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About The Independence west side. (Independence, Or.) 18??-1891 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 11, 1900)
SCENES IN THE WHEAT COUNTRY. m i ii i i . i miii -tt - at. ' ' . - j: g 11 jwHHHHHWommMtMM mw' l ate canaelty ot from 100,000 to 2,500, HISSt'S ARE HKJHLT rmu. 00 bushels, tome of them built of tL ' . i.i.h-im.u. Ti,.. operated by electricity from Niagara , Ktw,rd, i M.rlt. Futta, protected from fir "7 pueu-, r.uiniv Kausu Mli mutlu ty.leiu., and U.vlug coin-! J'!,., . "J dc Xd a. u plel Uittcliiuery ror cieamu, uijiub . - , , h -,iot,tBd uovel ami ...m.,l,ltf th .li.lL WtU that tl Usually blOdMUl. OS adopted OOV necessary, .......... 1 1 ilia fulitifiil ami means 01 i""u," : 11 l.nl,av.l amoutt lier miuns, auu . . ... a J .it. ' tu elevator ar provmeu o- 'V" . lulnrt ,,111,1,voli , th. called "log.," long .nouti, containing ner I - V" .;.d I itltrhM ar of exactly th am ten- lon, but on the machine tby are ' Ilk Da so many pea. The result of ' ilil uniformity It tlint the .boo bold - . ... 11. 1 LINO CHIt. V . w- - I la.t umklng bat bo redm.l U uJi ... OrUHUI Fullm thai Bring Oat tfca HlgkMt rrm ( KsaeatluMr't Art. . Executing Ii ftrorlte ttnuMDient la movh.gbu.k.tb,.,-. hMbiN, "TLT n Snla the bold gf a gvaln-huleii vihmI. nw ' " '".,, ,,.,,, u Um the wlimt It iUovmUhI by grlu .. never tl Mjnt tU' '"h", ,J workmen, lolling In cloud of dnt, bol week wl. out I J luto b til.wty ot bug. tteti.1 foy. kit. etu. I ni, kelU.r o ek whleh. lu turn, dnw Iht yellow or f-mtlo. f Iba tl uden lond-lt look, from tbovellkt to much ut..t ! 'V'1'"1 "l ' K .ami -to tl.o end. of tb. W wl,,re. b-r.-; AU .lud,uu Uo dl. 11 tbo bm kcl. MM Ifnnd enny It ttaudiird .re ruin doul , of t b. kll 5 wnU Into tbo elevalur. and uitlrllmt-' umleb. 'J h. b . Jo td It among tlm varlom. blue. A cargo ot mk tver. Krtd.y i t eri aooii. lS.tK0 bnabela can thua bo unloaded "y 11,0 "" V'0 UOt W"' i 1 i.n . mi tl.a ml,.. "lmnkv" oil UlHt UK)'. iu jvw mum, !" .. . iu .t lha Tiivre a .myu' pi"" " WIImou dl.lrlft cbd. Four year. ago. MIni Dniik'lt WMiit there from uuuoia. MI10 wat a good t'Mibr. but the tlu moMllv boa. were hoot-lea lc- tire-tb ntlr work of uuloadu.g, tlm of tbo "hooky k-WJ. fry at t bo tlorlng and reloading rarely adding would the pretty iM-taoolma . too Id UOt .'CP lUeiU 10 PCUWUI ivninn. nrrnngt'd a lUt of rl't to Ihow who nltcmlBd ri-giibirly, but' they held uo t tract hmt for the country boy. Theu .ho conultd with the achool board on the klrndng quc.tlon. Tbey wore wlllltig If bo cared to experiment that way. Koine of tlio tcliool Doara aide of tho elevator will reload It Into cart, tlx at a lime In five mtnutet, or lo an hour till a canal boat. The co.t of all thete operation. !ai been reduced to a rldlculoutly low ng. more than one cwut to tho price of a bu.bel of wheat , . Carrlaa to Healioard. The transportation of wheat from the Went to the tenboard la a bu.fnew ot almoat lncoiicclvablo magnitude. Jt menu, uillllou. of dollar, a year to railroad ami thlp MOVING THE WHEAT CROPi A Gigantic Industry Employing Millions of Capital and Countless Hands. At the present time the quantity of wheat which le tent abroad from the United State, and Canada annually Is about 230,01 10,000. iet thU, large a. it is, will certnluly lie more than dou bted witliln the next ten year. Sir Wlllfam Crooke.. the dUtlngul.h cd president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, writ ing receutly of the proportion between w heat production and wheat couump tlont ventured to name the year l'Jai aa a date when the world' bread eat er, would cry for more wheat than the world's furmert could produce. This may be an overestimate, yet the .tutls tics from which such prophecies ore drawn Bhow bow very closely the con sumer treads upon the beeUof the pro ducer, and how Imperative 1. the ncces alty of distributing the crop grown perhaps half a world away from the centers of consumption ns soon as It 1. shaken from the threshers In a mill Ion fields, In order that every white man shall have his loaf, and have it before his last supply bat run out. ' Great Britain eats her entire wheat crop In about thirteen weeks, and then ehe must be supplied Immediately with the products of America or Centrul Russia or India, or else she must suffer. If the United Kingdom be completely blockaded, say by the ships of. allied Europe, her population would probably be totally extinguished by starvation within three months. The like Ic ".c of every country In western Europe, although In some of them actual star vation could be much longer averted, i Generally speaking, tho vast tides of wheat sent to the east and north from the emigrant farmers on the edge of civilization to the cities of the old coun tries; from tlio American continent, Chill, and Argentine to Europe. There ore lesser tides to the west and south, as from California to China, from Iius ala and India to England, from the United States to Brazil. 