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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 1, 1877)
46 THE WEST SHORE. November. SOME NEW MINERALS. Wo gain from the Polytechnic lUview some notes oo new minerals described by HnropMo authorities: Urnnoeircite, phosphate of baryta ami uranium mambUng autunite, for which it was long mistaken, occurs in quartz veins in thu granite of Falkenstein, Saxon-Voigtland. 8p(MfthCobaUUU4, occurs in spheroidal forms with ruselito at Schneeberg, Saxony, structure coarsely radiated, rhomliohcdral, in micros copic crystals, dolor, each-red; II 4; sp. gr. 4,024, IS; blackens on ignition inclosed tubes. Dissolves in warm hydrochloric acid with effervescence, compact! ve carbonito of cobalt. Bknntlttt in n new nillliluitn of man L'ailcHo. Thin mineral is amorphous, forms stalactitic aggregates having an uneven fracture. H. o. (j 11.13. Color, a dirty white and ai dish white where newly fractured, it a i surface lie exposed for several daye to a moist atmosphere, it is lumen W an intense reu, and ati incrcaHo in weight is noticeable. Two analyses made of this mineral, the one by A . brecht Schrauf, and the other by Dietrich de termine the formula as being Mn. So 4 t-H o. This mineral waa found in notable quantity in an abandoned mine in Kelsobanya. It is named in honor of S.mik, thu counsellor of mines. Uhinu Old EUiu fob Oak Biua Mr. Jco. Itichards, tlio Master Mechanic of tlio Boston and Providence railroad, says thu National Car HuibUr, has recently built two gondola cars in which old fttaa rails are mod for longitudinal Bills. He also contemplates building a Hat car for carrying lumber and a merchandise lox car upon the same plan. Four KO-feot rails, weigh ing r7 pOO&dl to the yard, are used in each of thu two airs already built. They are placed tops down, with strips of plank bolted to their Manges as a foundation for the floor. The holta am threu feet atart, and thu Hour planks an spiked to thu strips in the usual way. The transom timber art bolted to pieces of iron riv eted to the web of the rails ami bent around underneath their reversed tops, ao as to secure a OOmDlote Iteariug (row Boot to transom. The end silla are of oak. in which recesses an made with pocket eastings inserted in them forthe re ception of thu rail ends. These aru held to the sills by forked bolts riveted to the web of tin rails, and passing through the sills and eastings. I here aru futir longitudinal truss rods lj llichca m diameter. The drawing attachiuciita are put in as easily and an cheaply aa in a wooden lluer-framc, and the entire eonstructioii is quite simple and freu from dilliculty. One of thu Completed ears weighs 1 7,-7' 1outids, and the other 18,700 pounds, with sidings, and they have carried S4.G30 and pounds of coal respectively. Their length over end sills is SO foot 11 inches. FINDING IKON OltE WITH THE MAG NETIC NEEDLE. Prof, Thalia has communicated to the Swed ish Scientific Academy a paper of much im portance on a new method of prospecting for iron ores by means of the magnetic needle, which is described as follows in tlio Iron Aje: At a great number of points in a field which is to lie prospected fur attractive iron ore, the horizontal components between the magnetism of the earth and the distributing force uf the ore deposit are measured, and with the aid of these observations isiodyuamic curves are laid down, from whose form and nature conclusions of thu location and imitortance of the ore de posits are drawn. The instrument by which the above Held operations aru performed is called a magnetometer, and consists in its principal parts of a common tripod-compass graduated only into whole degrees. From th" vmpasn.box a horizontal arm extends, upon which the held magnet required tor determining tho direction can bu laid in such a manner as to keep con stantly the Bamc distance from the movable needle. In addition to this, thu instrument possesses a leveling apparatus and a diopter wan tanoent-aerew. i he tencd to the horizontal arm. In using tl: A PECULIAR CASE OF LEAD POISON' ING. We leam from the Mttiicai Rteonl that a popular district of Paris has lately suffered from an epidemic of lead poisoning which presents some noteworthy features. Dr. Ducamp has had 65 of these cases under observation, and he made them the subject of a paper read before the Socielt de Medecine Publuftie on July 25th. The patients belonged to all classes of the popu lation; in Borne families all the members, both old and young, were affected. After careful in vestigation, Dr. Ducamp found that all his patients were served from the same bakery, and, as he could positively exclude all other methods by which the poison could le intro- lueed into tne si tu m. he ( ame to thu oiieiusion HOW TO TREAT AND AVOID DIPHTHE RIA. The California Board of Health has issued a timely address to the people of the State on the