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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (June 1, 1877)
186 THE WEST SHORE. June. THE OSAGE OBANOE AS A TIMBER TKKK. L it Teraplaln, i the Practical Farm er, savs: "This trie U S native of 1'cxas, Ark ansa ami the Indian Territory, where it grows M) or more feet high, and M to J" niches Itl di ameter. The timber is very Htroiii, elastic hikI durable. It has long liceii very jMipular as a material lor intwn aiming the Indiana ot the Soiitli. hence called by the I' nnch hois dare bow mod, Prom tins it li shortened In Tons to bodnuk. This tree, though often injured by Hfwir In i iiiL' wh.'H u,i-l as a licdee plant. will jrolialtly lie found quite hardy in most parts of tliiM country when grown in a tree lornij me "i!. in i 1 1 1 j i . 1 1 hi it ib umv essurily subjected to 1 . - - it within proper lim it os a hedge plant tends to weaken its vital ity, and renders it more lialtlu to injury from front. Ah a shade tree it has decided merits. When grown alone it becomes cittite bushy, itl branched nouicwhat drooping; its leaven are unite lilnfsv ami shiuinc and it haw the jmmhI quality of not being much lubjflot to the attacks of inserts. rr tnntiv pnrjM'Mes mi tin- nrN Tin timber ot this tree is well adapted, having the qualities of toughness, huHtlfW durability, and of scarcely being affected at all by the hygro metfio condition of the atmosphere. It lion Ihjcu employed largely in shipbuilding, lcing, on account of the shove qualities, well adapted to many pttrpotei in that art. Ah a material for making wagons the Osao orange is said to have no equal. Its solidity, elasticity anil du rability are ctpia) to the beet of oak, while its ability to resist tins effects of the clmuucH of the weather without shrinking or swelling, makes it HiiiHTior to all other kinds, especially for wheels. It is found that while wheels made of oak or hickory require the t n , . to 1m: shrunken once a year, those made of the Madura will run on almost indeliuitcly without remitting or get ting loose. Being a line grained wood and capable of receiving a high polish, the timber of thin tree is found well adapted to the manufac ture of furniture and cabinet ware. The Osage orange is easily propagated from seed, andean be transplanted with almost invariable success. In making a plantation of it for titula r it is best to raise the seedlings to one or two years in a nursery, as they can lie eared for much more cheaply ill t hut way than when planted where they are to remain. The nursery should lie planted where- a grovti of the trees is wanted, ss the mutilated roote that will u- left in dig ging will send up a heavy growth of suckers. When set for a pormanent grove they should In: plaoed rather closely, say four or five feel apart each May, as tin y ah- inclined to grow spread ing and drooping where they have plenty ol rtMiiu. The close planting w ill compel them to run up for light and air, and when they begin to become crowded every alternate one may la: taken up and destroyed or transplanted toother ground. Should any of the plants tail to grow, their place should be IUpptted with good strong plants at the next setting season; ami if they make a weak or straggling growth they may be cut back to the ground during the winter or early spring, when they will send up one or more vigorous shoots, only onu of which should he allowed to grow and make good trees. A little eare in pruning oil side brandies will aid in keeping the tree ui a proper upright form and throw UlU vigor of the tree into upward growth. If a heavy mulch of straw, hay or similar material can be given, it is the Wst treat nt they can have. In its absence they I Id have thorough culture, similar to corn, Ull thoy shade the ground iUtto well Plants can Is' had "i almost any tree dealer or nursery man, Kvery farmer would do well to plant out A grove of thin Umber, us, even though lie mav be advanced In life, still it may prove to bo a source of profit, . veil in his lilt time, in the way of Stakes, Mts, etc" Mni'Mi llrn.HKiM, At the last mccling of the rinladelphia Academy of Sciences, Mr. John l ord ((escribed a group of eight burial mounds opened by him near Coup's week, Ma coupin ooonty, in Kaon of toe graves wm lined with stone slalis, and alter the bodies woe planed In position within, earth had been (wicked around them mi as to lill the inclosnre. All the skeletons found in these graves faced the east. In one of the graves four skeletons Were found, seated m two pairs, the knees of one pair pressing against the Kicks ol the oilier. Toe anus were crossed, In the right baud of each Individual tttUI interred, a large mantle noil ( ueeriNNHt janw i, linn.) bad Wen so pUOed that the small end ol the shell rested in the baud and the lam end in the hollow above the left hip Within each shell