
time the motion frightened him, and he
began to cry. Thereupon a lackey lifted
him quickly out of it, and so, no doubt,
preserved him from falling. The breach
of etiouette"! however, was flitrrantinnd
dreadful. The Queen was obliged to. pun--
isn it dj- dismissing the man front his
post. But she appointed him Immedi
ately to another and better place In the
royal household. -
In another case a Queen of Spain, near
ly lost her life In. a dreadful way,, owing
to this peculiar rule. She had been
thrown when out riding, atid, her foot
catching In the stirrup, she was dragged.
Her escort would not risk interference,
and she would have been dashed toipleces
but for the heroic lnterposlrtn fit a
young man who stopped tne horse and
released her from her dangerous position.
As soon as they saw she was safe, her
escort turned to arrest the traitor who
had dared to touch the Queen's loot, but
he was not to be seen. Knowing well the
penalty he had Incurred, he made off-at'
once, fled for his life, and did not stop
until he had crossed the frontier.
Flowers in. London Tenements.
London Telegraph. -
Brick and mortar reign supreme In the
East End of London, and gardens, no
matter how unworthy they may be of. the
name, are few and far between. Little
wonder, therefore, is there that, a society
having for Its object the cultivation of
fenestral flowers .'meets with welcome
support. The proof of this was ssen vin
the ISth annual show of the St. George-in-the-East
Window Garden Society, held
in the ground adjoining the parish church
yesterday. The parish mentioned, with
which mustered, some COO plants In all, or
nearly 100 more specimens than those
shown last year. "VVhen it 13 taken in.to
accountthat all the plants arranged In'the.
marquee set apart for their exhibition
aWBiarfl' tg f.&ao Q Ef&. Ha Srf This cteat Vaseta
hlo Vlullzer, too prescription of afamona French physician, will quickly cure you of all
nervous or dljfKV-sof tho genftrstfTQ orgasra, such aa Ssoat manhood, Jtnaomntjv
Pnlna la tho Cccfe, Dentlual mtaIona, Nerfou Dcbllit.r, Plniplew
DsQinMR to Mnrrr. Kxbaciilitxrr Drain. Varicocele r.nrt Conolfnntlon.
mm
IttU)saII losses OXday or night. Prevenrsqniotcneasol dlacharfco, which Hnotchecked
leads to Stierraatorrhcoa and all tea horrors of lmpotcncy. -CIIIE"Ecleanieitbo
llrr. the kldntrand tho nrinarv nreani of all imtmrltlea. lIXrID?lE streneibsna
CM V Tgfirr?"
and restores small irwJr. organ. .
There-won sufferers are,notcmrd by Doctors Is bcnn.ie 90 per cent aro troubled with Proetnll Hit.
CUPIDEITJ5 the only known remt-dr tv cure without nn operation. WOO tcntimntilnls. A written
guarantee given and moiirr returhM if 6 hazes dues not effect & permanent cure. 41.OO a boz,6 for JWX),
brTOall. Bond for rnE: circular and ic.tlmonSms.
Address 1) A VOSt 5IiUICIS2J CO.. i O. Bex COTC. Pan Francisco. Cl- . . "
For sale by Aldrlch Pharmacy. Sixth and "Washington otreeta. Portland. Or-
"Si
Chamber of Commerce
teamship Co
or about Aaiast 6, and Srptcnrbtr E.
'tons. Her second cabin and steerago
elaks" accommodations o
f " J
ol most OL IUU
came from the very poorest and most
squalid and-OongestedT-parts of London,
and for-the most part are reared on win
dow ledges In tenements, the results were
truly surprising. The cleanness of the exhibits-was
also -very- marked, showing
how the society has brought its Influence
to bear dp the working classes in foster
ing amongst them a love of floriculture.
COMMON DEFECTS OF VISION
People Snfferins From Some of Them
Slionld Use Glasses.
The three defects of eyesight which are
most commonly encountered in. otherwise
healthy persons, and which can be more
or leas perfectly-' overcome by means of
glasses; are near-sightedness, far-sightedness
and astigmatism. These are all- im
portant, for, besides the discomfort and
ann6yance of Imperfect sight, the invol
untary efforts which tho sufferer makes
to see better strain the eyes, and not
only injure them, but also give rise,
through- reflex action, to headaches and
various nervous -disturbances.
