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About The Polk County post. (Independence, Or.) 1918-19?? | View Entire Issue (May 9, 1919)
TREATY FRAMING IS SLOW PROCESS Negotiations of Modern Cove-" nants That Ended Wars Have Often Taken Months. INTRIQUE .COMMON FEATURE • G re a t Issues Involved in the S ettle m ents o f the Last T h ree C enturies — Keenest M inds of Church Seek A dvantage. New York.— The makiDg of treaties has always been a time-consuming process since the days when the feu dal lord or monarch could say to his beaten foe, accept these terms or die. Then the limits o f personal force and ambition were the only curb on the victor’s demands, with the qons 01 daughtersr or other relatives to be pawns in the game, execution or mar riage sealing the hateful bargain. But with the development o f states into something more than the individ ual property of kings and emperors, and the brondening o f international relations, the resulting clashes of arms, often lasting fo r years, were rarely brought to a close except after negotiations that lasted fo r weeks or months. Over the documents that set tled the religious, political, or terri torial questions at Issue, the keenest minds o f church and state fought for advantage. Intrigues and secret deals were a normal Incident o f the battle o f wits, when more than two countries were involved in the difficulty. Many o f the peace treaties o f the Inst three centuries are the landmarks o f their period, ending or beginning an era in which the future develop ment o f peoples or nations was defin itely determined. Peace of W estp h alia. Such a history-making event was the Peace o f Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years’ war— the last o f the great conflicts between Ct^hol- iclsm and Protestantism. Beginning ns n strife between German states, di vided on religious lines, it finally in volved France, Spain, Sweden, Por tugal, the Netherlandsf Switzerland, and many Italinn states. In 1641 preliminaries o f peace were agreed upon nt Hamburg by the al ready wearied contestants, but It was thrpe years before a congress to set tle terms was opened and four years after that when first treaties were signed at Osnabruck and Munster, to «n s o f Westphalia. A general and complete peace was finally signed at Munster on October 24, 1648. At Aix-la-Chapelle, on May 2, 1668, was signed the first treaty, known by the name o f that town. This wns the climax o f the struggle between France and Spain for the possession of the Spnnish . Netherlands. On the death o f Philip IV o f Spain, Louis X IV claimed a large part o f the Nether lands in the name of his wife, a daughter o f Philip. The Dutch, alarmed by the French pretensions, which w ere baclyd by aggressive J military action, summoned England and Sweden to her aid and halted the French advance. Under the treaty Louis kept portions o f Flunder^which his forces had overrun. The Peace of Ryswick, which was signed at the Dutch village on the outskirts o f The Hague In 1697, end ed a struggle o f nine years between France and the Grand Alliance, a term which ultimately included England, Holland, Savoy, the H oly Roman em pire, Brandenburg. Sweden, Spain, Saxony and the Palatinate. A con gress o f envoys held sessions during most o f the summer o f 1697 and final ly signed a treaty o f pence on Sep tember 20. This virtually restored all territorial matters to the status quo ante, but the chief result wns to check the ambitious o f Louis, under whose rule France had become the first power on the continent, supplanting Spain. the years 1713 and 1715 thnt brought to a close the war o f the Spanish suc cession (known in American history in Its later aspect as Queen Anne’s w ar). To prevent the union o f Spuln and France under Bourbon rule, W il liam I I I o f England formed another grand alliance, which included Aus tria and several German states, In- cludirm Prussia. An armistice was concluded between France and Hag- land In 1712, hut It was not until April 13, 1713, that peace wus signed at Utrecht between France on the one side and England on the other. Spain settled with her enemies in the next two years. A second treaty o f Aix-la-Chapelle, signed October 18, 1748, marked tlje conclusion o f the war o f the Austrian succession, notable for the long and successful efTort of Maria Theresa to keep her throne against a host of claimants.' First o f th e ’treaties that vitally af fected the future o f North America was that o f Paris, which ended the Seven Years’ war. Beginning with a struggle between Prussia and Austria, the war spread to the German states, Russia, France, Sweden, England and Portugal. Preliminaries o f peace were signed on November 3, 1762, but the definitive treaty was not consum mated till February 10, 1763. In the settlement, which was o f a far-reach ing character, France lost Canada and much of her India possessions to Eng land. The latter also established her supremacy on the seas. Just 20 years later It wns England’s fnte to sign a treaty acknowledging the independence o f her former American colonies, and simultaneously to make peace with France and Spain. The negotiations which ended the Ameri can Revolution were under way for months. Franklin, Jay, and John Adams, ns America’s plenipotentiaries, signed the preliminaries o f peace on August 30, 