1 A few years may make a great many changes In these tides. The rice-outing Chinaman has tasted the food of ll.e white man and he finds It good. Uc could consume the present world's crop end still go hungry. - Siberia, opened by the Russian railroad, may yet bo one of the greatest wheat-prodnclug countries. Australia has been farmed only around Its fringes. When a European thinks of food he thinks In terms of wheat. He Is tlio greatest of bread-eaters. Yet In the best of years Europe never produces tenough, even Including the crops from the vast fields of Russia, to supply her own needs. She is tnerefore absolute ly dependent on tho United States, Canada, India, Australia and Argen- tine. Proirresslvo Wheat Grower. The American auu uamiUiau luiiner, and particularly the Northwestern wheat fanner, who ploughs and reaps und threshes by machinery without ho touch as touching bis product witli his bands, Is becoming pre-eminently n man of business." The Governments tinye supplied colleges for educating ilm. and they .end him regular bulle tins containing the results of long-continued experiment, conducted by the Department of Agriculture. He is n , wide reader, sometimes a thinker, and always a politician. Every morning during the days of harvest he receives the reports of the Board of Trade or the Chamber of Commerce where bis wheat Is likely to be sold. He has nlo on his desk dally prices and a general advisory letter from his commission men. The primary movement of wheat is the natural flow to the local flour mill where it is ground to feed the farmer's family, and toward the granary, where it Is stored up for seed. Tne propor tion of wheat thus actually retained and consumed In the country where It Is grown it very large. When tho farmer bat amply provided for himself, he begin to think of soil ing bis surplus-wblch in IS'.iS, for the United State, and Canada, amounted to the enormou. total of 450,000,000 bushels. Ot this, something lest than half la consumed In the cities of the United States and Canada, and some thing more than half It exported to foreign countries, either at wheat or at flour. The wheat crop of the average year Is, therefore, divided Into three more or lest equal parts, the first being con sumed by the farmer and bit Immedi ate neighbor! of the smaller towns and villages, the second going to supply the concentrated masse, of population in the great cities, and tho third being ex ported a. wheat or flour to feed tho foreigner. Mr. Ray Stannard Baker, In an article on the Movement of Wheat, In Mc- Clure's Magazine, tells of the manner in which the wheat crop It disposed of by tho wheat farmer. There are three general methods by which this Is done. In the prolific Northwest, where large numbers of farmers are cultivating from 8,000 to 10,000 acres of wheat a year, where the various farm building, are con nected by telephone, where the plough Ins It done by complicated machinery, where the farmer owns from two to ten threshing machines, from twenty to fifty reapers and hundreds of cattle aud horses, tho sale ot a crop becomes a large business proposition. Rut the great mass ot smaller farm ers, especially throughout the winter wheat districts, ttiil .ell In tho old- fashioned wny, to the local elevator man or buyer. They keep themselves so thoroughly informed, however, as to the reigning price. In the great marts and the probabilities at to rise or full, that the commissions of the local dealer have been acaletf to the lowest ufitcb. Indeed, In this day of many railroads, if the small wheat grower Is dissatisfied with local prices, be can combine with hi. neighbors a not Infrequent occurrence and thlp directly by carload lota to some city commission man, who Is only too will ing to buy his grain at the highest pos sible price. Hvateni of Klevutor. So fierce is the competition 'among the wheat buyers that at some centers, moBt notably Minneapolis, vast syt terns of elevator, have sprung up, each controlled by a powerful ceutral bouse at the terminal point. There are no fewer than thirty-six elevator com panies In Minneapolis, controlling 1,802 country elevators with a combined ca paclly of nearly 00,000,000 bushels of wheat. A aluglo company controls 115 coun try elevators having a capacity of 4, 750,000 bushels of wheat. And the head of this company is also the