Near-sightedness, short-sightedness, or
myop'ia, as It is variously called, Is a
condition of the eyeball usually a length
ening In consequence of which the rays
of light are brought to a focus in front
of the retina, and so the object is blurred.
This condition may exist from birth, but
is usually theN result of too much and
too early use of the eyes, as In the case
of students) engravers, women who do
fine sewing, and so forth. Thus we may
say, says the Toutlj's Companion, that
putting children to work at some of the
kindergarten exercises, such as perforat
ing and drawing, Is In a double sense a
short-sighted procedure.
Many near-sighted people refuse to wear
glasses, preferring to deprive themselves
of sight for everything beyond the nose
rather than to Injure their personal ap
pearance, as they think. This is another
shortsighted policy, for, besides losing
much of thejoy of existence which comes
from seeing the beautiful things about
and above us, such persons are very
liable to suffer from Inflammation of the
eyes produced by constant strain
A less common defect Is long or far
sightedness or hypermetropla. This is the
opposite of myopia, the eyeball being flat
tened or shortened and the rays of light
consequently not coming to a focus by the
time they reach the retina.
In this case the eye often corrects the
defect more or less successfully by mak
ing the crystalline lens more convex, but
it does this at the expense of the suf
ferer's' nervous force, and so we often find
tired and congested eyes, headaches, indi
gestion and even serious- nervous affec
tions. The effort to correct the vision
Is entirely Involuntary, and can be over
come only by the fitting of suitable con
vex glasses.- r
The third and most cortimbn defect Is
astigmatism. In this con'dltlon there is
some Irregularity of the surface of tho
eye or the lens, by means .of which the
image as it reaches the retina is dis
torted. Untreated -astigmatism Is a fre
queilt cause of headache and other ner
vous disturbances.' The only relief Is the
wearing of glasses, at least while reading,
writing, or whenever near objects are
lodked' at.
Heliographs In 15G0.
London Chronicle.
In "Tho Art of Warre," by Nicholas
Machlavellac, dated 15G0, and translated
by Peter Wbltohorne, at the end of tho
book the translator had added somo orig
inal matter. Here Is "How to write, and
cause the same that Is written to be
read afar off without sending any mes
sage:" "A Ca-ptaln besieged In any town
or fortress unable to communicate with
out any letter, may, as far as light can
bo seen, and by day, as fan as a burnished
glass can cast-the sun on aThut-or such
like, may be descried 4ie having arranged
with his frionds the order of signal one
or two lights being flashed, hidden or
displayed again."
RitfEftJ Wo Cure
1TILI1
M
No Pay
THE MODERN APPLIANCE A positive
way to perfect minhood. The VACUUM'
TREATMENT CURES jou without medicine of
all nerrbus or diseases ci the generative or
gans, Much as lost manhood, exhaustive drains,
varicocele, lmpotcncy, etc Men are quickly r
store.d"to perfect health and strength. Write
for circulars. Correspondence confident! it.
THJIEALTH APPLIANCE CO.. rooms 47-JJ
Safe -Deposit building. Seattle. Wash.
vJl "c O- ! a non-polsbnont
OOaSsX lOlsBt. Kierinatorrh-
Whites, unnatural dir
i nrioture. cnaraes. or any lunninma-
(Fnrcati contagion, tion of mucous men?
TrtEEYAS30HEU10ALCo. branw. Kon-aetringcnt.
CMCtmTt,0.f""l 361d by Dmrtrl(,
or sent in plain wrapper,
br cxtrtH. -prepaid, for
$1 00, or 3 bottiss. 2.T5.
tV "Circular cent on rsqusst.
TRAVELERS' GUIDE.
ARE YOU talctne a- Vacation? IT so, -we -would
like to send you soma literature about
"Banff Hot Springs," "The Great Glacier
of the Sklrks," and the magnificent ho
ftels there, operated by the Canadian l'a
lflc Railway. Cheap Excursion Rates mads
from all PaclQc Coast pdlnts.
OR, IF TOU are going East take your Tick
ets by the "Imperial Limited" and spend
a. daj or two at our mountain resorts. You
will benefit by it and' fiijoy It.
Atfpty to any Canadian Paclflo Ry. Agent
or to
H. II ABBOTT. Agent.
E. J. COTLE, ' Portland, Or.
A"ist. Gen. Pa. CAgent,
Vancouver, B. C.