what appeared 0 DO the buttea of a child Were found, whosr skuli had been crushed before burial the skull mounding U I the SpSltUrfl ot (he shell ll is thought (hat these miauls were Sacrificed 10 the dead. FlWIIU WITH I'lti liui ki w. Kxsriiiieiitn have rvccittl) Ihvii sumwliilly made in luly on a meuio.1 oi nn ruing pSSHHsuni under steam iH.uent, wtucii consists siiuph in pouring the oil over a Ihui layer of Mhagfaa, The petroleum bums with intense heat, while the U.l.t,,. bataj me buslible, ts not allccti-d, but serve as a means of ntainuui tha oil and uttina ... wick. Dtreat the experiments sheet mbbmc planed Iteneatn the luraaos were not Infiuod. although tin heat from the oil above was moat inieiuc, UaBIHI oi m.is,, I.vk U. m, TWUm employs spherical enveiope of nwmkssoos. ifiiiinunuatiiig with n foa naailull by MM SI" P" -no" ! WOTMN wiin a valve. ntnvelone being QUed with Bssreury, any mcn-As,. ot NtafMl pns..,iv teteOJ into the raaafTttl mm ai the mrrvurv. which cannot retarn on aooount ol the valve. Dm weight of the aWDUn deteimnie. i,r pn-Mun-, and con tstieutl the depth of the water hnu-mt u ot Kisv iKic Lmutt, m. i. Muua mm that the siSAlr of eUvtrtc li-bt aji wry miliar U tlmau of the Ur rsvt. Thev oiv mm cMiiwivn, (wrticulaily on the ude of the violet, but tlie curve of lutenuty exhibit but Blight .villi n im iu the rvgum a gtvatMt PLAIN PREPARATIONS OF FOOD. A hounewifu writes to the farm Journal some recipes for the preparation of plain, wholesome dishcH for making up a variety iu food from the common staple articles to he found on the farm. She Hays: Any housekeeper will lind, by experi menting, that much can le done to make kiicIi a variety without adding much to the usual grocery bill. I,et me suggest a few ideas: first, a great variety ot hread may lc made. KvervlKidv bakes white bread, but usually in each family it is all of one kind, and the task hecoincs tiresome. (ool hop yeast hread is probably the most generally acceptable as a standby, but there are but few who occasionally would not relish u loaf of salt or milk rising bread, nicely mode, or if iu the habit of usim: the latter kinds, u loaf of hop yeast. lo make salt rising: At night stir in a quart lswl u thin batter of lukewarm water and corn meal to half fill the Isiwl; keep where it will retain warmth through the night. In the morning, early, make a sponge in the center of a pan oi warm iiuiir iiuoUu ou oy suiting it ou the stove a few niinuteH). with warm sweet milk and water, half of eaeh, or less milk if you have not so much to WW, with naltUi suit. Keep warm, and by the time you can attend to it alter hreaklast, it will he loamy light; mix make into loaves, when light bake. The secret of success is iu not allowing the bread in any stage to chill, and iu good baking. The oven should not ! hut enough to scorch, nor cool enough tu allow the don oh to run. A i h-ratelv QUICK neat ut Iirst is tiest, decreasing trom the time the loaf is crusted over. It does not re- nure as Unit: bakiuu as yeast bread. 11 rah nin bread can be made the same way; is inane nctter with a little suiar m nm asses am shoru iuni: added. d teamed brown bread is excellent. To make, l quart sour milk or butter-milk. I teacuo mo lasses, tahlcspimuful flhnrtcning, 1 tcaspooiifiil salt, 1 OUp white Hour, and corn meal to make a pretty still batter. List, a teaspooiiful of oita. rut in a hasiu, w inch set iu your steam r, and steam one and one half hours; then set in the stove oven for half an hour. If more con venient it may lie put into u deeper vessel aud i in a Kettle ot Lolling water, instead ol steam Che same nrocess and nrnnnrtioiig. excent ma king thinner, imtkoa a nice pudding, to be eaten with syrup or butter, or a boiled sauce, or cream and sugar, and this may I . varied by the use of ginger iu i In pudding, by different fruits, soak- I or chopped up or stewed. Nict added makes a suet pudding. Everybody makes Johnny cake. At the risk of telling what all know al ready, 1 give my rule: 1 pint Hour milk; :i eggs (less w ill do); otic tablespoonful butter or other good shortening; teaspooiiful Halt; corn meal to make a thin batter; half a teaspooiiful soda. Then cotncH the secret of its goodness bake UlOK, aim eat as soon as linked. A I'lUll'IMlN'KNINti HOUSE. A NEW PROCESS IX SUGAR MAKING. It is stated that a new process for clarifying cane juice without the use of lime has beet) muc cessfully tried by Mr. Hastes, the inventor, at the mill of Mr. Dart, of ImlooroopiUy, in Queensland The principles of the process have not yet been divulged. The canes are, however, ground in the usual manner, and the juice allowed to ruu in the cluritiers; here Mr. Hastes' operations commence, the invention con sisting in the treatment of the cane juice with certain chemicals which materially alter the color and viscosity of the liquor, the increase