continued prevalence or diphtheria in the State, and an apparent increase in some localities, and calls attention to precautionary measures. When diphtheria appears in a family, precautions com monly taken to prevent communication of the sick with the well should lie adopted. A person being attacked with the disease.acccssto the room should be prohibited to all except those in the capacity of nurses. Other children should not be allowed to visit the house, and the same rule might be judiciously applied to adults. The that the bread was the agent morbid. Chemi- room of the patient should be well ventilated. WlOOOBT BOM Wheels",- The object of the Invention of Mr, L Bobwartskopffi of Berlin. is to make the nave ami the spokes of wrought iron wheels, especially fur railway carriages, without any wehl and out of a single bloom. Kor this purpose he uses a mold of cast iron or other suitable material consisting of two parts, each part having on its face thu half mold of the navu and spokes to lie produced. Moreover, the upHT part has in ita center an opening alsjut thu diameter of the nave, and of aicngth Hiitlicieut to contain the bloom out of whu I. th nave and spokes are to be made. The tw parts of the mold are tirmly bolted together and placed under a pOWtrflll hydraulic press connected to an accumulator or other arrange ment fur storing up water pressure. A bloom of proper size, to which a welding heat has I .n.ii. ia then thrown into the aforesaid central opening of the upper part of the mold, and by means of the hydraulic press, a piston is made to enter into this oeniug, thereby press ing or MttOetini the material of the bloom dur nig its loft state into all the cavities of the mold, so as to complete the nave with the spokes at a single operation. The arta of thu moid an' then separated, and ttie mushed piece is taken out, OaIINO B HAITI illD GlAM. Many sugges tions have from time to time appeared upon the subject of preventing or lenoning the liability to accidents arising from the entanglement of mno portion of a workman's garments in a swiftly revolving shaft, such accidents, ns is well known, being lamentably common. The Ammsun Mitntiii'iunr says that one of the simplest methods, it would seem, of rendering these casualties iuiMihlc, without involving the aneaaity of constructing a railing or fender about the moving piece in dangerous places, is to cover the limit with a loOM sleeve along its entire length. This may bu made of sheet-tin or inc. and should be movable if desired; it should alio Ik- covered within, and at the ends, with leather, to prevent uoine. Arranged in this manner, the fnetion between it and the re volving shaft will W sullicieut to cause the sleeve to rotate with the latter; but iu the event uf any decided resistance U-ing brought to lear BpOn It, as m the ease ol the entanglement i an operntire'e nioihlmp the aloe v e will at onoa is brought to rest ami permit of iu aitrioation without serious injury, The same plan of loose covers ia of ranm applicable to cog w heels or pulley. Tint THANai-oKVArtus or PinoLkWM in Va ague, The Kingston Hnuh Whl$, of Ootthef ftth. says: "An oil tank vwuel, designed for the od trade between Sarnia ami Montreal, has just bam completed, gam 16,000 poanda, or 4'.' tons a irou, have boon coiiMiined, and tho tanks, of which tlu-rv are six. three on each side, will carry aUmt 4lWi tuns of oil. It is the Mdeiitiun. weMieve, to have two more tanks made to lie on the deck of the ielui.neT to make W deep enough to mil down tin- lake. These W ill Ik- lightened her-. 1 he capacity of the six taukswill hi marly 114,000 gallons, and the toUt, WM toll loaded, hunt loO.tKftJ fallout. A Bkipw i'xu. W e are pleas, d tu learn tliat the Otaoianati Bon then railway has deta mined to place a "bridal cm" 011 its lino a 1m dry which we Ira laeWad wdl iuply"afelt waul" iu that aeetion of uutry. atrumcnt the needle of the compass is Bet on zero, while the deviation magnet is icrt loose after thu latter attain occupies its former posi tion the angle of duviution is read. In order to bo able to arrive at accurate conclusions about the location of the ore dcjiosit, a great many of these observations must bo made. For this purpose, the Held ia Hrst subdivided int squares, with sides about 104) feet long, after which, at each corner, ohservations ot the in tensity are taken. It is easily ascertained whctlntr more readings will le required at inter mediate j lints. After these measurements are plotted, the points of BOUal aiiLdes of deviation are to be connected. Thu.