bead of other companlea there, having lines of elevators In Minnesota and the Da kota with a combined stornge capacity of nearly 10,000,000 bushels. He also has lines of elevators lu Nebraska and Kansas. Perhaps no one thing to almpllfles and facilitates the movement of Wheat as the present rigid system of inspec tion and grading. In former timet a load of grain must need, be carefully examined by every prospective pur chaser, were be miller or commission man; and if this buyer sold again, a second examination became necessary, with it. attendant disagreement as to quality. The business of wheat buy ing, indeed, wat full of time-consuming details, and In the end neither party to a trade waa likely to be latltfled, At a conteqnence, tlio Slate govern ment, or, In some primary markvts, the local chamber of cum mere, stopped In, and assumed charge of the whole ays tern of grading aud Inspection; and now no portion of the great wheat but Ine.t moves with more ease and effi ciency, a degree of care aud accuracy .Imply niniulng to the outsider being constantly uinintniaed. The method of grading the wheat It thua described by Mr. linker, lu Mc Clure't: "The deputy Inspector and bit men are out early In the morning. The cart from the wheat field, havt been tbuut- ed to their special ald'ugt In each ot the yards. One man goes ahead, re ceding the number, and lultlals of the cart, and examining tho teal, to tee that no one hat tampered with them A second man break, tho teal, and opens the doors, and then comet the deputy himself the wheat expert. He It quick and keen, long schooled In ob serving the minute difference, which mark the wheat from different part of the country. I aaw one grlxxly old lu spector who had become so etpert that, according to humorous report, he could tell what county lu the Went a car of wheat came from merely by smiling plncb of the grain. A RIkM Kiamtnatlnn, The Inspector looks sharply for threshers' dust, oats, coeme; and be examines the kernels keenly to ice If tbey are shrunken or burnt; and then be smells for smut lie even plunges the rush season of tl hit fail, to grwt It tho demand for tra importation. ui tblppcrl Hud dlttVultj lu obtaining enough cart and t.cK ' 4, , Most of tbt wbo t the .ww now goet by way of H. lke, tli tmgU the Bnult Bta. Mario canal. 10 'CnflUo.' where It It shipped by rail or caoal to New York, Boston, Baltimore and Phil adelphia. r Few appreciate the magnitude or me hike ahlmjlng interests, which bate been developed to a considerable extent 1U- aAd.durlng Mh ttmi,INIvv If .bo did adopt !U i.lmi they believed they would fchtru to achool again. Bo two ycart Tba director of lb rarlt Observa tory ttalet that the map of the betvent on Wllch work hat been progressing for mirtf ten years It nearly com pleted, it will show nearly thirty mill ion ttara down to the fourteenth mag nitude. -. . Frauk M, Chapman, In .peaking of tba migration of birds, say. the birds which do not fear attack may migrate boldly In the daytime, but tho timid blrdt of tbo forest wait until dark, then mount high in the air, and fly In large numbera, keeping In touch with their fellow by coustaut calling. , Tb Pacific Submarine Telegraph Burvey, aboard the .teamsblp Nero, bat taken two deepest casta and regit tored th two doepett , toniper.turet erer rroordttd. The depth" "re 5,100 and n,2U fathomt, and the tempera- ait exact cliuc that there w no unu etilty with any foot uot absolutely do. formed. LONESOME AMONO. CROWDS. Travtllna Me Of tea rl Went ot tom pal.ttkip la Hlrn I'lai . 'There are many degree, of loueil ue,M reflectively remarked a grhwled commercial traveler, "but there l one that when I used to experience It bit in wor.t of alL I tell you," contluued the man of mileage books aud temple trunks. "It la tb sensation that comes over a men, especially a young man when he I. ou a train carrying blni luto a great city for the first time. It gen orally strike! bltu at tb outskirts of the city are reached and tb twinkling iectrlc lamp, begin to com into view e As the train get nearer the center of tuiet ar 80.0 degree at 5,070 fathom tho city and the llgbtt multiply ten- and thirty lx degree, at 5101 fathom., fold the ensation increase, airoow m Tbo new double telescope of tbo Pott- lroortlon, but It doesn t gat In Its dam Observatory wa. receutly dedl cated. It cousltlf of two very large telescopes arranged tide by tide on otie mounting. The larger, of 02 Inches apertui and 80.4 feet focal length. It for photographic use; the other, of- 20 Incbet aperture and 41.2 feet focal length, la fur visual observation. Tba and, a tb wretch with bulging eye Is lit look upon tb seen l horror, th