,sg?fei 'Pfc "CUPIDEfJE
Away ' . -
to the - - . '
mountains
TRAVELERS' G15IDE.
I'nlon Depot. Sixth and. J Street.
THREE TRAINS DAiLY
FOR ALL POINTS EAST
"CHICAGO-PORTLAND SPECIAL.-
Leaves for tho East, vl Hustlcston. at 3U3
A II.. arrives, -t P. M.
SPOKAW3 FLYER,
For Spokane, Eastertt. YTaahinston. and Great
Northern points, leaves at s i. M. arrive at
JAM.
' ATLANTIC EXPRESS.
'Leaves for tho Ea3t. via. Uuhtlnrton. at 0
T. 1L; crrives at 8:40 A. iL v
THUOUGK PULLMAN AND TOURIST
SLEEPERS.
Water llces aoheilule, subject to cha&se -without
notlca:
OCEAX AND RJVER SCHEDCLC.
OCEAN DIVISION Steamships sail from
Alnaworth DocK at 8 P. -II. Leave Portland
Stato of California, Sunday, Aug- C; WeUnea
daj Aus. 15; Saturday, Aus. 23; Tuesaar.
Sept. 4: FridftA- snt 14. nolumhlo. Friday.
I Aug; 10; Monday, Auff. !i, Thursday. Aug. 30.
1 Sunday. Sept. 9.
I rrom San Francisco Leaving Spear-Street
Pier No. 24. San Francisco, at 11 A. M.. as
follows; State of California. Wednesday, Aug.
1; Saturday, Aug. H; Tuesday. Aug. -1; Fri
day, Aug. 31; .Monday. Sept. 10.- Columbia.
iionday. Aug. C; Thursday, Aug. 10; Sunday,
Aug. 26; Wednesday. Sept. 5.
COLUMBIA RIVER DIVISION.
PORTLAND AND ABTORLU
Steamer Uaualo loatea Portland dully, except
Sunday, at 8.00 P. it.; on Saturday at 10.00 P.
M. Returning, Ieae Astoria dally. icept sua-
day. at 7rt A. M.
Steamer T. J. Potter leaves Portland Tues
days and Thursdays at 0 A. It.. Saturdays. 1
P. M., for Astoria ard Long Beach. Leaves
lhvaco Tuesdays, Thursdajs and Sundays from
5 to S P. M. aecrtnllnx to tido.
WILLAMETTE RIVER rilVISlO.f.
PORTLAND AND SALEM. OR.
Steamer Ruth, for Salem and way points,
leaves Portland Mondays. Wednesdays and Fri
days at d.00 A. M. .Returning, leaves Salrni
Tuesdays. Thursdays and Saturdays at ti.Ov
A. M.
TtASmVUIr RIVER ROUTE.
PORTLAND-AND DAYTON. OR
Steamer Hhnore, for Dayton and way point.
leaves Portland Tuesday, Thursday and Sat
urday at 7 A. M. Returning, leaves Daytoa for
Portland and war'poini Moudays, Wconedayj
end Fridays at 0 A. M.
BXAKE RIVER ROUTE.
RIPARIA. WASH.. AND LEWISTON. ID M"
Steamer Spokane or iearaer ivovrtston leavrs
Klparia daily at 3:33 A. M arriving at Lerwls
ton at 3 P, 1C Returning, the Spokane or
Lewlston leacs Lewiston daily at 7 A 21.,
arriving at 'Rlparia same evening.
W. H. nURLEURT,
Gtaral Psonser Agent.
V. A. CHTLLINO, City Ticket Agent.
Teiephona Main 712. E0 Third street, cor. Oak.
NewStcamsMpLinetotbeOrient
CHINA AND JAPAN. FROM PORTLAND,
la contwctloa with THE OREGON RAILROAD
& NAVIGATION CO. Schedule. liOO UUbJcct to
changr):
Steamer. Due to Leave Portland.
"MONMOUTHSHIRE" Sept. 0
"BRAEMAR" Sept. SO
tor rates, accommodations, etc.. applv tu
DODWELL A COMPANY. Limited,
General Agenti. Portland. Or.
To principal points In Japan and China.
VIA
SOUTH
Leave
Drpit Fifth sail Streets
Arrlv
OVERLAND EX
PRESS TRAINS
for Balezn. Roae
burg. Ashland. Sac
ramento, D s d n,
Ean Franclaco, Mo
Jwe. Los Angeles.