-o isodynamic curves aru iu an ore Held usually closed lines, and they group around two distinct points. One of these points is situated north of the ore dessit It is determined by an nuidu which is jm-atcr than any other, and which is called the maximum angle; thu other (mint is situated in a suuthern direction, and determined by an angle smaller than any other, and winch is therefore called the minimum angle. The former point corre sponds to the least intensity, and the latter to tno greatest. Underneath the connecting lines of tlieso two 1 MM . which Thalin caliB the magnetic meridian of the ore Held, the most im portant portion of the ore deposit ib, in general, to bo expected. This method, in its applica tion to prospecting, for attractive ores, has proved to be very useful, and at several places magnetic maps have already been delineated, ,1 examination showed that it contained lead it was evident, however, from the character of the baker, and from the fact that he and all lus family were among the most severely affected victims, that UM lead was nut placed in Thn bread with criminal motives, while, on the other hand, the fact that the water and Hour were the same as Were used hv the neiidiliornm liakers whoso bread was not poisoned, showed that these substances were not toxic. Dr. Ducamp finally ascertained that the baker had been using old wood taken from demolished buildings to heat his ovens, and hero ho Btruck the root of the trouble, This wood had been repeatedly painted with white lead, and when it was con sumed by tlio tire an oxide of lead was formed, which was deposited iu a pulverized form on the lloor of the oven. WMicn the em bers were withdrawn, and the bread put into the oven, the oxide of lead probably adhered to the ijottom ot thu latter, anil was removed with it. The correctness of this theory was continued by two striking facts: The persons whose duty it was to brush tho bread, and who must have detached a portion of the lead and inhaled it in the form of dust, were the first to lw affected and had the most severe attacks. Again, iu one family there were two women, of whom one ate only the soft part of tho bread while the other ate the crusts. The former escaped entirely, but thu latter was attacked so severely that her life was in danger. WARMING THK PISTON. The use of the steam jacket, remarks the ntritBM Mtinuftwturrr, in connection with Die cylinders of steam engines and the advantages attendant thereujsui are well known, hut th Uanrami taken by the dynamometer show that a larL'o amount ot enudeiiHation still takes nlaoat a j -II t of the condensed steam iu the cylinder hi wiiiiu Mn mii in..- hm inpiniiim win another very important portion is also evapor ated; but by taking thu heat from the surround ing parts ot thu engine, thus causing a rapid OOOlUlg ol such parts; those parts which are im mediately surrounded by the steam jacket are instantly reheated; but those jiarts which are not so surrounded, Biich, for inatancu, as the piston and rod, are relatively cold on the arri val of tho steam in the cylinder, and they there fore condense a large portion of it before they arrive at the same temperature as thu steam which Hows in. Thu object of the inventiou of Madam Veuve Andre, of TliAnn, Alsatia, is to avoid this latter condensation, flilch olijecl being attained by forming the piston and piston. rod hollow; the spaces in the two parts being mailo to communicate with each other. Steam ia introduced into the piston and rod through a pipe wnieh is attache. l to the piston and passes through a itttAnn boi in the end of the cylin der. I his pipe slides in a sU'am supnlv-iiiiK', which is provided with a itttfflng lsx, and has an miet tor the admission ot steam and an out let for the condensed steam. Thu outlet may communicate with a pump to draw off tho con densed steam. A N"lW M ail OAR. The poetoffioe author ities have been greatly aided by iuveutors in devising means to enable them to do the quick work ne.ess,ii y on the lying ihiatollnes on tl railroads. We read that a new and improved man car has 111st u-en completed hv the Chicago, Milwaukee ami St. I'aul Railroad Company fur use on their mad, the ear having wen constructed in .Milwaukee liy .Mr. lUiley, master mechanic of the road, from plans fur lushed by OuptaJn B, White, Siiteriiiteud- em 01 me railway man service, sixtn division. It is BO feet in 'length, and has I',! wheels, carried under two patented trucks, it is fitted with Miller platforms, and thu Improved West inghonse automatic air-brake. The principal improvements arc. hrst, the increased space given; second, the new arrangement of the mail Etna, whereby the distribution is facilitated: ind third, the increased Inht and Biioenor ac commodation for the distributing clerks. In the old cars the pajK-rs were distributed into a senu circular case, w inch occupied a full half ot the oar and admitted light from one aid only. Now the liag are carried on iron racks and rest 011 the tUir. while the letters are sorted into pigeon holes at one end of the car. It U esti mated that fullv more- mail matter can be isndled under the new arrangement within a given time than was (Mvuihle in thu old cart, and th.it the elcrks oan