in the quantity of molasses attendant upon the use ui lime being avoided. At the trials the freedom of the liquor from glutinous matter was particularly noticed, the liquor feeling quite warm to the hand. When the liquor ran from the clarifying 1hx to the cleaning battery, it boiled with a clear white foam upon it, and scarcely any skimming took place. Less steam wan needed for boiling iu the vacuum pan. In a report given by the OjieeMtaider it is stated that a perfect crystal of large size WM formed, anil thai had there been autlicieut liquor tu till tee pan the crystals would have been of an no usually large size. The curing was soon dis posed of, the liquor not molasses running away to the tank after leaving a basket of 1,788 pounds of beautiful clear white sugar perfectly dry iu three minutes. It is also stated that the green tinge of the sugar as ordinarily made from the same cane is entirely removed. The density of the liquor was 10' lleaume. It has been suggested that the clarifying agent is hy pochlorite of sulphur, but Mr. Hastes asserts it to be perfectly innocuous, and that it might he partaken of in the form m which it is employed; it is also stated that there is no probability of the sugar deliquescing, (hie of the most im portant points is that the liquor running from the vacuum pans as vehicle for the sugar is not molasses, but purely crystallizahle liquor, which requires no further clarification, and cnu be returned, after heating, to the pan, where it is entirely converted into sugar equal to the tirst, and not, according to the QHCttulandcr, a particle of molasses made. If the reports upon this process are true and at present we have no reason to doubt them Mr, Hastes' in ntton is one which will largely revolutionize the manufacture of sugar. rhe Baltimore Amakan says: Just at this time the banana trade is the feature of the fruit business, ami dealers are handling large quanti ties of the West India product, of which several argues have lately liecn received. The fruit is not always ripe when brought here, and, to hasten what would otherwise he left to time to aeomplish, a firm on Pratt street have adopted the West India plan of using a riHiiihg house, which they have just constructed and which is I.v one in tho city. It has been found that fruit riK'iiel iu (his way is really Hiicrior to that which arrives at maturity in the usual manner, and that it retains a freshness nnd fla vor not found iu time-ripened Iwnanas. The process used by the li nil named is an interest ing one and merits a description. Tw o hu ge risims were partitioned otl" iu their warehouse. in the construction of which the main oblaot i that they should V- perfectly dark and as r air-tight SJ ossible. Stringers, with ks to hang the bunches on, were placed .iss the room, ami l'.Is attachment mml.. t heating pipes which give out no light. Ther- tre were then placed in different parts of the room, and. the given fruit having been hung ' "!! " oipeiaioic oniaiueil. t he rooms are closed tightly, only to Ik- opened to oisr. i i o. ounuiuonoi t tie mm. In a short tune the green banana begins to turn white at the stem, and iu a lew days the entire himeli assumes the same color, retaining its tirmiicss. and is then ripe and ready for market. The operation is a er neat one. and rconir. .-nr.. to prevent the fruit behu sobie.-t,.d t..t,u. i. or too little heat. The linn have about two thousand bunches of fruit undergoing the pro cess now, one hunch of which is over live teet long ami holds alsuit two hundred and thirty hananaa. the shortest of which i- lie.. ,. l.f.' and the longest eleven and a quarter inches in icngui. V I v Si'.ir I'i. i vj I.. .. . ,. ' " " mieiopiiug lo cstan bsll colon eti. m I hi. . n ..i.. ......l i raindall in India, Mr. Henry Joule, a resident oi him country, says that it is pretty well mnwn ww me maximum ami minimum of sun s)sts alternate iu cycles of almut eleven vears: and the ligutvs given establish that shout the minimum periods there have been drouths m India, folloucdhv i vi, i i. .i. . i of shms do not avhtMl tk. rl there are indication that th.- nmrinA ituum disturUnce ou the sun's atrnoeuhsrs are reflected in that portion of the world ui de- tructive eyekaee. CuniKO rsr Ikun Ti huh or LtMl t'u- 1 lit II An .hiuHd,. ha !..- .... , by Kesihanar and UtuMhlLoi Snriek i de- erilied iu the ' A my ur rwr A (.,, , K ', fr ti, p. i.oi. n ta I'.iUitru.tcl of thr.