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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 1, 1879)
August, 1879. THE WEST SHORE. 347 OUAUTY OK WHKAT a,NT. TTMT Or' uu rnwj. In a leisure hour, if inch a thing ihouhl com in harvest time, tome reader may he interested m aome notaa on the quality of wheat for Hour as inllucnced by tho time of cutting. We Uke auch suggestions from a puiicr prepared by l'rof N. 11. Townthend of the Ohio State luivoreity for tlio form and Firtsidt; For tho purpura of human (owl, the moat valuable conatituenta of a grain of wheat an starch aud gluten. Starch forma on tho average about (i0 of the kernel; it ia one of the com inoueat and meet important articles of food, tiluten ia even more nutritioua than itnruh, ita compoaition being more nearly that of animal subttaiicea, but it ia found in the wheat kernel m much lata quantity than the starch ; in Ohio, wheat it may amount to 10, or possibly to 14 while in drier climatea the proportion ia greater! In addition to the value of gluten aafood, it has properties which make it especially valu able in combination with starch for making bread. It forms with water a most tenaoioua paste, aud whou fermeutation, or ehemioal ac tion, is set up in dough, this paate forms a thin iwlliclo about tho bubbles of carbonic acid gas as they are produced, and retains them. This retention of the gas causes the dough to expand, or rieo, ao that when baked in this oondition the bread oomea from the oven thoroughly via cular or light A flour exoluaively of starch, or containing insufHoient gluten, will not retain the gas, and consequently does not rise) the more gluten there it in Hour, the more iier fectly the dough made of it rises, and the lighter and lietter the bread. Flour from soft wheat, which onntain abundance of starch hut are defi cient in gluten, command but a low price for Ukora' use in Kaatera cities, while Hour from llinty wheat, which ia more glutinous, and strong enough to raise itself not only, but possi bly a mixture of cheaper flour and a good quan tity of water, it in good demand and st higher prices. A question which may help to fix the proiwr time for cutting grain, hare presents itaelf. Are the starch aud the gluten dopoaitad in the wheat karuel at the same time, or does the de- xaitKMi of either prooede thai of ths other? One means to determine this ia by ths uae of me micriMCops, ami accordingly, ..laervaliniia wore made almost daily through the month of June and July. The method punned it very simple; a thin slice across a kernel of wheat waa put 00 a alide and wet with a drop of water, then a littlt tincture of iixline was addsd; the iodine turns the starch granules blue, and leaves the kIui.ii uneolorad. Using a two third or one-half inch objooture, it eould be seen that wliilu the kernel la "lu the milk, atar h grama are formed and begin to be deposited, while not until the kernel baa passed into the doughy stago can gluten he seen. When lirat visible the gluten cells form a layer next tat bran . they are circular or irregular in form, soma die tauoe apart, and manifestly not tilled; later la ths season they till ami crowd each other into suuare form, and when .put full tHt rows of gluten oells appear much Tike the ends of bricks in an arch. Numerous observebooa will war rant the conclusion that the ataroh begins to lie deposited lu the kernel before the gluten, and also that tho starch oells may be well tilled while ths grain it ttill soft; that the deposit of glutrn begins later than the itarch, and that the gluten calls are in t thoroughly filled until the kernel begins to be bardT In bard ad llinty varieties of wheat the gluteal was found to form earlier than in soft wheat, such as law sob; with the Utter the (Intra continual tu in crease to the time when circulation waa arretted by the drying of the straw. There la then no ream to doabt that early cut wheat makes the whitest Hour and bread. The real