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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 1, 1877)
November. THE WEST S1IOEE. 35 TjE West SrjoV, A Srxteen Pafe-o Monthly Illustrated Paper, pobUSfacd a IVstund, n by U SAM l; EL, 5 WMHinjfloii St. terms OF SUBSCRIPTION, (Including PottafS tu any rt of the United Hates): One copy, one yew w Stiigk- Sumtwr ..tfMBta Postage to foreign countries, 15 cents additional tiff- BobyCflpttoo must be i-aid in advance, and ill pire will Mwilively be rtoKHl at the , n, f tim, tiu-y ore Ukl for. Itemittunces OU Iss mule by NgWmd letter, or bv order on any of the Portland btUUMl him.. HAYDEN'8 SURVEY AND THE ARCH EOLOGY OF THE SOUTHWEST. Up to the year 1874 rumor hail Wen telling many marvelous stories of strange and interest ing habitations of a forgotten people who once occupied the country about the headwaters of the Bio San Juan, but these narrations were so iuterwoven with romance that hut few people placed much reliance upon them. To those well versed in archeology, ruins of an extensive and interesting character were known to exist throughout New Mexico and Arizona, and the various reports of Albert Johnson, Sitgreaves, Simpson, Whipple, Newberry and others, form3 a most interesting chapter in ancient American history; but their researches, aside from the meager accounts published by Newberry, threw DO light on tlio marvelous clitl' dwellings and towns north of the San Juan. In 1874 tho photographic division of the United States Geological Survey was instructed, in connection with its regular work, to visit and report upon these ruins, and in pursuance of this object made a hasty tour of the region about tho Mesa Verde and the Sierra El Late in southwestern Colorado, the results of which trip, as expressed by Hancroft in the "Native liaces of tho Pacific Coast:" "Although made known to the world only throuuh a three or fan rlao'a exploration by a party of three ineu, are of me greatest importance. A report was made and published with 14 illustrations in the Bulle tin ol the United States Geological and Geo graphical Survey of the Territories, Second Scries No. 1, and some ol the engravings were recently reproduced in our columns. The following year the same region was vis ited by .Mr. V. 11. Holmes, one of the geolo gists ot the Haydeu survey, aud a careful mves. tigatiou made of all the ruins. Mr. Jackson, who had made the report the previous year, also revisited this locality, and extended his ex plorations down the San Juan to the mouth of the DeChelly, and thence to the MoquJ villages in northeastern Arizona. Returning, the country lietweeu the Sierra Aliajo and' La Sal, and the I ; Plata was traversed, and an immense number of very interesting ruins were tirst mull., .i. mj me iuieiiuoii oi tnc on huh world by the report which was published this follow. ing winter by Messrs. Holmes and Jackson in tho Bulletin of the Uuited States Geological and ueograpincai rmrvey oi tnc territories, vol. u No. 1. The occasion of tho Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia, led to the idea of preparing moueis oi tnese nuns, ior tne fflttrtf UiwBfsV tiou of their peculiarities, four of which were completed in season for the oiksiuul' of the ex hibition. Tho tirst was made by Mr. Holmes with whom the idea originated, and represents the "Cliff house of the Mancos canyon,'' tho exterior dimensions of which are 88 inches in breadth by 4ti iuches in hight, and the scale 1 to 24; or two feet to the inch. This is a two atory building constructed of stone, occupying a narrow ledge in the vertical face of tin.- hint), 700 feet above the valley, and 200 feet from the top. It is l!4 teot in length ami 14 tcet in depth, divided into four rooms on the ground Sooe. The beams supporting the second lloor are all destroyed, i lie doorways, serving also as win dows, were quite small, only oms Binall aperture in the outer wall facing the valley. 