gentleman upou whom develop tn principal work advance with drawn sword. Possibly tbo offeust waa a ligbt one, or It may be that tb wretch na obtained partial remission, in wfalcb case bu will bar the felicity of being killed lu eight stroke Instead of twen ty four-or possibly .eventy-two. At tho first stroke the executioner simply whisks off one of tb eyebrow o neatly at scarcely to draw blood, lley, presto! off come, tb other. Wltb a light borltont.il sweep be slashes a shoulder 1 lean from the body, performing a Ilk operation on the other tide a moment later. Then the breattt are tlmllarl treated and with a lung forward quick at lubricated lightning tb exe cutioner ptuuge bla weapon Into tbo victim1 beutt. After Jhat all that re nin Ins i. to decapitate the tifele.a and maybe .till quivering body ,aud tb exe cution it complete. ' Tblt It the lightest form of ling cbee. When, however, Cull ling cbee la per formed It la a lengthened business, and the various operations ot the execu- ...... . .... . . , . -ago ue a b.pU'd tho .cbeine, and It bat primary ooject or tuit ..wietrap vt.rtiwj w.tl ovcrtlnce. Kpeaking of raeaaur. wltb all poslbl accuracy, her unhttia experience MU Uaulol velocity or Mart that ar appro I do not think I am doing anything wrong In allowing my young men tu dent, to kls. me at prises for obedi ence. Indeed, I tbluk It I a great re form or I should uot iractlco It. My pupils all respect me. I have a good attendance. The pHtron of the tilt- by the trau.portnuou or wuoai. . ... f h ,t l Wlm gUmi luth-Superlor it th aecona port m i. ,. ,wt) wtr. Juu, j do not mind United Bute. In po.ur WFZiLl lug exceeded only by New xork. ".,,,,,...,,,. QUEER KAFFIR NICKNAMES. riiey Are (ienvrally tinned 00 " IiUtlHiiuUlilatf Peculiarity. Anrtuios of Ma lor Oeueral Baden- tnately three-quarter of a mill per lou puWi,it a sobriquet. "Ihlnla Pansl." Ht- per mile. ernlly meaning "to ttay oeiow,' o- Some of the greater lak vcuclt car-' low,.j Ull ,im ,y u,0 Zulu, It may ty euui-eo5 eargoe.-up to 250.OM) i,0 mentioned that the native of Souib bushel of wheat In a tingle load. With- . f ., ftfu ilt.oUlarly happy.. l their out comparison, It It difficult to form i.glovvll Mf i,muh' upon perwim aud any conception of the immcu.iiy 01 t,UCM gonera Runit Kt. Marie Canal oatset two and a bait timet at much tounagt In eight month, at the Buea Canal paistti In a full year. Uke tblpplng furnllhe. moreover, th cheapest transportation la the world, the rat being approxi lug or receding from tb eartb. The California Miner. Association bat recently published a treatise on the mineral wealth of that Btate which brings out tome fai ls llit aro not gen erally known. Gold, of course, bold, the lead, but tt will probably surprise many to learn that the value ot th quicksilver annually produced lu can best licks until the train stops In tb center of tb big station and tb patsen Ber bealn to disembark, r . "Hero I where th newcomer feel Indeed that be I a stranger In a strange . tioner are watched a keenly by the on to ml. Bay tbo traluload number 300 , looker a I a great actor In a new or 400 passenger. It seems to him that part on a first night lie rite to tbo every other man and woman baa torn ( occasion feeling that moth It required friend or relative to meet blm, or else 0f blm, . When be bat removed tbo know exactly wher to go to meet ( br?ata it In tb first method b baa friends and acquaintances, and bow to j ma a long and expert carving opera get there qulckert. At for blmself. b tt0n befor blm till tut moment when may know tb nam of the hotel at ue shall dispatch the wretch; each fort which he Intend to ttop, but be ha arm, then each upper arm, then a alaab never seen It and be hasn't tb slight-, from each thigh, followed by dexteroua est idea In what direction to go to reach , slashes at each calf, and finally after it. He bat to turn to a policeman for , u, heart baa been pierced, the handt, dlrectlont at to IU location or to a twl and other, parti all torn under beckman to haul blm there. If any man jftllnct operation. I ever think of bit bom town, wher be ( Minor offender guilty of rebellion or know everybody and verybody know murder may get let off with ttrangula- blm: wher ba can go anoui nnnaroia- tion. Crucifixion take place, but the M L nf thlt tl. In Dulutb. 