issue, however, is aot oast of color, bat of unaatitl. If the) floor of early rut wheat is white from the abators of Uia usasJ percentage ol gluten, and tat prisajnut of dupruportiustate amount of starch, amen Hoar will It weak, will aot nee, or stay ap aa well, sad ia short, will j " equally light, tough, moist and sweet bread. The wheat of dry, iulaud regions is more llinty aud glutinous than that a moiater climates, and makee a better Hoar, l'KIMKUVATlVX WlUflMNll AMII f WBUft MR. Mr. John K. lUlgcrt, of 1'hila.Wphia. claims to have discovered s preservative wrap. Iiing and 1 ... I. in.; paper for protecting oloths, furs, etc., from mildew ami ravages of moths and other inavcU The patent heart ths daU January Hlh, I87H. The paper usod is maile from wooleu aud ootton rags ami manila ropt or maiiila paper. This paper ia saturaletl with a mixture of 70 parts, by measure, ol the oil re maining from tin- distillation of coal tar naph tha by live attain with live parte crude carlmlio acid, coiitaiuiug at least 30, , of phenols, 'JO parts of thin coal tar, heated to about ItlO' Kan., and live parte of rtliuod M'troleum. After ssturating the paier it is passed through equeeaers and over hot rollera for tho purpose of drying When cool it ia cut into sheets aa desired, and thu drying completed 111 the atimeiphert. The paier thus treated ia uard for aokmg w.Kilen clothing, ololha, fun, carpett, and all material likely to be injured by mntha, mice, or vermin, and will alto to a grtal extent, he states, pre vent cotton material from mildew, Kokmxtiiix or Quit, K Kromy hol.li that than an several kinds of isomeric eellulooo, constituting the skeleton of plente. Coal ia not an organised suWtaiioe. The vegetal imprtt aiona preaenlvd by coal are produced aaluahalee or other minaral matters, lb,- chief suhstaueea rnntaineil in the calls of plsnta under the double inlliience of heat and pressurs produce bodies having a great analogy to coal. The pigments, the reams, and ths lata of Isavas, if aulntiittnl to heat ami pressure, yisld onmpumi.la which approximute to bituiiieiis. The vegetable Inst ter which gave rise to coal has undergone, lint, ths paaty fermentation, the mal being then fnrmod by a secondary transformation. A Kkowinii Kniiinb. A new autnmatio pu inning engine ia in operation at the I'rovldeuce (K. 1. 1 Water Works. It hat 10 cylinders, ft for water and I for steam, arnugsd alter nattly in a circle. It posseeeee an enormints . spa. ity , but it will, without attention from the attendant, do the duty of pumping either for a single faucet or for a dossn statin tlrs engine The cylinders an all connected to a tingle oantral upright thafl, which automatically eithsr makee I nvolution in A minutee or in I minute, aocnnling to water required. If the tin bures low the engine will open the damper. If thu ia not tiiltlclent it will put .10 the blower To I'mkukkvr Nan-tut. Ijuvxa. The freeh Isarss an spread and pressed Into a suitable Hah with alternate layen of line, thoroughly dry sand, aa hot aa ths hand can liear. M Tien the sand has cooled they may lie nmuved, smoothed, and lliied for s fsw moiiiants in clear rrench spirit varnish, and allowed to dry in the air. My many melted lute wti It pro ferred t varnish. This latter moat hot be ton hot. The dried leavee are dlpsd in the melted wax, dnwn eeveral ttmee river the sdgs of ths vstttl tortmovtsieaat, tnd hung en until the Dim of waa it thoroughly cooled and hardened Ptirrat-nao Vi u aaixau Itraaan. To pro. taot Mil. ealaad rubber egairiel the aetlesi of nils sod lata, Harr . Mehweaila, Jr., of Herlia. works in tho rabber try nlbog through healed mlltn t mix tan of n "mda of prepared chalk, .1 it oanoaaof talphar, I Coaaceeiaj litharge ami I pound of ilyeenoe of I.M statin's gravity In order to valaraisa arttslee made tad ah. I rasa thai araatsui, th.y are placed mat gly carina, ass all si pioiad to t pressian of of two to three sin, uepberaa bath of "0. r. eaid as M lady, "lie rookstovs is a great laveatioa, and what) say liy James gets through his stud lag SB lajtsllsal eagiaeeniig, aa be aaa coast beast sod ran it, 111 bay new of ess, bat Bat afore." A IIA1.K OKNTUHY OK RAH.KOAltS. Oa the J7th of October next. It will bo just Mysan since the lint locomotive soiled the problem of railroad treoaportaliou. Uubelleven wen many, and one critic, a member of the. Kngliah committee, inquired of Nlaphenanit, the engineer, whether his machine, running at the rate of uiue or twelve miles per hour, would not .