'Ihe ex IKised walls were lightly plastered over with clay and so closely resembled the general sur fuee of the bluff that it Incomes exceedingly difficult to distinguish them at a little distance from their surroundings. The second Model of this series was con structed by Mr. Jackson, and represents the large "Cave town in the valley of the Kio de Chelly," near its junction with the San Juan. This town is located upon a narrow liench occur ing about 80 feet above the base of a perpendic ular bluff some .100 feet in hight. lt isMMeet m length, about 40 feet at its greatest depth, and shows about 7' apartments on its ground plan. The left hand third of the town, as we face it, is overhung some distance by the bluff, protecting the buildings beneath much more iscrfectly HUH the others. This is the iiortioii represented by the model. A three-story tow er tonus the i entral tenure; upon either side are rows of lesser buildings, built one above another upon the sloping Door of rock. Nearly all these buildings are iu fair state of preservation. This Model is 37 by 47 inches, outside measure ment, and the scale I to 72, or six feet to the inch. A "Restoration" of the alovc forms the third in the series -of the same size ami scale -and is intended, as its name implies, to represent as nearly as jxtuible the original condition of the ruin. In this we KM that the approaches were made by ladders and stem hewn in the rock, and that the roof of oue tier of nioins served as i terrace for those back of them, showing a similarity, at least in their construction, U the works of tlie Puchlns in New Mexico ami Arizona. Scattered alwut over the huildiug are miniature representations of the eople at their various occutious, with pottery and other domestic utensils. The "Tn pic Walled Tower. ' at the head of the McElino, U the subject of the fourth model. It was construct! by Mr. Holmes and repre sents, as indicated by iu title, a tnule-wailed towsr, situated iu the Midst of a considerable extent of lesser ruins, probably ol duelling, occupying a low beach bordering the dry-wash of the MoEbno. The tower is 42 feet in diameter, W Will two-foet thick, and now standing some 1 P-feet high. The two outer walls enclose a space of six feet in width, which is divided tow 14 equally sized rooms, communication with one another by small wiodowdiko door- ESS , , lt! ftlM,ve are idl tbat were exhibited at , nuadelpblai itooo then others have been made by Mr. Jackson, as follows: (!illl'Hmi8e iu the valley of the Rio da i nelly it is about SO miles above the cava town already ipokeu of. This is a two-storv house, about 20 teat square, OCmpylne a letuM 78 fealabovc the valley and omhuiia by the huiff. Ihe approach from the valley is by a series of steps hewn in the steep face of the rock, and this method was the one most used by the occupants, although there is a wav out to the top of the bluff This model is 42 inches 1 in hight by 24 broad, and is built upon a scale of I to 86, "Tiwa, ' one of the seven Moqui towns in1 northenstern Arizona, i vary Intonating nod instructive model, representing as it does 000 o( tho most ancient and best authenticated of the w el lings of a people who are suppled to bo the descendants of the cliff dwellers. Tiwa is the hrst of the seven villages forming the province, as we approach them from the tost, and occu- DKSIGN pies the summit of t, narrow mesa some 000 feet in Ught ami 1,200 yards in length, upon which are also two otner somewhat similar villages. The approach is by a circuitous roadway hewn in the perpendicular face of the bluff, which surrounds the mesa on all sides; it is the only approach accessible for animals to the three villages. Other ladder-like stairways are cut in the rock, which arc used principally by the water carriers, for all their springs and reser voirs are at the bottom of the mesa. This vil laue is represented upon a scale of one inch to eight feet or 1 to IKi. The dimensions of th model are .Id iuches in length, 21) inches in widtli and 14 inches high. In the spring of 1877 Mr. Jackson made a tour over much of the northern iiart of New FOR COUNTRY VILLA AND RURAL COTTAOE ANI BARN. Mexico and westward to the Moqui towns in Arizona, ami secured materials for a numlier of very interesting models, ilhiHtrating the meth ods of the Pueblos or Town Ituilders in the con struction of their dwellings. Two villages have been selected for immediate construction, as showing the most ancient and liest knowu ei amntes of their peculiar architecture, viz. : Taos ami Acoma, the one of many stoned, terraced houses, and the other built high up ou an im pregnable rock. The model of Taos is now completed, the dimensions of wlneh are 42 by inches, and the scale one inch t 2" feet. Of this town I'avissays: "It is the liest sample of the an cient mde of Isjihliitg. Here are two large houses, :t00 or 4M feet in length, ami abott . i0 feet wide at the Itose. They are titostui uihiii opjsMite sides of m small creek, and in ancient times are said to have lieeti connected with a bndffi-. They are live and ut stones high, each story reoedin from the one below it, and thus forming a structure terraced f mm tip to hotbnti. Each story is iMsW sUta numerous little com iartments. the outer tier of hmpms being light tsl