700 busb . , . . n..t elt are estimated at a carioau. i i rate, a cargo of 232,000 bushel, which j hat actually been tran.Krtwl from Da tuth to Buffalo, would fill BOO cart, or uln train of forty car each. At fif teen bushel, to the acre, thlt cargo would represent the yield of 10,800 acret of land. In many locallttet a farm of 100 acret la looked upon at a large one. It would tnko 105 such farmt to raise enough wheat to furnish tblt one cargo. " Until recently New fork had the Hon' thare of the wheat export bual near, but latterly Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia. New Orleant, Galvetton and Montreal have been large exporter. For the fiscal year 1800 New York took only 28.8 per cent, whllo New Orleaua and Galveston bad 10.9 per ceut. each, Boston 12. Baltimore 0.4, and Philadel phia 6 per cent., the remainder being cattered between Montreal, Portland, Norfolk and Newport New. To quote again from Mr. Baker, the average yield ot wboat per acre la gid ually creeping up. la 1MK) It waa only 11.1 bushel to the acre; In 1805 tt wat 13.7 bushels; while In 1808 It had reach ed 15.8 bushels. By the ut of machin ery, combined with cheaper rate of transportation for auppllet, th farmer can produce a larger yield mor cheap ly than ever before, o that, although the farm price for wheat do not aver- I age higher from year to year, th farm- ..rnflo nr lnrirer. ' ' Destroying- Momiulton. For teveral month past experiment have been conducted at Batsarl, In 8a dlnla, by Dr. Fernl, Ir. Cossul-Rocca. and Dr. Lurabau, for th purpot of rid ding that town of the moaqultooa with which It I overrun. Tho doctor ef fectually destroyed the larvae by die- trlbutlug large quantltle of petroleum In tbe twampi and other tpott wher the lnseott bred, and tbe mosqultoet were exterminated by chlorine and other powerful destructive chemlcala. It v based on nonie willeut peculiarity lu the cue of place and on some physical defect or virtue in tue ca of tM-rsoiis. '..," lu tho Matnbel campaign, vtwt further ihrlsteued "liupeso." 'or the wolf, by the Kalllrs. on account of the fact that he used tu ateal over the fldt at dusk. The lata Sir Tbeopbl- lti Hliepstoiie, while British diplomatic auetit at Fort Peddle, lu the Cap Col ony, acquired the name of "M ontu." the mighty hunter, a title iy which 11 wa ever afterward known in fwuiu Africa. The Ut Bishop Colensu. whose affection for and deep Interest lu the Zulu I welt kuown, wat oesig- uated by them a "M u bantu, ' father of the people. John W, Bhcpfctone, ton of Kir Tbeophllu and for many year ludite of the Natul native high court, 1 called by bla legal aubjecta "Mr. John." The attorney general of tbo colony ap parently ttrlkut awe luto tu native brcust, a do certain other bead of departmBiit. who. Twin tbe fact of their occupying private room remote from the clerks, are designated "lulu kosl ka PakHtl" tlord of the Inner chamber). A tall, thin young man n Mnrltxhurg wat known to hi hiaca ... a ih.iuI.I H lervnnt 0 "tmtwata 10 jwibui, aieatilnir the Boiully tnpllug, and a man who wat left-handed In most thlngt wat promptly distinguished at "Neeii. r tho left bauder.-raii Man uaaeue. " -;--8g .... ;-ktaJLa. jL , forula I 60 tier ceut. greater than th value of the silver found there, and . .:,.. a waii witi, hi ere onen. that even the petroleum output of the tb)nk of t tben An Jn Blne t(mei out of ten, be wlshct biroteir back there. "With the second trip to a city tb lonely feeling begins to wear off, and, after a while, tb victim of It grow to looking forward to getting back there again. But It bits tb most of ut bard the first time, Just at I bavo described, and It't a mighty deprettlng sensation, you may well bellve."-Phlladclpbla Inquirer. , ,a State exceed th silver production In value. Copper aud boras rank among the Important mineral of California. ., The filtration of the water supply of cities by meant of sand filter-bed, or mechanical contrivances, bn rapidly advanced In till country during Uip past ton years; but It It far more gen eral In Gnat Britain than bere. Allen llaren, an authority on sanitary engi neering, aver tbat tho fact I fully e tablisbed tbat tho death-rate from ty phoid fever I materially lowered by the filtration of the water-supply. In Great Britain, cltlct containing an ag gregate populatlou of more than 10, victim la left to -die wltb a ttrlug tied tightly around bit throat "SH'"! I ' . w . 1 AW A3 INTERPRETED. Statute to license and regulate th catt M llke iarabs. Tbe British empire It forty time larger than tbo German empire and six teen time larger than all tbe French dominion. ' Ostrlcbe are often unruly, and wben they are tblpped each of them ba a lady' stocking drawn over the bead and neck, aud in that condition tbey - To tbe Academy of Science (Part), buslnes of commission merchants, . or I 11. .-.i-..l...t nrnets ' . " ' ' : . ' (IK),01H iKHiple me a tana Ditorea r' 1 , ateiu reports mat wucn tue nean water-.upply, and tbe result. It l m " proau " I of anlmalt bat ceased to beat for a quarter ot an hour. It has ocen ream- UD "... . 