El Paso, New Or
leans and tho Eaat
At "Woodaura
(daily except Sun
day), morning train
connects with train
for Mt. Angel. 511
v,erton, Browns
ville. Springfield
and Natron, and
evening train for
Mt. Angel and SU
verton. Albany passenger
Corvallla passenger
Sheridan passenger
3:30 P. M.
3:30 A. it
7M3 A.M.
0:30 P. M.
4:00 P.M.
t":30 A. M.
Xi-C0P. At.
10:10A.M.
.C0 P. M.
tS:25A. M.
Dally. JDaily except Sunday.
Rebate tickets on sale between Portland. Sac
ramehco. and San francirco. Net rates il ant
class and $11 decond class, including sleeper
Rates and tlcleta to Eastern points and Eu
rope. Also JAPAN. CHINA. HONOLULU and
AUSTRALIA, Can be- obtained from J. li.
K1RKLAND. Ticket Agent, 140 Third st.
YAMHILL DIVISION.
Passenger Depot, foot of Jefferson Streot.
Leave for Oswego dally at 7:20. 0.40 A. M.:
12. JO, 1:55, 3.25, 4.40. 0.25. S.JO, 11. SO P. M.;
and 0:00 A. M. on. Sunaayi only. 4rrlvt at
Portland dally at 0.J5, V30. io 50 A. M.:
1.35, 3.10, 4.J0, 5:15, 7:JC. 10 00 P. M., 12 4U
A. M. dall), except Monday, S so and 10.05 A.
M. on Sundays only.
Lave for Dallas dally, except Sunday, at
6.05 P. M. Arrive at Portland at 0 JO A. M.
Passenger triln leavto Dallas for Alrlle Mon
daje, Wednesdays and Fridays at 2:43 P. 1L
Returns Tueed.i, Thursdays and Saturdays.
'Except Sunday.
R. KOSHLER. C. H. MARKHAM.
Manager. Gen. Frt & Pass Agt.
rttwrnpv tr.MMSPCf
DOUBLE DAILY TRAIX SE11VICE.
The Pioneer Dfninsr and Observation
Cur Iloiitc.
Union Depot, Ethan J J St5
No. 2
2 P.M.
North Coast Limited.
For Tacoma, Seattle,
No 2
7A.lt
North Yakima, opo-
kane, Pullman, ilos
cow. Lewlston, Hol
land. B C Butt.
Helena. StT Paul. Min
neaoolH. Chlcano. Bos
ton, New York ind all
points tiast ana oouin
east. No. -4
11:50 P.M.
Twin City Express, for
Tacoma. Seattle, Spo
No. 3
Sl. M.
kane. Helena, isime.
St. Paul. Chicago. Bos
ton. New roric. umano,
Kansas City. Council
Bluffs. St. Louis, act!
all points east and
southeast.
Through train sirvlco via Northern Pacific
and Burlington line rrom Portland to Omaha.
Kansas Ctt, St. Loula. ulck tlmo and un
equaled accommodations. v
Take Noirth Coast Limited Train No. 2 for
South Bend. Oiyropla and Grav's Harnor
points.
Sen the North Coast Llm-tsd. Elegant Up
holstered Tourist Sloping Cars. Pullman
Standard Sleepers. Dlnlns Car and ObtfrM
tion. Car. all electric lighted. Solid estlbuled
trains'.
Ticket!-, sold to all points In tho United
Stales and Canada, and baggaga checked to
destination of tickets.
For Information, tickets, sleeping-car resci
atlor.i. etc.'. call on or write
A. D CHARLTON
Assistant' General Pnnnenjrer Agent,
25S aiorrlaon St.. Cor. Tliiril.
Portland. Oreicon.
WHiTE COLLAR LINE
BAILEY OATZERT fAlder-street DocU
Leaves Portland dally ev-ry mornln? at 7
o'clock, except Sunday. Returning. leas As
toria every night at 7 o'clock; except Sun lay.
Oregon phono Main 331. Columbia phono 33L
fl SUNSET i
I O 0GDEN EMAS1A 1
Un scutes n
Y 7
. -. Si
E).raurrri4rii1-trfi-rt.'-.--r-iv-TT-M
TRA.VELEIIS GX3BC
POSSIBLY
tOU ARE MOT AWARE OF
THE FAST TiftlE
AND
"SUPERB SERVICE
Now offered by 1ha
ssss
WE HAVE
DAILY FAST TRAINS
TO THE EAST
2
2
If you cannot take the mornlngr train.,
travel via the evening train. Both ara
tinely equipped.