by mall windows in tlie siles. while iu the interior of the building are dark and are prineipally used as store-rooms. The only means of entrance is through a trap door iu the roof, ami TOO ascend from story to story by means of Udders on the outside, which are drawn up at night." Their contact with Europeans has moditied somewhat their ancient at) la of buddings, prin cipally iu substituting doorways in the walls of their houses for those in the roof, Their mod ern buildings are rarely over two stories iu hight, and are not distinguishable from those of their Mexican 'neighbors. The village is sur ronn led by an adobe wall, w hich is just inclu ded within the limits of the model, and incloses an area of II or 12 acres iu extent. Within this limit are four of their ttttffiu, or secret council houses. These are circular, under ground apartments, with a narrow Opening in the roof, surrounded by n palisade. ladders Wing used to go in and out These models are tirst carefully built up in clay, in which material all the detail is readily secured, and are then cnt in plaster, a mold being secured by which they are readily multi plied to anv extent. They are then put in the hands of the artist s ami carefullv colored in solid oil paints to aceiirntely reieinlde tlieir apiwar aiice in nature, ami in the case of restorations, or modern building?, all the little additions are CARRIAGE HOUSE. I made which will give the appearance of occu pation. The survey in in possession of the data for the construction of many more models, ami they will lie brought oot as opportunity is given. They have also in connection with the ruins, multiplied many of tho curious nieces of not- tery which have been brought back from that region by the various parties connected with the survey. On TBI Tor ok pBI Anuks. . Xuturr hears that Mr. Wiener has ascended Mt. llli niaui, one of the loftiest if not the most lofty of the Bolivian Andes. This mountain presents a icaiiuiui aspect irom uio village oi i ,i r&. According to the authority of M. Peutland, it has an altitude of 7,800 metre. M. Wiener has given it an altiude of i,lHNl Metres; M. Uaahia aatimatea at at ii,40o. If these figures le exact, M. Wiein-r has iuale the highest aa- cetismii ever MaI in the Andes, in fact any- "" ouwimu oi .n; nere n nas M-eli sur mh1 by M. Johnson, who arrived at a height of li.HIW metres at tin- King loin of I Vhcuure, and Mm. Schlagiutivett, who in KV. wci-nded fi.'tit) nwlm iu the Himalaya. Atcnaioiis by means of lll'iis have of course exceudwl these tigure. M. Qlaiabat arrived at an alti tude of H.WlO metres, and M. 0, Tissaudier, in the eoeraMy of Bml and Ctoei Spmelli at- Uintsl 8,tI00 metres, TU held of lite rature iscnquend for woimu. There are m longer lars or oWt ructions of wy rt iu the way. A womati who has anything to say is orivilegoil U say it; ami if it is worth tieanng tin- world wJl leul au att' ntive enr. Mr: :. H. riy. "Tht was very granly of you. Tommy, to t your little sister share of t.1. ,,,, vYou to,l aje. nia, that I was always tu uke her past," said Tommy. DIPB0VKD MBTH0D OK DRILUKG FOR PRTB0LBUU As many of our readers are interested in developing the petrelcum resources of the lower counties of our State, we compile from a Pen sylvania exchange the most approved method in that oily State. The system of drilling now in TOeua is a great improvement on that pursued adoen years ago in the use of "casing" to shut off tho surface water. The surface wells, 'MXi or 400 feet deep, put down from LStil to 18414, were drilled aliout two and a half inches diameter, with a set of tools weighing about ,'tOO pounds' attached to a "spring pole," with a derrick alvout 2." or ;10 feet hicli, oneratetl bv two mi the spring pde being something like the jHde of an old-fashioned well, and 18 or 20 feet per day oMwuiwutnu nw onrcss. ai tne weight of the ttmls, the diameter and depth of tho well was increased; horse MWaT and afterwards team power waa substituted for the "spring pole." With the present system, a derrick of ho to 7."i feet high is hrst out up; steel-edged cast-iron driving pipe, eight inches internal diameter, is then driven through the surface soil until it rests on solid rock; then a hole, i. in iiLeues uinnieicr, is urilU'd Willi tools, weighing about 2,000 pounds, to a depth Mow the surface, varying from 180 to MM) or more feet, when a "casing" of light iron pipe, six inches internal diameter, is lowered down and rested in the rock and tho holes Continued down, five and a half inches diameter, until oil ia stnick or a depth usually sullicient to reach it in mat region urn Dean