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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (April 1, 1879)
April, 1879. 112 THE WEST SHORE. TICK irilVI.UtXKUA I'M.TL'KKD ANI DEHOR IBRD Our tumriaa tm t)ii igc a',,w the '" niiii-iiwl vineyard JMtwyit tho phylloxera in lU vanml forms tlin figures showing the in.iect M il MMMI ban In, 'lily magnified. 'I I" in gravings are from drawings by I'n.f. 0. V. liihy, 17. H. KnUiuiologiat, who would bo eminent for his studies of till! foe of tho ,. - r :i I - ;!.. I, 0VCI1 if tiia many otltiT invaluable contributions to economic entomology lui'l never Isjoii made. TKia is the. insect which haji occasioned such great ! to tin- French vinu growers during the last Id ycais. The genu. 'Ay mi r n Under the wider IhmiIi. st AfJtnlitt mill in asi iii 'l liy the iilomnlogisU position luiilu n Iwtwetiii tho I'Uot Ihum or aphis Mnl the more degraded Mirk louse nr 1 1 m 11 h 'I lino are III dasMfibtd Bi(Vles nl fJulltwrtl, hut liei-ailse of it promill 1100 lhroii, h s un' 1 Iml roy 1 ng tho ipXlil PUd orrro i.i.oirn has assumed the name of tho fit . night days old into active little beings, which iiiircr from their mother 'n their brighter color anil more iierfect logs. Theas young lice are hosvii at Fig. 4, front anil hack views; natural size within tho circle. Issuing from the mouth of the gall I I' ig. 2) those young lice scatter over the vine, most of them timling their way to tho tender terminal leaves. Here they commence Damping up anil appropriating tho sap, forming galls ami depositing eggs, as their immediate parent has done hefore. This process continues during the summer until the fifth or sixth generation. F.very egg brings forth a fertile female, whioh soon becomes wonderfully pro lific, ily the end of September (at tho Kast) the galls are mostly deserted, and thoso which are left are usually infected with mildew and eventually turn brown and decay. Tin. young bee attach themselves to the leaves and thus hibernate. It is an important fact that the gall-inhabiting insect occurs only in female nnd wingless form. There is no male : the young being produced by what naturalists call par thenogiimlli It hut a transient summer slate, nut at all necessary to the perpetuation and this virginal reproduction continues for five or iiv oonerationS the dnvnlnnma,.l " . , cnDilMluilOi vile UQVIUUJU1MMU IB creasing in rapidity with the heat, but the pro. liticacy, or number of eggs, decreasing. In July Bomo of the individuals show little wing pads at the sides and begin to issue from the ground and to acquire wings. These winged individuals become very numerous in August (at the Kast) and continue to appear in dimin. ishing numbers thereafter until the leaves have all fallen. They are all females and carry in the abdomen from three to eight eggs of two sizes, the largest about two hundredths of an inch long and half as wide; the smaller three fourths as long. These eggs are also unimprcg nated, and are laid by preference on the under side of the more tender leaves, attached by one end amid tho natural down of the leaf. They increase somewhat in size, and give birth in about ten days to the true sexual individuals, the larger producing the females, the smaller the male.. Anomalous as it may seem, these individuals are born perfect though without mouth, and with none other than the reproduc tive function. Fig. I shows one of these pecu- Fin. 7. 8 1 lr TIIK (JKAI'K-VINK TDK NATURAL HI8T0H a ... . .r . r nNii-innahitniL- ..m. )... ,hl .i . ; VS.SU IIMIIIMLMT. It L0U8K, Phylloxtn Vastatrix. I'lanchon. lores, or shall follow, morr or leu ol,,.y IHH Kiley 1 article m ".lhi,.u . IJsdrsjrSM S ' l" l The 'U(urf,l nirfaKru pre.. 111. lUrlf in two typM, of litMM i, (mis, '.or fmiu.l .,11 the 1, ( I Ur vine, inhabiting etomnoMn-ee nr galU and oalUl "galli.s.U 11,, oth.r desrlopm,, ,M the rnota, an. I nailed ' radwioola. ' M , 311 begin With Uir IU.1 u,l ,, ,1,, py I SttoW a MO. Ir.l tin. k I) covered Willi the (lie, end Ki. t M a . ns , 1,,.,, lh. hnsruu tu inlvnor aa nrii ill, hr niienasoop. Oa owtIoII) otMiin ol Ui gall. , ,. ,,., asfc Utim aa inetuml w I i,; s, s Umg Ihr fronl and k Uir Wk ! ,. tl.r mxvt If ttM trail u upMidl wiili , ,r .he will u ... ,, IUmruU al snwk um.iin.luig linll , lr nm mtft, ,. ol which 1. shown ( , h(. t, Ik ularwl r ln the .t.H ll,,t, ti csrokv TU. ngrs ar muxwJv .aw hun.lrw.IUi part ol m inch l.a' and not ,uiU hall aa ihick Th. moihw tiuw.-t (Ki S m atmst w mray nllh o( an mch long, of a dull (amitf color, wol I L I MK.L. . . . 1 I .. lour,.h only on that otMS of vine, known t ti.e r,, , ,,,,1 uueerUinapiwarance even .hi UMMs In MM soaami. it is even dlffloul, to inula few galls on the vers-sines on winch they wrie abundant the year Wore. This is I rof. KUh s i.bwrvatu.11 at the fatfts In tin. sUte e has. i,..l ..... .. .1 -11 . , .. " " l"" K'l ".rill .........Kii i.uien mas hare dune uiirlant i the nw.t him I he root (irm. r radiccola, prwtlU ,. '..... and more intere.t,g biological traiu than Ihe rf form Ihe newly hat. A ,1 l P ar,' pr,. alth ,n;",,,l-h ,,U'h the gall., hut liar moiithless females; tho other forms being furnished with tho long proboaois-like month or tube extending, when at rest, ovor tho abdo men ns shown at n, Fig. 4. These mouthleas individuals pair soon after hatching, and the female in delivered on the third or fourth day of - -i.iivb.v egg aim men perishes, iniseggm never laid on the leaf, but always on the wood, ...11 1 il. - . . .. . eimer uiiner tne hark, or in sheltered situations I he most alxvo ground, or on the root underground. . .. , ig iiaicinng irom it is the normal vir gin mother, which, with increased vigor and fertility, lays a large number of eggs and com mences again the virginal reproduction with which we first described, and thus is completed the I k w here v .,. hairw.. ."" 1 h" r",u"(1 nf th" "Pic ' Tb imprtsated which reon m-iiU . wincle., m, h.'r r . , , ' ',ar' thnnKh " of the later- feSk 7- t wintr i,h1i ,otn.wlmt ,,,,, "n,( .lm i 1 he engraving, 1 ig. 7, gives a good idea of the adhering eh-ly u, r.u a7, L SK!" 1 the root-fcrms of the inist: is sun. ,n ,h, .,,r,nK thty CI ivV ho hlt.V root; b is a root infested with phyl enlarge .,,,1 LXn Z "l"?? ",e?- ''" the knots and swellings caui-sl "' ' m mi in. mn mhii 01 tSMf OSSJI m m i.uliaiu 1 1 all 1 il.. U I ... w -w .v. mamt sat .w lhsr turn devr and lav . " ' '' ''. are the lice on the mots, natural "li".s, W , . , tl))1 fcmilo . ud u