1782, but it wns more than a year later (September 3, 1783) that the definite treaty was form ally agreed t6 at Versailles. T re a ty o f G hent. A t Amiens, on March 27, 1802, Eng land signed a treaty with Spain, Frnnce, and the Batavian republic, (Netherlands), wherein the first Na poleonic successes were recognized and accepted. Peace preliminaries had been arranged at London nearly six months before. The Treaty o f Ghent, which closed the second war of the United States with England, required more than four months fo r negotiations. Another Treaty o f Paris had only a few months before (M ay 30, 1814), been signed by Frnnce with all the allies, who had been fighting Bona parte. By it all the territorial advan tages won by Napoleon, were, given back. A t the same time provision was made fo r the calling at Vienna of a conference to settle the genernl af- fnirs o f Europe, disorganized and dis- iraeted by the long yenrs o f war. The congress of Vienna thus sum moned, was the most remarkable as semblage o f its kind the world had ever seen. A ll o f Europe, except Tur key, was represented by delegates, the number o f those who assisted at the gathering being over five hundred. Opening on September 30, 1814, It lasted until June 9, 1815, or more than eight months. Crowned heads, In cluding .three emperors, were in at tendance at various times. An ex traordinary round o f festivities was provided, and amid it all the master diplomats o f the epoch (Talleyrand, Metternlch and Castlereagh) played their gumes of intrigue. The unprec edented decisions o f this congress dominated the course o f European statesmen fo r 40 years. The Crimean war (1854-6) was con cluded by another Treaty of Paris, which admitted the Porte to the Eu ropean concert and guaranteed the In tegrity o f the Ottoman empire. The document was signed March 30, 1856, after nearly five weeks o f negotia tions. SIR THOMAS UPTON COMES WITH MIDDLE WEST MEN T h e S ettlem ent of 1871. The Franco-Prussian war was brought to an end when preliminaries o f a peace treaty were agreed to at Thiers on February 25, 1871. The formal treaty was tuken up by a con ference at Brussels on Mureli 28. Signature o f the compact was accom plished at Frnnkfort on May 10, the negotiations thus lasting six weeks. A fter Russia’s overwhelming suc cess in her war against Turkey in 1877-8, she enforced severe terms by the Treaty o f San Stefano (March 3, 1878). Thereupon a congress of the powers was called at Berlin to settle questions involved In what Austria and Great Britain regarded ns the un due aggrandizement o f the Petrogrnd government. This gathering, which The Aquitania ns she appeared docklug at New York with almost 6,000 troops front Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio and j Included among Its delegates Salis other western states and some notuble personages, lncludl ng half a dozen brigadier generals and Sir Thomas Lipton. bury, Beaconsfleld, Bismarck, and the noted English yuchtsmnn, portrult o f whom is inserted. Andrassy, met on June 13, and closed Its labors just one month later. The treaty which was signed stripped Russia of a large share o f the fruits of her victory. Settlement o f the Spanish-Amertcan war in 1898 required negotiations that lasted two months and nine days. The first session o f the envoys took place in Paris on 'October 1. In late November there seemed to be danger o f a breaking off o f the parley, but the difficulty was smoothed out and the treaty was signed on December 10. It took 27 days fo r the Russian and Japanese delegates to reach an agree ment at Portsmouth, N. H „ in 1899, thus ending their comparatively brief hill' sanguinary war. They held their first meeting on August 9, and peace was signed on September 5. RETURNING THE “ EYES” BORROWED FOR THE NAVY F irs t H ague Conference. It was in this same year that the first peace conference was held at The Hague. A t the instance o f the czar of Russia 21 Europenn countries and the United Spates, Mexico, China. Japan, Persia and Siam sent repre sentatives to confer with regard to concerted nction to maintain general peace. The first meeting o f this con clave, which was hailed nt the time as a highly promising effort fo r the banishment o f war, was held on May 18, 1899. Conclusions were reached and a final act signed on July 29, the When the navy department called fog more “ eyes” fo r the tyivy, 52,000 patriots responded by lending their field conference having thus lasted two glasses, 32,000 o f which were accepted. This photograph shows war workers packing the field glasses in cartons months and eleven days. and returning them to the owners. The glasses proved to be of grout value to submarine chasers uud destroyers dur Even more impressive In the char ing the war. acter of the personnel and the seri ousness o f the'deliberations wns the second Hague conference, held in 1907 NEW UNIFORM FOR NAVY at the call o f President Roosevelt. Forty-six nations sent diplomats, in ternational experts, and political lead ers to this gathering, and the conclu sions, accepted or rejected by the various powers In the discussion of the broad range o f proposals, nimlng for peace or nt least a mitigation of war’s evils, have an almost cynical in terest In the light o f the gt-eat war. The conference was In session fo r four months and three days, opening on June 15 and adopting a statement of principles on October 18. The present assemblage in Paris is in effect a Hague conference and a treaty-making body rolled into one. Twenty-six countries are form ally rep resented in the plenary gatherings. FIGHTING THE INFLUENZA IN ENGLAND NEW WEAPON HAS RANGE OF 200 MILES nounced have attained success, he had the co-operation nnd worked by the au thority of llie war department and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, nnd Clark university and the Worces- ter Polytephnlc institute. Compared U tre c h t’s Epoch-M aking A greem ent.