1 nl. . WaoneT clalmwl, I aboD In Uudon'. freedom ' . w " - ' ' , from typhoid. In tblt country only (Minn). 40 U one tentb tt the town and cltict have ""cite of tbe pollc. power and no filtered water. The dlacovery of the part played by Infected rat In the dissemination of the bulwnlc plague ha led to a new lun rprotatlou of a passage In tbe First Book of Samuel, describing a fatal sickness which affected tbe Philistines after they carried off tb Hebrew Ark of the Covenant. Mice are mentioned In connection wltb tbe epidemic, and LAKE VESSELS LOADING AT A CHICAGO ELEVATOR. a hollow bras, tube into tho heap to make sure that some cunning shipper baa not put In a layer or 'plug' of poorer grade wheat at tbo bottom of the car. Usually ho la able to decide on the grade of a carload almost as soon it be sees tbe wheat; but sometimes no 1 compelled to take out a plncb hero aud there, and then weigh it in a tmio brass kettle, to make sure that It comes strictly within tbe lawful specifica tions, lie it an absolutely Impartial Judge. He record only the number and Initials of the car. Ho never knows vbo it tbe shipper. I beard of one deputy who Inspected his own brother's wheat for tlx montht without knowing whoso It was. "The official Inspector Ir accompanied by a number of actlvo young men of the sampling bureau, which represents tho great elevator and commission house. They climb Into the car, thrust a brass plunger deep Into the wheat, bring up a sample here and there, fill a bag, label It with the number and Initials of the car, nnd pass on with the Inspector. It la awlft work, of neces sity, for the sample must be In at the opening of tbe Chamber ot Commerce, where, set out In little tin pans, each bearing the grade tog of tbe State in spector, they form the basis of . tbe day'i trading." At present the four great wheat ele vator centen are Minneapolis, Dulutb, Chicago and Buffalo. In tbe last-named city tome of the elevator have a ttor- The doctort in their report considered It posslblo to free any town Infested wltb mosquitoes by this meant, provided tbe place it not too unfavorably situated. It it an economical remedy, costing only about $250 a year for a town pos sessing a population of about 50,000 In Nervy Fraud on a Dank. An Impudent fraud wa perpetrated upon an English bank by one of lta customers, who opened an account with tome few hundred of pounds. ' The man, after a few weeks, drew two check!, each within a pound or so of bis balance, and, aolectlng a busy day, presented himself at one end of tho counter while an accomplice, when ba tnw that his friend check bad been cashed, immediately presented his own to a cashier at the other end. Both cashiers referred the checks to the ledger clerk, who, thinking the same cashier had asked blm twice, said "right" to both checks. Tbe thieve were never caught Expatriation. It la said that a large number of wealthy Americans are thinking of set tling permanently In Great Britain. , - An unfortunate characteristic of a girl Is that if two girls have been faith ful friends for fifteen years, a young man they have known but ten day can make trouble between them. ' ' vr 'r' 4 , .. PHILOSOPHY OF AN OLD SALT. fIU Party of Bov Wh Bom Bird 1 11 mm 1 1 fulilrt. WhIW bunting for bird' nett re- H'litly In clump of virgin rore mai rluge the lake shore ai r.tigcwuier a arty of high-school pupil discovered dead woodpecker banging bead down- .vnrd from tho limbless aide ot a tall :ree. It lega did not teem attached to iiiythlng, but on closer scrutiny a par- Icularlv tlnc-anuu. thougn very iroug, obweb wu found entangling tho tluy ilid'a claw. The youths bud not concluded their qiecuhttlous 11. to "the bow and tbo .vhynes" of tho bird' tad end when a len brouxed sullor of tbo type of Colo- ldL'u's "ancient mariner" arose a rrom 1 mist out of tbe lake aud, approaching .he .cone of the discovery, gavo a curl ut explanation of the putxlo the tu lent were resolving lu their wind, Mat the sailor said wa about a fob ows: . "Alns aud alack, 1 am grloved to eo baftho tropical custom of tbe o-call-1 m.l.lorweb suicide, among emull ilrds of the South Sea Island Is spread nif to the feathery tribe of the north ru latitudes. That you, my youthful rloud. uiav understand my meaning, t Is only necessury to ny that tbe abo iglnea of many tropical countries have t pr ty fablo telling bow tbe mnio lummlng bird commits suicide by en- angling Its toes in an overhanging cou ul of the Hpldcr-lufcted woods Aliencver the female for which an at n. hment lius been formed, la mysteii ,,.iyulii.g .from Its bauut or ba lied or been trapped ror mo miuiuory ihmu of the highly clvlllxod nations." v-Cbk'dso Chronicle. RUSSIAN DISLIKE OF TUNNELS Itemarkaiiie StHtement by on American ,. liallway Jimpoetor, There are naturally a number of overplus curves through tlio Ural, but ill tunneling has been avoided, The writer did uot see a single tunnel lu tho Urnl llange. It Is n remarkable fact llllt dUI'lllg lUO , liaussiuenuu miinujr uspoetlpu the writer did not observe 1 tunnel' anywhere; and even after -cou-iti'ilug the Inspection right Into the neart of Russia about 2.000 miles more if line had been covered before be saw be first tunnel.