November.
THE WEST S1IOEE.
35
TjE West SrjoV,
A Srxteen Pafe-o Monthly Illustrated Paper, pobUSfacd a
IVstund, n by
U SAM l; EL, 5 WMHinjfloii St.
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HAYDEN'8 SURVEY AND THE ARCH
EOLOGY OF THE SOUTHWEST.
Up to the year 1874 rumor hail Wen telling
many marvelous stories of strange and interest
ing habitations of a forgotten people who once
occupied the country about the headwaters of
the Bio San Juan, but these narrations were so
iuterwoven with romance that hut few people
placed much reliance upon them. To those well
versed in archeology, ruins of an extensive and
interesting character were known to exist
throughout New Mexico and Arizona, and the
various reports of Albert Johnson, Sitgreaves,
Simpson, Whipple, Newberry and others, form3
a most interesting chapter in ancient American
history; but their researches, aside from the
meager accounts published by Newberry, threw
DO light on tlio marvelous clitl' dwellings and
towns north of the San Juan.
In 1874 tho photographic division of the
United States Geological Survey was instructed,
in connection with its regular work, to visit
and report upon these ruins, and in pursuance
of this object made a hasty tour of the region
about tho Mesa Verde and the Sierra El Late in
southwestern Colorado, the results of which trip,
as expressed by Hancroft in the "Native liaces of
tho Pacific Coast:" "Although made known to
the world only throuuh a three or fan rlao'a
exploration by a party of three ineu, are of
me greatest importance. A report was made
and published with 14 illustrations in the Bulle
tin ol the United States Geological and Geo
graphical Survey of the Territories, Second
Scries No. 1, and some ol the engravings were
recently reproduced in our columns.
The following year the same region was vis
ited by .Mr. V. 11. Holmes, one of the geolo
gists ot the Haydeu survey, aud a careful mves.
tigatiou made of all the ruins. Mr. Jackson,
who had made the report the previous year,
also revisited this locality, and extended his ex
plorations down the San Juan to the mouth of
the DeChelly, and thence to the MoquJ villages
in northeastern Arizona. Returning, the
country lietweeu the Sierra Aliajo and' La Sal,
and the I ; Plata was traversed, and an immense
number of very interesting ruins were tirst
mull., .i. mj me iuieiiuoii oi tnc on huh world
by the report which was published this follow.
ing winter by Messrs. Holmes and Jackson in
tho Bulletin of the Uuited States Geological and
ueograpincai rmrvey oi tnc territories, vol. u
No. 1.
The occasion of tho Centennial exhibition at
Philadelphia, led to the idea of preparing
moueis oi tnese nuns, ior tne fflttrtf UiwBfsV
tiou of their peculiarities, four of which were
completed in season for the oiksiuul' of the ex
hibition. Tho tirst was made by Mr. Holmes
with whom the idea originated, and represents
the "Cliff house of the Mancos canyon,'' tho
exterior dimensions of which are 88 inches in
breadth by 4ti iuches in hight, and the scale
1 to 24; or two feet to the inch. This is a two
atory building constructed of stone, occupying
a narrow ledge in the vertical face of tin.- hint),
700 feet above the valley, and 200 feet from the
top. It is l!4 teot in length ami 14 tcet in depth,
divided into four rooms on the ground Sooe.
The beams supporting the second lloor are all
destroyed, i lie doorways, serving also as win
dows, were quite small, only oms Binall aperture
in the outer wall facing the valley. 'Ihe ex
IKised walls were lightly plastered over with
clay and so closely resembled the general sur
fuee of the bluff that it Incomes exceedingly
difficult to distinguish them at a little distance
from their surroundings.
The second Model of this series was con
structed by Mr. Jackson, and represents the
large "Cave town in the valley of the Kio de
Chelly," near its junction with the San Juan.
This town is located upon a narrow liench occur
ing about 80 feet above the base of a perpendic
ular bluff some .100 feet in hight. lt isMMeet
m length, about 40 feet at its greatest depth,
and shows about 7' apartments on its ground
plan. The left hand third of the town, as we
face it, is overhung some distance by the bluff,
protecting the buildings beneath much more
iscrfectly HUH the others. This is the iiortioii
represented by the model. A three-story tow er
tonus the i entral tenure; upon either side are
rows of lesser buildings, built one above another
upon the sloping Door of rock. Nearly all these
buildings are iu fair state of preservation.