-v cutting wheel., rating m stirruiM which an- prvosnl iuw oj . eoomviiug vici ncrvw. . cutting mm, bet wwn twoof the eutUng whwli i. StejJSM sgaintt the tulw by a second seww and the whole apparatus u torn, d aruuud the tube by hand. BlilaTUra BOOKS. The air which nasBes out of the lungs is wholly innutritious. If re breathed w ithout any admixture of other air, it would Induce Instant suffocation. It contains a large amount of carbonic acid gas. This gas is condensed by cold, and falls to the tloor; heat irries it to the ceiling; hence the practical fact, that in warm weather those who sleep on the lloor breathe the purest air; while in very cold weather the higher one sleeps above the lloor, the better is the atmosphere. Hence, in a w arm room, sleep as near the lloor as possible; iu a old room, the hisher the bed is, the lictter. A striking illustration of one branch of the state ment is found in Dr. Hall's new book on "Sleep." When the jail-fever was raging in Hngland, it was the custom to hand the food and water to the prisoners through a hole in the lloor above tbein. A ease is mentioned where the jailer and his wife died in one night in consequence of uie ouiUTin oi m prisoners ecu uoiow wnue the prisoners themselves continued to live. showing conclusively the concent rated malig nity of the air at the ceiling, as compared w ith that on the tloor. The same principle has an illustiation in the narration in the same hum. of the terrible incidents iu connection with the "Ulack Hole ol Calcutta " where it was speed ily noticed that relief was given by sitting down ou the tloor. From these statements, it ib clear that it is bettor to have a lire in the tirejilaco iu a close room iu w inter than to have no lire; and for two philosophical reasons the tire rarelies the carbonic acid gas, and compels it to seek the ceiling; besides, it creates a draft up the uiuuuov, inns causing com air to come in more opiously, SrOPPUO AnvKirnsr.MESTs. We have fre Mlently received Utters from readers askimr whether such and such a "firm, w hich recently advertised in tbii paper has suspended," and we snow huh enverusers do not always consult their beat interests by removing their names from before the people, We tielieve that the follow ing from the engineer is very true; "t'er taiu lirtus try to economise by taking out their advertisements occasionally; they might as well mm now ii too sign over their doors. Adver tisements should be continuous. Any idea of dlsoontinuinil them for a period, however bri. f with a view of saving, imi mistake which leads only to disappointment and loss. It involves hot only the loss ol tune diimit; which the ail i.niscmcin ceases m appear, hut the additional oss oi wno required to tiring the public inter st up to the point at which it left off. Th proverb 'out of sicht out of mind' is nowh.-r.. more applicable than iu the case of an adver- iisenii in. HINTS TO FLOUll MILLEK.S. Our nulling readers will be interested in what John M. Truax, a prominent anil practical New England miller, ill a recent cunmuuieation to the SliUttOtU has to say upon the subject of fast and slow- grinding: To my mind, the reasons given for fast or slow grinding have not been shown. The quantity to be ground must depend uisui the texture "or density of the Btone, the draft, the number ami depth of furrows, and the grinding without heating. No more grinding should he done than can be done without heating. The heating is the stopping spot. The quautity that every mill ought to grind is that quantity that can be ground and not heat, whether it is Hve, Ml, or lid bushels per hour. If every mil ler will observe tins as his guide, he w ill do the best work that he is able to do. In speaking of heating, I mean to aay that the grain should not be bo heated by pressure or rubbing, as will start the juicy or essential oils of the grain. If the grain oil is started by friction, that friction produces heat, and that ...... dries and evaporates Hie gram juice, and the virtue of the Hour is impaired. Any amount of cooling will not repair the damage done hv heating. The steam that rises from the hot running mill is uie vapor ironi out ot the essen tial oils of the grain, and is lost iu the bread. To recommend the grinding of 10, IS, or 85 bushels of wheat per hour is had advice, impru dent, klillers diner in the selection of stones, and differ aliout their dress, and the motion of their mill. One w ill have one kind and way, and another another kind and way; but what ever way they select, when they go to grinding. their quantity per hour should ho that which they can grind and not heat, whether it is three, five, 10, or 20 bushels per hour. Do not impair tho Bubstanco for the bulk per hour. Blood heat is as high as can be warranted without im pairing the product. It may be ati ambition to grind last, but an old adage iB "haste makes wiiBte." If millers are ambitious, letthatanibi tion be applied to the making of a perfect run ning mill. Select the very beat huhrs, anil put in a thoroughly common sense dress; a dresB that will gruuulate the whole kernel as nearly as possible. Keep the stones as far apart as possible, and keep the texture or grain of the stones clean. Let this be the miller's ambition. Hut stop adding to