-'This was hear Tyfa, not far from the Illustrious Tolstoi's Domes and It was while responding to 1 prearranged Invitation from le grande itisMe tluit the writer came across this, the llrst tunnel noted, after 6,000 mile. )f overland railway Inspection. A Russian mil wny .engineer would sooner blow up a small mountain than niako a tunnel, leaving a yawning chasm between the rocks, with two "streaks of rust" at the bottom thereof a. a souvenir of bis activity. Or, if he finds that, after going to the mountain, the mountain Is not likely to yield to him, his Instructions are to circumvent It by a long detour. Anything to avoid tunneling! The primary aversion to tunnels In Russia Is not alone their first cost, but their sunsequeni cost; ior 11m noi like houses, always have "tome- tuing the matter with them."-Cawler'a Magaalu. "" .. ' an Infringement ot the contltutlonal right of tuch merchant. A statute making It unlawful to work more than eight hour per dy In mine I or tmcltert 1 held. In re Morgan (Colo.), 47 L. R. A. 52, to be In violation of con stitutional guarantiee of liberty and the right to acquire, possess and protect property, notwithstanding a decision of the Bupremt Court ot tb United State thla fact, togetbor with the descrip- holding that tho Federal Con.tltutlon tlon of th effect, of tbe disease, lead wa not vioiawu vj .ucu naim. Doctor Tld.well and Dick of tho Roy- Borvlc on a perwn of a notice of ult al Society of New South Wale to the against blm In another Btate, made only conclusion that the epidemic described In Samuel was an outbreak of tbe bu bonic plague. Thl carries the history of that disease K00 year farther back than It bad previously been recorded. GENESIS OF GLASS WINDOWS. Thty Were Not VA in Dwelling Till Lon; After I heir l)lcovry. Tbo method of preparing glass wa known long before It waa thought of making window ot It Rich people In Rom bad their window, or lb oiwu Ing ot tbelr bath, filled wltb mica or transparent atone. It I supposed that glass waa used for window during the relgu of Titus, fragments ot glass piate having Iwcn found at Pompeii, which was destroyed lu bis reign, but the brat certuln mention of this use of glass I found In writing of the third century. St Jerome also sneaks ot it at used A. D. 42Z Benedict Biscop Introduced glass window lu Britain A. I). 074, though they may have previously been brought In by the Romans. Tbe oldest glass windows at pres ent existing are of the twelfth century lfnd are tu the church ot St Dculs. They appear to have- beeu preserved a part of tho old church, wmcn was erected before the year 1140 by the -Abbot Sugcr, a favorite of Loul le Gro. Soger had sapphires pounded up aud mixed wltb tbe glass to give It a blue tint. A writer of tbe period accouuted it ono of tho mbst striking Instances of aplendor which he met in Vleuna In 1458 that most of tho bouse had glass windows. Another authority, Fellbtcn, snys that In his time (1000) rouud glass discs were et In the window of Italy, and we find that In, France there were glass windows In all the churches In tho "sixteenth century, though there were few in .dwelling houses. The manufacture of window gloss in Eng. land was begun In Crutcbed Friars, London, early In the sixteenth cen tury. - '". ' '",1' ' THE SOUTH'S SMALL FEET. five day before he I required to ap pear, and when it would take four day of constant traveling to reach the court, giving blm but one day, and that Bun day, to prepare for the trip, without any allowance for accidental delay, I held by tb 8upreme Court ot tbe Uni ted State In Roller vt. Holly, U. 8. Adv. BheeU. 