attend tu this extra business with less trouble tluui they fonncrly could. A second car will U- eouipleted within the next tWO weeks, the cost of the two being leu than -1 1 1 ' WiikN a person has the ability and range of uperiottoo nottooaarv lor the correct lareailaa nOH of nature, it is waste of uniu and tAleut, that he iiuut, for bread-and-butter reasons. Irudgr in the college, or uuivmity, or the or dinary routine of i.tvteiouJ service. N.in.JL '. Jfonfa, ItAGOUT OF IIABBIT. The following from the Prairie Farmer may help some of our housewives turn the plentiful ranmito account: lie move thu head and neck; joint the rabbit when it has liecn nicely skin lied and lay it in saltwater for one hour be- lore cooking. I laee some scraps of salt pork iu a frying pan, add some chopped onion, a pinch nu cloves, auspice, savory, sage, cayenne pepper, a nay leal and some bruised celery seed. hen the onion is slightly browned, put in the rabbit and cover with cold water: put a lid on the saucepan, and stew until tender adding honing water it too dry, and salt to taste. When done, place the rabbit on a warm dish ; stir into the gravy a large teasjioonfulof but ter, rolled in a small - m ul of browned Hour; add one half teacup of fresh rich milk, and let all come to a good boil, take from the fire; stir in a little lemun juice, sour wine, or even good vinegar, in thu absence of anything better; and Btrain gravy over tho meat; garnish the dish with Bliced lemon and small pointed pieces of buttered toast of equal size and shape; serve hot. The seasoning can be varied by the use of walnut catsup, curry powder, or anv minKent sauces, but in this, as in all simdar dishes, no he taste should be allowed to predominate over others; the seasoning of made dishes should lie varied, for the palate soon tires of any Btereotyiicd flavor. To Rkhovk Mli.hKW. Wet tho Bpot in lemon juice, then spread over it soft soap aud chalk mixed together, aud spread where the hottest rays of the sun will lieat upon it for half an hour, if not entirely removed rejieat the same. Or wet in clear lemon juice and lay in tho sun; or soak for an hour or two, and then spread in the sun. Or mix soft soati. Powdered starch and half as much salt together, and moisten quite freely with lemon juice. Spread this on both "ides of the spots ami spread in the sun. As boo 11 as dried wet tho sjMits again with tho same mixture, lay in the buu and reieat the ueratiuii till the sots disapjiear. If newly Bix.tted once wetting will be sullicieut Or wet the sinus 111 chloride ot lime jut dissolved in water, and spread in the sun oulv a few min. utes, then rinse. Repeat if the mildew is not an removed; out do not let this premration re main but a few minutes at a time lefore rinsing, even i( the process has to be related several times, as chloride of lime will injure the cloth 1. mn en iou Nan on Capmii m. The uses of metallic cadmium, says a writer in tho Journal ot'Chem jatnr, are limited to the manufacture of alloys having low melting points. One of these al loy, known as " ,.. id's fusible metal" malta All woolen clothes, curtains, and where nrae.. ticable, carpets should be removed therefrom. Tho saliva and expectoration of the sick should be kept disinfected by requiring the vessels used to receive them, to contain a little of one of the disiuteotaut solutions. The clothes re moved from the body of the patient, as well as the bed linen, when changed, should be imme diately dipped in boiling water, to which should be added to every gallon one ounce of the sul phate of zinc, or half an ounce of chloride of zinc or condis fluid. Chloride of lime, Bulphato of iron ami common copperas are objectionable, as the former, if used of sullicieut strength, will injure the fabric, and the latter will stain it. The funerals of those dying of this disease should not be attended by children. There is reason to believe that diphtheria may be com municated iu the school room, the liability being increased by the fact that the disease may not lie at once recognized by parents, whn consequently exercise no restraint upon the at- icnoancu 01 iiiuir cimureu. mere cannot be too much caution used to avoid this too common method of disseminating this and other infec tious diseases. After convalescence the child should be keptfrom the school until it attendance is considered safo by the physician. Cleanli ness in and about dwellings; drawing off or providing a suitable receptacle for the wasto water, slops, and accumulations in tho kifrhon. tho cleaning and disinfection of cesspools, sewers and privies; and where drains into these lead from the interior of houses, tho provision of a Biiitablo trap, preventinc tho entrance of sower gaB, is of first importance, as the traps in uso are oftuu insecure, and we cannot too strongly urge thu necessity of close attention to hum fiiujee-i.. in auuition to the trap tho con nection of a ventilating tube with the soil pipe, extending aboved the roof of the house, would afford yet greater security. Disinfection in such cases may bo cheaply effected by the freo use of sulphate of irou, copperas, or by chloride of lime. In towns which rely upon wells for drinking and culinary purposes, care Bhould be taken to avoid their contamination by con tiguous cesspools and other filth deposit. When diphtheria is Busjwcted in a member of the family, send for the family physician, and under 110 circumstances rely upon the various nostrums or specifics bo often published in the newspapers, or recommended by kind-hearted and ignorant adviserB. at 70' (.'