-suae a terrible accident il it should meet so obstacle, a cow f..r inetanee. "Yea, to the cow," pucUy nplled Htcpheusnn, Ths application of steam to highways waa the davta of a new era in freedom of communication and tranaHirta lion. Since the introduction of steam aa a mo tor, woiiilarful improvemeuta hare keen made, and if it waa ditiloult for conteuiioraueotia wit hessee to gnap the immensity of the diecovery, it ia uo leas diHh-ult (or us now, after 00 yean of uae, to lolly measure all of the direct aad in direct consequences that How from this marvel. 011a in. en of cnmmiihloalinn, tleorge Stephenson declared hit diecovery to an assemblage of Kngliah englneen on the '7th of October, lftfll, and 011 the 1 7th of Heptem ber, It'll", the lint Kngliah railroad waa opened lietween Liverpool and Manchester. tlelgium speedily followed the example of Kngland, and in IM7, Krtnce inaugurated tht I'arit tnd Naint (lennalu railroad, in IN.Hl, rive yean after the lint railroad, I S"."0 mllss of mad were in .qiera tion in ths wiirld. At the ireeent time, or at lesat at the imuihcin it ol the year IH7H, for our general iUli.li. slop st thst year, Kuroiie imsersscd H, i'iX nillee of rallrus.l whlls the United MUtes I ad about mi ii ,,!, , , other iarU of the world atamt '.'-.'.lasi mllet Tbaeellpreesn taken from a . alualda ller tiian work which Siiesred in the H.k,iu if .teirotier;. Tht author aisles thst ths cspital ind.,).d 111 the Milling ol ti.r r si Insula of the world amnuota to tV I ." . M st 1 laanasi, tu) milliards do marks 1 An rimuu capital for a tingle Industry not yet mm h olds.' than the average life of man. Here, wHilluuee the su thor, Ta s fs.'t 111 litl-al numomy ntver aeen tinea the world Iwgsn. It hts eisrclsart a pre dominating luHueiics over sll human ralations, sensible not only ill the material ! ma. 11. but in the Intellectual sod inorsl ,,ndllli of elvlliaal (Miople .l.'iirnaliam baa imtsbly he come aubleet to thle InHueace, alnee political wants and views, aa wall at social .ontlgn ity .hangs in proeirtioa as ws havs be. imie i.Mmoia.lilan, or have lucreatsil our triumphs ovsr ths for.es of ntlure in Ununlng IrNlepsml enl of time end spaoa. Ilailmada htve anlmljr .hsng.d ths cotvll lions of productions. They, with -taamihlps. have enahleil thinly aetUed hnallUtai of the world, to pnalure immense .-r.q upon virgin soli, and mmpsle ai'.h ami triunqdi over the denser populaUno Iml w.irn owl ami of abler Kurnpe. If .10 yesn of ateam eommaBiealinai have irwluenl su. h an asbuiwhlag reeull, what may we not ei part at the end of a teniad half century I Jfiaia ,ml V A Vaar Hittria t'snttoaarii MthBsvitMg gsats the use of a lae rwbber oord, aboat IA incbee hg, supplied with a loop at each tae, end having oa It a email white heed, eliding oa it with gratis Iriettoa. Ity sseartag oae and to list table by a pta, ami twaalag a pajaail Ihroogh the other end, sod dree log Its petal ovsr tat ptpef with the right hand keeping lbs string strek bed, and . analog the basal Up .Ua ml the oaiUiiae of t timple drtwiag plan til be. heath It, a tolerably gfael entry .( tht drawing will be predated, bearing say .letlrsd pro pur turn to tae orlgiaal, s. ..tiling to las pottues) CI ta tat l-o-t aa tat stnagj toet, if tat It m tht etottr of the turd, the dra.ieg will U doable lae siso 4 the oiigioai. Tbe bast rtaaltt an oai obtauaable after suaaw peat, lata, tad by ateptoyiag a aatr foiat taaa a