^ with it, the most powerful implements The Pence o f Utrejdit wns the next o f modern w arfare nre rendered Inef great agreement between the quarrel fective, scientists fam iliar with the in some powers o f Europe. It was. In vention assert. fact, a series o f agreements between Under the system o f propulsion worked out by Doctor Goddard the rocket could rise to a height above the earth's atmosphere, where its range would be increased greatly. Its propulsive power— which mili tary men say Is a new contribution to ! the science o f ballistics— lies In an in ternal combustion engine of high pow- | er, fed either by finely pulverized smokeless powder or charges o f liquid j explosive at regular Intervals regulated by clockwork. Experiments with min iature models conducted here have fu lly demonstrated Its success against an enemy. t Instead o f requiring a cannon or mortar to start It, one man from any spot can launch it without apparatus. The destructive agency is in the head o f the rocket, though It can be adapted fo r photographic work as well, the ap paratus being automatically released from the rocket proper and descending with a parachute. In the rocket’s simplest form, manu factured at small cost, a foot soldier would become the equivalent o f a field cannon fo r a single ghof, fo r he would carry on his shoulder an Instru ment o f destruction, with Its head of gas or high explosive, and fire it from The tlrst concrete barge to be launched for the United States navy took any point where his legs would take to the water at L ittle Ferry, N. J. The barge will be used to carry oil and him. And that would often be where cannon could not be moved. coa) fo r ships o f the navy. Worcester, Mass.— A rocket as an agent o f w arfare over land or sea,.hav ing a perpendicular range o f 70 miles and a horizontal range o f 200 miles or more, and capable of carrying power ful charges o f explosives or deadly gases, has been invented here by Dr. Robert H. Goddard, professor o f phys ics at Clark college. In his experiments, which he an- CONCRETE BARGE FOR THE NAVY j Owing to the ila epidemic In England, the Litchfield authorities linvo On tlie left is Commnnder John H l g - )Ciosef] t|ie Sp|10ols. The headmaster of the King Edward V I grammar school , gins, U. S. N., wearing the new regu cot permission to carry on his school with out-of-door gumes, parades, drills , , lation uniform adopted by the navy etc., to fight the,flu. One o f the methods taken wns to have the boys Inhu e; department, nnd on the right Ensign disinfectant through their nostrils after cucli exercise was completed. Milton MacDonald, wearing the old type. The coat o f the new uniform is similar to that worn by British nnval officers, hnylng a low collar and open front. There is no Insignia on the cellar o f the new coat, but the insignia on the sleeve remains the same. GERMAN SHELLS COMING AS TROPHIES H u m an N ature. "So you came in frdtn Honey Shuck this morning?” we asked. “ T ell us, what kind o f a place Is it?” “ The prettiest, neatest, most up-to- the-minute little town you ever saw,” he enthusiastically replied, “ Inhabited by as fine and progressive set o f peo ple as can be found anywhere !” “ Indeed,” we returned. “ We per ceive that you do not live there, but merely stopped over, possibly fo r a day. No resident of a small town ever comes to the city and fails to apolo gue for his home village and recite how dead slow and abysmally dreary ' life is there.” — Kansas City Star. i T h e a te rs in Ocean Liners. A favorite project o f the late Charles FMunnn, which he did not live to see fulfilled, the establishment o f theaters I A huge pile o f German 17 centimeter nnvnl shells nt the munitions depot In ocean liners. Is being revived as an ! nt Mulheim, Germany. They nre to be shipped to America to decorate parks outcome o f entertainments given to and libraries. These shells are considered the best o f all Germany could ' soldiers In troopships. The New York produce. officials of the Cunnrd line have re suscitated the scheme. They nre re Women accepted for the police force GENERAL INFORMATION ported to be considering plans for the In London take three months' tralnlngi cqnstruction o f stages In the saloons of A mixture o f two or more honeys and If successful they become consta their Atlantic vessels with complete bles. sets o f scenery. In Addition, every sh.p always is darker than any of the Princess Mary, only dnughter of ia to carry a stock -company and a di original ones. The horn o f the rhinoceros is not King George and Queen Mary o f Eng rector to produce plnys selected from the latest London and New York suc- joined to the bone o f the head, but land, la colonel in chief o f the Royal Scots. I crpriwi on thp skin.