quantity when the mill is at blood heat, and as much Icbs heat aB they are able to, and let the bread makers and eaten have iu the Hour all the virtue that Mother Earth has produced. THE EFFECT OF TOBACCO ON HUMAN SYSTEM. THE K Novklti in Railway RnmrBinfimw n iis nowi recently he intention ol the Huston. ininrop and I out Miirley Uailroad Company that after investigation and by indorsement and advice of several of the Wt railroad engineers it was decided to use 90 pound Angle nils U'ltcd to sHlwiantial w.nslen stringers, which Ue placed Upon ordinary ties, and by which ro j l""'"'og mini nroKeu rails areavoid Sd, and a large Savuu made in cost of constm... moo. ie iH-neve tlie "Angle rail is named after its inventor, Mr. Angle, of Chicago. The employment of the stringer or sleeper is a noudty in modern railway practice, we think ronuerly sUrinn as w ell as tics were used, and some marked advantages were claimed for them over the plan of using cross ties alone. A new term of rail may develop the advantages of aleeprn over ties, and give ui a new method 5 Sr shaU the good points lrJaaIFW1 Intenul Kovwiue receipt for rtvvipu tor the same ituhI during last yw. rsMnm . up wiexeeM ot fill,. i th f n "iij'rcwion at the Impertinent u any, Mow the eotimato of IA,0U),000. In the fourth annual report of the Michigan State Hoard of Health, Dr. Scott relates some thing new in the influence of tobaCOO -OU the hu man system, aa follows: "There lias come un der my notice for several years, but more par ticularly during the last two years, a kinu of rheumatic condition of the walls of the chest. The patient complains of a dull, heavy pain in the chest walla. The disease in a largo ma jority of cases is confined to the left side. The pain is circumscribed aud limited to a space of not more than tWO inches in diameter, just he low and a little to tho left of the left nipple. At times the pain is very severe and always con stant day and night, when the patient iB awake. 1 have invest! Sated the disease to some extent. and find it to be more common among tobacco users, especially those Who use tile weed to ex cess. Patients suffering from this complaint invariably come to their physician with the lie lief that they have heart trouble. I have not found signs of organic lesion in any of the caBes that 1 have examined, but there does exist iu some of them what might lie called 'irritable heart. I am convinced that the greater num ber of the cases are the result ot intemperance. either iu the use of tobacco or other sti mil lull ts, tor the reason that when the patient abstains from the use of them for a short time, his pain ceases and his condition improves. In one case, where the patient abstaineit from the use of to bacco for ', mouths, the pain entirely ceased; but at the end of tbia period the gentleman re commenced the use of tobacco, arid after three weeks use the old pain returned with all its se verity. I am certain that quite a number in this vicinity are receiving treatment for heart disease, when if they would reform iu tobacco using they would Speedily recover." Wbbstir akd tui Staoi Drivib. On oue occasion Webster w as ou his way to his duties at Washington, lie ems compelled to proceed at night by stage from Baltimore. He had no traveling companion, ami the driver had a sort of felon look which produced no inconsiderable alarm in the Senator. "I endeavored to trau qniUae myself,'' said Webster, "and had partly succeeded, when we reached the dark wooda between Bladensburg and Washington a proper scene for murder or outrage and here, I confess, my courage again deserted me. Just then the driver turned to me, and, with a gruff voice. Inquired my name. I gave it to him. 'W here are you going?' said lie. The reply was. To Washington. 1 am a Senator.' I sin this the driver seized me fervently by the hand, and exclaimed, 'How glad I am! I have been trembling iu my Beat for the last hour; for when I looked at you, I took you to lc a highwayman.'" Jionton Kivniny Tran rrifit. Boonci or BLncnucm n Uvnra Boms. - It is reouisite that a hn iWU i.. relative to the BOUTOS from whence the electric- n in the System is derived. With every lireath of air which our lungs inhale, the venom blood is not only oxidized and transformed into arterial blood, but it is also charged with elec tricity, produced by the condensation of the air, which takes place by the pressure thnragh the bronchial tubes of the lungs, during the act of exhalation. That this is actually the owe is proved by the expstiroent of Dr. Kincke, oi .x r.u. snow uig that current of electricity i engendered by preesiug an aqueous liquid or damp air through a membrane of bladder, or ilk, or SVen through a diaphragm of sulphur to a powdered stete; the greatest quantity of efectriaty, qul to that generated by a Daniell ektnieut, being yielded by the Utter