This Model is 37 by 47 inches, outside measure
ment, and the scale I to 72, or six feet to the
inch.
A "Restoration" of the alovc forms the third
in the series -of the same size ami scale -and is
intended, as its name implies, to represent as
nearly as jxtuible the original condition of the
ruin. In this we KM that the approaches were
made by ladders and stem hewn in the rock,
and that the roof of oue tier of nioins served as
i terrace for those back of them, showing a
similarity, at least in their construction, U the
works of tlie Puchlns in New Mexico ami
Arizona. Scattered alwut over the huildiug
are miniature representations of the eople at
their various occutious, with pottery and
other domestic utensils.
The "Tn pic Walled Tower. ' at the head of
the McElino, U the subject of the fourth model.
It was construct! by Mr. Holmes and repre
sents, as indicated by iu title, a tnule-wailed
towsr, situated iu the Midst of a considerable
extent of lesser ruins, probably ol duelling,
occupying a low beach bordering the dry-wash
of the MoEbno. The tower is 42 feet in diameter,
W Will two-foet thick, and now standing some 1
P-feet high. The two outer walls enclose a
space of six feet in width, which is divided
tow 14 equally sized rooms, communication
with one another by small wiodowdiko door-
ESS , , lt! ftlM,ve are idl tbat were exhibited at ,
nuadelpblai itooo then others have been made
by Mr. Jackson, as follows:
(!illl'Hmi8e iu the valley of the Rio da
i nelly it is about SO miles above the cava
town already ipokeu of. This is a two-storv
house, about 20 teat square, OCmpylne a letuM
78 fealabovc the valley and omhuiia by
the huiff. Ihe approach from the valley is by
a series of steps hewn in the steep face of the
rock, and this method was the one most used
by the occupants, although there is a wav out
to the top of the bluff This model is 42 inches 1
in hight by 24 broad, and is built upon a scale
of I to 86,
"Tiwa, ' one of the seven Moqui towns in1
northenstern Arizona, i vary Intonating nod
instructive model, representing as it does 000 o(
tho most ancient and best authenticated of the
w el lings of a people who are suppled to bo the
descendants of the cliff dwellers. Tiwa is the
hrst of the seven villages forming the province,
as we approach them from the tost, and occu-
DKSIGN
pies the summit of t, narrow mesa some 000 feet
in Ught ami 1,200 yards in length, upon which
are also two otner somewhat similar villages.
The approach is by a circuitous roadway hewn
in the perpendicular face of the bluff, which
surrounds the mesa on all sides; it is the only
approach accessible for animals to the three
villages. Other ladder-like stairways are cut
in the rock, which arc used principally by the
water carriers, for all their springs and reser
voirs are at the bottom of the mesa. This vil
laue is represented upon a scale of one inch to
eight feet or 1 to IKi. The dimensions of th
model are .Id iuches in length, 21) inches in
widtli and 14 inches high.
In the spring of 1877 Mr. Jackson made a
tour over much of the northern iiart of New
FOR COUNTRY VILLA AND
RURAL COTTAOE ANI BARN.
Mexico and westward to the Moqui towns in
Arizona, ami secured materials for a numlier of
very interesting models, ilhiHtrating the meth
ods of the Pueblos or Town Ituilders in the con
struction of their dwellings. Two villages have
been selected for immediate construction, as
showing the most ancient and liest knowu ei
amntes of their peculiar architecture, viz. : Taos
ami Acoma, the one of many stoned, terraced
houses, and the other built high up ou an im
pregnable rock.
The model of Taos is now completed, the
dimensions of wlneh are 42 by inches, and
the scale one inch t 2" feet. Of this town
I'avissays: "It is the liest sample of the an
cient mde of Isjihliitg. Here are two large
houses, :t00 or 4M feet in length, ami abott . i0
feet wide at the Itose. They are titostui uihiii
opjsMite sides of m small creek, and in ancient
times are said to have lieeti connected with a
bndffi-. They are live and ut stones high, each
story reoedin from the one below it, and thus
forming a structure terraced f mm tip to hotbnti.
Each story is iMsW sUta numerous little com
iartments. the outer tier of hmpms being light
tsl by mall windows in tlie siles. while
iu the interior of the building are dark and are
prineipally used as store-rooms. The only
means of entrance is through a trap door iu the
roof, ami TOO ascend from story to story by
means of Udders on the outside, which are
drawn up at night."