"Our Specialties"
Fast Time Through Service
PUIilijrAX PALACE SI.EBr'BRS.
PULLMAN TOURIST 3LSEPERS.
PULLMAN' D1X.EBS,
LIBRARY (CAFE) CAR AND FRB3
RECLINING CHAIR CARS.
Hours in Time Saved to
Omaha. CMcaj.ro, Knmai City.,
St- L,oain. STew York. Itonton.
And Other Eastern Points.
Ticket good via Salt Lako City and
Denver.
It Is to your Interest to use THE OVER
LAND ROUTE. Tickets and sleeping-car
berths can be secured from
GEO. LANG.
City Pass, and Ticket Agent.
J. H. LOTKROP, General Agent.
13o Third St.. Portland. Or.
1
To Chicago
And Return
Low Rates to All Points
East.
Call or write for full particulars
before purchasing elsewhere.
Choice of routes.
Finest trains in the world.
Tfefcet Office,
Cor. Third and Stark Slz
K. Vf. F03T3TV
Tlckac Actnt.
GEO. 0. TATLOK.
City Paseansir Acsnt.
PLEASURETOU
Sept. 6
Oct. TT
Round the World
ov. 3
Japan
Holy Land
Sept. 6
From New York.
Sept. 22
Other tours to Earope nnd else- .
where. Programmes ninlled. free
on application.
TKOS. COOK & SON
621 Market St. San Francisco
EATNORIHERN
Ticket OIRct, 263 Harrison Streit, 'Pbsne 53J ,
LS-VE. from sl 'paBU u,n IARRIVX.
No. 4 ipolli, Daluth. Cnloaji I Na.,3.
COOP. AI ail Plnt Ct. ".00 A. 23.
Through Palnce and TourUt flleey-er. Dlnlnj.
and JJurfet Stnoltlne-Uhrary Cars.
JAPAN - AMERICAN LINE
STEAMSHIP IDZUMI MARU
For Japan. China and all Asiatic polnu wia
leave Seattle
About Srpt. 12th
Astork & Columbia
River Railroad Co.
LEAVES j Tor iLjysri. Italnter.
AJtntVES
UNIOM
DEPOT.
DKPOT. i Clifton. Ajtorla. War-
renton. FIttsI. Hara-
muiKl, Fort Stvcn
Grarnirt Pnrlt. SeauMff.
Aitorla. and deajhor
xprua
Dally.
As tor H Express,
Dally.
Seashore Express.
Snturdny only.
11:10 A. M
9140 P. U.
0840'P. iL
5 55 P. M.
2-20 P. II
Except Saturday.
Tlcxet o(3ce. 203 MorrHon it. and Union dtpot.
J. CL iTATO. Gen. Pan. Act.. Aatorta. Or.
Pacific Coast Steamship Co.
FOR ALASKA.
THE COMPANY'S elegant
stea-nTS Queen. Cottage City,
City f Topcka and M - XI
leave TACOMA It A. it.. SE
ATTLE 0 P M.. Auf. 3. 8,
13. 13. IS. 2J. 2S. Sept. 2. 1
12, 17, 22, 2T, Oct 2. nnd
tvry flttft dav thereafter. Tor
further Information obtain
company 3 folder
The comrany ren" tio right to changtt
stam?. railing date and hours of nallinff,
without prciious notice
ACEXT-S POSTON,, 21f ahlnston Bt
Portland. Or . F CAittSTOX. N. V it B.
Dock. Tacoma TICKF.T OFFICK tHS First
avfr . SenttI, E W :.IKL,R3. Ticket ant.: H.
H LLOYD Pus't Srund upt. C W. MIL
LER. A". 3"Pt . Ocm Dock. Sattk.
GOODALL, PERKINS & Co . en. Agta.. 3. Tt,
mpire uoe
FOR
e
And Yuiton River Point J
S.S. "OHIO," 3500 Tons
falls from Seattle
or or about Aus- 23
Rcsfnratlons can now be made upon appllca
tion to any railroad or aub-aeent ot the Inttf
natlonal Navigation Company, er to
EKPIItE TIt.VX5POUTA.Tr.OX CO-
-Stt.virrf.x:. wash.