., and consists of dmlum s pru im. fa;:;:::;:::::::::;::;::::::;16',r2' u1 parunr I rrt. A spwn made of this alloy, when placed in boiling Water, will melt like wax. By varying the pros.rtioiis, alloys may l obtained having any required melting iH.ints, and may he used as safety plugs on steam Is.ilers. Wood s alloy ia also naed n taking impressions of objects and making molds. An amalgam of cadmium is sometimes employed by dentists for (tiling teeth. M I VM 1,1 V s i W vl ;n Srsi-KNIUP IX Stkam.- P. tiazzi, in view of the difficulties in troduced mt.. calculatiuns uf boiler efficiency by h-aiuing or other mechanical suseusion ,.t rs Mr, has descnll an apparatus lor determin ing the degree ,.f humidity, aj well as for find ing the density, either of saturated n nl Awm steam, at high pressures. His invention was suggested, in part, by the recent investigations 01 Him. Laiootre and Hallauer. OlM Tnr.r.H ix .UuxuA.-Tbe eucalyptus lobules planted in .lauiAicA u.y liax'e acclimatized themselves so thorougr.lv on the plateaus of this island that many- have at tained a hight of ta) feet, with a trunk of one foot diameter near the erth. They do not prospvr iu Uu low hunts ,.( the island. Tub Air as a Geological Aoknt. In foreign publication we read as follows; An all powerful geological agent is the atmosphere we breathe. Without its aid we should know neverastratilicd formation. Th Mirth u,,,,i,i Bimply form a ball of truly primitive rock, re sulting from tho cooling down of the original nebulous mass set apart for our globe, the only variation in which primeval and perennial crust being that of the different strata of higher specific gravity towards the interior. We inouu nave no coal, no metalliferous deposits, 10 rivers or seas, and no rain consequently no lenudation by "rain aud rivers" fnr tb v.- of water could not ascend into empty space. Wo should have but, last and worst of all, there would bo no "we." Life would be im possible, and the earth would finally degener ate into a "pale-faced moon." That tliiB is pmi.ahiy her ultimate mission cannot lie denied. The only consolation is that owing to her larger size, and therefore slower rate of cooling than the moon, she will have gone through a some what more extended geological course. There is undoubtedly a very intimate connection be tween secular cooling and withdrawal of atmos phere, for the cooler the interior the smaller will be the return of gaseous elements to the surfaces; and probably before Saturn and .hinder have enoled .lnu-n . h.Kii.l.l. Iteratnre, tho senescent earth will roll through space -cold, void and airless. Sooner or liter nothing is more certain than that "to this favor she must come." The MntVOOl Person. A writer in the Journal 0 Chemitri holds out some hope to nervous in-ople who will make the effort. The nervous ones, made so by physical defects, con trive to secure a considerable amount of happi ness and largely to intluence the world for Bowl. This is accomplished by a will power which in a measure dominates over Ixslily imperfections. Tins iKiwer can Ih eultivntP.I ....1 1,, n. ,i. and every nervous sufferer should strive tn coin it and never yield to despair. Fight out your destiny, rise superior to vnnv this ii the text from which sermons cannot be too often preached. A nervous person exists in the world under great disadvantages. It is like U-ing compelled to play a irfcet tune with W impejrmet instrument or to row a boat against wind and tide. Uiv is fitful, eanricioui and ITJ step uncertain, tin,- mm 1 .n-,.iiiir pretty fairly to-day, but to-morrow the nervow currents are reversed aud thick darkness rests noon everything. This is applicable only to the mteiiM' forms uf n..n-nn.n. I, ara often met with. HoV 10 Dprri,;nsnSTEEL from Iron Tooia It IB ihlliOBaihlp to i.latn.I.I. I Iiiii mm and steel tools; they have the same polish, the same workmanship; use will commonly aleae show the difference. To make this dintinctioo lliiekly, place the tool mh,n Smm drOP ii! -on it some diluted nitric acid (four parts of water to one of acid). If the tool remains ch-an, it is of iron; while if of steel it will show able net where touched by the acid: these ipotsa easily U rubbed off. nunmnw1