Their contact with Europeans has moditied
somewhat their ancient at) la of buddings, prin
cipally iu substituting doorways in the walls of
their houses for those in the roof, Their mod
ern buildings are rarely over two stories iu
hight, and are not distinguishable from those of
their Mexican 'neighbors. The village is sur
ronn led by an adobe wall, w hich is just inclu
ded within the limits of the model, and incloses
an area of II or 12 acres iu extent. Within
this limit are four of their ttttffiu, or secret
council houses. These are circular, under
ground apartments, with a narrow Opening in
the roof, surrounded by n palisade. ladders
Wing used to go in and out
These models are tirst carefully built up in
clay, in which material all the detail is readily
secured, and are then cnt in plaster, a mold
being secured by which they are readily multi
plied to anv extent. They are then put in the
hands of the artist s ami carefullv colored in solid
oil paints to aceiirntely reieinlde tlieir apiwar
aiice in nature, ami in the case of restorations,
or modern building?, all the little additions are
CARRIAGE HOUSE.
I made which will give the appearance of occu
pation.
The survey in in possession of the data for the
construction of many more models, ami they
will lie brought oot as opportunity is given.
They have also in connection with the ruins,
multiplied many of tho curious nieces of not-
tery which have been brought back from that
region by the various parties connected with the
survey.
On TBI Tor ok pBI Anuks. . Xuturr
hears that Mr. Wiener has ascended Mt. llli
niaui, one of the loftiest if not the most lofty of
the Bolivian Andes. This mountain presents
a icaiiuiui aspect irom uio village oi i ,i r&.
According to the authority of M. Peutland, it
has an altitude of 7,800 metre. M. Wiener
has given it an altiude of i,lHNl Metres; M.
Uaahia aatimatea at at ii,40o. If these figures
le exact, M. Wiein-r has iuale the highest aa-
cetismii ever MaI in the Andes, in fact any-
"" ouwimu oi .n; nere n nas M-eli sur
mh1 by M. Johnson, who arrived at a height of
li.HIW metres at tin- King loin of I Vhcuure,
and Mm. Schlagiutivett, who in KV. wci-nded
fi.'tit) nwlm iu the Himalaya. Atcnaioiis by
means of lll'iis have of course exceudwl
these tigure. M. Qlaiabat arrived at an alti
tude of H.WlO metres, and M. 0, Tissaudier, in
the eoeraMy of Bml and Ctoei Spmelli at-
Uintsl 8,tI00 metres,
TU held of lite rature iscnquend for woimu.
There are m longer lars or oWt ructions of wy
rt iu the way. A womati who has anything
to say is orivilegoil U say it; ami if it is worth
tieanng tin- world wJl leul au att' ntive enr.
Mr: :. H. riy.
"Tht was very granly of you. Tommy, to
t your little sister share of t.1. ,,,, vYou
to,l aje. nia, that I was always tu uke her
past," said Tommy.
DIPB0VKD MBTH0D OK DRILUKG FOR
PRTB0LBUU
As many of our readers are interested in
developing the petrelcum resources of the lower
counties of our State, we compile from a Pen
sylvania exchange the most approved method
in that oily State. The system of drilling now
in TOeua is a great improvement on that pursued
adoen years ago in the use of "casing" to shut
off tho surface water. The surface wells, 'MXi or
400 feet deep, put down from LStil to 18414, were
drilled aliout two and a half inches diameter,
with a set of tools weighing about ,'tOO pounds'
attached to a "spring pole," with a derrick
alvout 2." or ;10 feet hicli, oneratetl bv two mi
the spring pde being something like the jHde of
an old-fashioned well, and 18 or 20 feet per day
oMwuiwutnu nw onrcss. ai tne weight
of the ttmls, the diameter and depth of tho well
was increased; horse MWaT and afterwards
team power waa substituted for the "spring
pole." With the present system, a derrick of
ho to 7."i feet high is hrst out up; steel-edged
cast-iron driving pipe, eight inches internal
diameter, is then driven through the surface
soil until it rests on solid rock; then a hole,
i. in iiLeues uinnieicr, is urilU'd Willi tools,
weighing about 2,000 pounds, to a depth Mow
the surface, varying from 180 to MM) or more
feet, when a "casing" of light iron pipe, six
inches internal diameter, is lowered down and
rested in the rock and tho holes Continued down,
five and a half inches diameter, until oil ia
stnick or a depth usually sullicient to reach it
in mat region urn Dean attained. When the
well is tubed and pumped for a reasonable
length of time; if no oil in yielded, some tor
peaoea are exploded iii it. in order to open up
communication with crevices containing oil, if
possible, and if no oil is then obtained it is
abandoned. Sometimes the elastic force of tho
coutinod gas is so great that upon striking the
crevice containing it, it forces the tools out and
the oil commences to flow without pumping; at
other times pumping may be required for a few
days or continuously. With the heavy tools
now in use, 70 feet par day is sometimes aver
aged. Iu the old method of Iniring without
casing, the hole was kept full of water, which
followed tho drill down, exerting a pressuro of
over 800 Miunds per square inch at a depth of
700 feet, which tho gas most overcome before
the oil would (low simultaneously, and in many
cases is sup)osed to have driven the oil into
other channels before the pump was put in,
sometimes oven Hilling another well at some
distance w hich had been yielding oil. By using
casing these risks are prevented! as the 'surface
water is prevented fnun reaching deeper por
tions of the well. As the tubing and casing aro
withdrawn from abandoned wells, they should
1h required to 1K plugged below tile surface
water-veins, otherwise the producing wells of
the district will sooner or later Iks ruined by
Wing Hooded with surface water or the escape
of gas.