attained. When the well is tubed and pumped for a reasonable length of time; if no oil in yielded, some tor peaoea are exploded iii it. in order to open up communication with crevices containing oil, if possible, and if no oil is then obtained it is abandoned. Sometimes the elastic force of tho coutinod gas is so great that upon striking the crevice containing it, it forces the tools out and the oil commences to flow without pumping; at other times pumping may be required for a few days or continuously. With the heavy tools now in use, 70 feet par day is sometimes aver aged. Iu the old method of Iniring without casing, the hole was kept full of water, which followed tho drill down, exerting a pressuro of over 800 Miunds per square inch at a depth of 700 feet, which tho gas most overcome before the oil would (low simultaneously, and in many cases is sup)osed to have driven the oil into other channels before the pump was put in, sometimes oven Hilling another well at some distance w hich had been yielding oil. By using casing these risks are prevented! as the 'surface water is prevented fnun reaching deeper por tions of the well. As the tubing and casing aro withdrawn from abandoned wells, they should 1h required to 1K plugged below tile surface water-veins, otherwise the producing wells of the district will sooner or later Iks ruined by Wing Hooded with surface water or the escape of gas. RURAL HOURS. Tho cottages, which our illustrations show, aro simple and inexpensive. As such they can hardly fail to oomi within tho moans and an swer tho needs of the humblest of our readers; and yet are they not very tasteful and sugges tive of simple Watity and comfort. Onu is just such a habitation as one of our youiigmen could filan to oncago his littlo family, and the other is commodious enough to servo as a casket for quite a string of home jewels. Thoy are put forth on our part as tittle more than suggestive of what can Iks done iu designing homos of mo. crate oxiense, and we doubt not readers can re model thorn and devise interiors according to their tastes and ideas of convenience. We lie lievo every family should havo a voice in tho planning of its own home." Co MIT ATI Family Auction. -I can imag ine no condition that carries, with it such a promise of joy as the fanner in the autumn; with Ins cellar full, with nvcry preparation made for the winter, with tho mtepootof three mouths of comfort and rest, three Months of lireaide and .(intent; three months of home and fam ily, three months of pure, solid comfort. Mskn your houses comfortable. Do not huddls to. gather in a little room around a red hot stove, with every window fatten down. Donot live in this poisoned air, and then when ouo of yuur children dies put a piece in tho paper commen cing with, " hereas, it hath pleasiil Providence to remove from our midst ." Have plenty of air and plenty of warmth. Let your children sleep. )o not drag them fn.tii their Ms in tho darkness of night. Treat them with Infinite kindness. Then; is B0 happiness in a house not lilled with love; wherea man hates the wife, or the wifu the huibandj where children fear their parents, or when' parents dislike their children. Kvery such homo is simply a hell Bpon earth. There is no ration why fanners should not be refined and kind. Then is nothing in the cub tivation of the soil to make men enws, rrablwd and nuiust. To look np.-i. the sunny slojiea em-en! with daisies, doea not tend to make Men cruel. Whoever labora for the happiness ot IhOH he loves, elevates himself; im matter whether he works m the shop or plows m the perfumed lielda. In conclusion, let rue say Ui farmers, do all MOM to make your business attractive Col, lUbiri Imjwrtoli. Mich ! K ww wins ok Fiiiua. -To ascertain whether there are n-.i,i m n Hin-cimnn of Hour U.Troupaaa In the Jtn,ttt r),rmiJltry re.-oni,ends p, ,, ,. , f t(;ur iwtwWlIl two sheets of paper, ami thiii it out by pressure with the linger. If acan are present they sooo reveal their existeme by appearing as small b- til.-s, visible to tho naked eye. These May Ins transferred by means of a moistened J-.int to the stageof the inn roseola. To study the legs ami hairs of acan it is imliHrnh!e to use a mixture of glyeeniw and acetic acid, which bmraaaai the transparency. T avoid bruising the insect i hair should bepUead U tw. i, the plate and the cover-glass. Kiamin mg m tins way a number of sjecimens of (lour, of various source and age, M. TroiiMu has fouud that nearly all have contained scan, and that these animals are more abundant the longer the Hour has boon eijssied to the action of air and inonture.