RURAL HOURS.
Tho cottages, which our illustrations show,
aro simple and inexpensive. As such they can
hardly fail to oomi within tho moans and an
swer tho needs of the humblest of our readers;
and yet are they not very tasteful and sugges
tive of simple Watity and comfort. Onu is just
such a habitation as one of our youiigmen could
filan to oncago his littlo family, and the other
is commodious enough to servo as a casket for
quite a string of home jewels. Thoy are put
forth on our part as tittle more than suggestive
of what can Iks done iu designing homos of mo.
crate oxiense, and we doubt not readers can re
model thorn and devise interiors according to
their tastes and ideas of convenience. We lie
lievo every family should havo a voice in tho
planning of its own home."
Co MIT ATI Family Auction. -I can imag
ine no condition that carries, with it such a
promise of joy as the fanner in the autumn; with
Ins cellar full, with nvcry preparation made for
the winter, with tho mtepootof three mouths of
comfort and rest, three Months of lireaide
and .(intent; three months of home and fam
ily, three months of pure, solid comfort. Mskn
your houses comfortable. Do not huddls to.
gather in a little room around a red hot stove,
with every window fatten down. Donot live in
this poisoned air, and then when ouo of yuur
children dies put a piece in tho paper commen
cing with, " hereas, it hath pleasiil Providence
to remove from our midst ." Have plenty of
air and plenty of warmth. Let your children
sleep. )o not drag them fn.tii their Ms in tho
darkness of night. Treat them with Infinite
kindness. Then; is B0 happiness in a house not
lilled with love; wherea man hates the wife, or
the wifu the huibandj where children fear their
parents, or when' parents dislike their children.
Kvery such homo is simply a hell Bpon earth.
There is no ration why fanners should not be
refined and kind. Then is nothing in the cub
tivation of the soil to make men enws, rrablwd
and nuiust. To look np.-i. the sunny slojiea
em-en! with daisies, doea not tend to make
Men cruel. Whoever labora for the happiness
ot IhOH he loves, elevates himself; im matter
whether he works m the shop or plows m the
perfumed lielda.
In conclusion, let rue say Ui farmers, do all
MOM to make your business attractive
Col, lUbiri Imjwrtoli.
Mich ! K ww wins ok Fiiiua. -To
ascertain whether there are n-.i,i m n Hin-cimnn
of Hour U.Troupaaa In the Jtn,ttt r),rmiJltry
re.-oni,ends p, ,, ,. , f t(;ur iwtwWlIl
two sheets of paper, ami thiii it out by pressure
with the linger. If acan are present they sooo
reveal their existeme by appearing as small
b- til.-s, visible to tho naked eye. These
May Ins transferred by means of a moistened
J-.int to the stageof the inn roseola. To study
the legs ami hairs of acan it is imliHrnh!e to
use a mixture of glyeeniw and acetic acid,
which bmraaaai the transparency. T avoid
bruising the insect i hair should bepUead U
tw. i, the plate and the cover-glass. Kiamin
mg m tins way a number of sjecimens of (lour,
of various source and age, M. TroiiMu has
fouud that nearly all have contained scan, and
that these animals are more abundant the
longer the Hour has boon eijssied to the action
of air and inonture.