410, insufficient to consti tute reasonable notice or due process of law, tbougb the suit Is for tbe fore closure of a lien upon land within tbe Jurisdiction of tbe court Wanted, Dcwlrablo Gueata. Talking ot costly amusements, it I easy enough for the rich to indulge In them; but It I not to easy to find com panion for their Idle hourt. Any man who hat tbe money to buy tt can own a steam yacht. All he baa to do la to fill ont check, but when It come to making a crulto and filling the cablnt, then the real bard work begins. Prob ably you will exclaim tbat such a Job at getting guests for a yachting trip must Indeed, be easy, for tbe supply of peoplo must exceed the demand. All of which Is true, but not all the truth, which must Include the melancholy fact tbat the people who can go and want to go are not usually the ones you want to have go. One can fill one's list with boyt and bald beads; between these eitremes there are few eligible and agreeable men. It Is, In deed, easy to make up a pleasant par ty for a summer run to Bar Harbor or Newnort or. perhaps, a March cruise to New Orleans, but to take In tbe Orient requires men of . leisure, who are scarce. One cannot sail around without companions with whom to while away the time, The qualities that compose companlonabtllty tbat will stand wear and tear are difficult to find. We have agencies for about ev erything in this land of the free where there are so few really free. Why not have agencies for the supplying ot desirable guestsT ; Shorter Than Northern Feet and with Mora Arlstocratlo laatap. - "There is no doubt a marked differ ence," said the manufacturer to tbe only reccutiy became a part of bis es New Orleans Times-Democrat man, "lu tabilshment. He is so awkward In com the slr-o aud snaps or me merage 1001 njU1)cating wItu PP'8 telephonlcally -, Contused. A certain liveryman wbo la slow to take up modern Improvements has been timid about using the telephone, which north and south of Mason and Dixon's Hue. A great deal of nouBcnso has been written about tbe so-colled "Cre ole last,' but the shoe best adapted to high-class Southern trado does pos sess certain distinguishing features of Its own. It Is .shorter than tho North ern shoe, to begin wltb, aud has a much higher Instep. The difference tn the In step varies from one-half to one and a half Inches, which Is equivalent to say ing that a man with a typical Southern foot could not get luto a shoe made on a typical Northern last, The creolo model cuts less of n figure In the trade now thun It did formerly, for two rea sons: First, people wear looser fiot gear at present than they used to and the distinctive points are uot so notice able, nnd, second, an Immense num ber of Northern folk bitVe come Into the South and the local manufacturers cater to their patronage with a consid erable percentage of the factory out put. But the native Southern customer still calls for a short, hlgh-urched shoe. "In the old doys every Southern gen tleman had bis boots and shoes mudo to order and the Impression is even now pretty general that no factory made article can possibly be as good as the hand-built wares turned out by the antebellum craftsman. That is a great mistake. A high-class machine made shoe Is better than anything pro duced by hand, for the simple reason that the stitching Is absolutely uniform throughout In band work ntt two that he never answers the ring or "calls up" unless absolute necessity requires. This necessity came the other day when there was no one tn the office but blm self. Going to the telephone, he rang up a grain and bay dealer and bawled: "Bring down some hay." - ' "Who is It tor?" Inquired the dealer. "What's that?" was the nervous re sponse of tbo liveryman. ' "I said who Is the hay for. How can I send hay unless I know wbo Is it for?" "Why," was the curt answer, "it's for the horses, of course. You didn't sup pose I eat hay, did you?" The bay did not come that day. De troit Free Press." - . - ' T Wearing of Men's Attire by Women. In Franco women are allowed to wear men's attire, butthey must pay for tbe privilege. The amount of the tax which a woman pays for wearing masculine garb is about $10 a year; but her willingness to pay the tax does not Insure nor tbe right to wear these garments. Aa a matter of fact the right is conferred by the government as a tribute of great merit . - Every year, as a man's rheumatism becomes worse, it seems to take longer for spring to come. mated by abdominal massage. There are a number of deep places In the Hudson, as every one Is aware, but few, know tbat spots ranging from a depth of twenty to twenty-four fath- Uln. aro i:iuvuw wit nuu vw.u v the highlands. There are 0,750,000 volumes la tbe libraries of the American college and universities. Harvard has five Hun dred thousand volumes, Chicago uni versity 550,000. Columbia 275,000 and Cornell 225,000. Because ot the multiplication of gov ernments In Chicago due to tbe exist ence of seveu townships In , Cook County the per ceut. cost of collecting taxes Is G.C0 as compared wltb .57 in New York proper, .07 lu St Paul aud 1.12 lu Boston. - In order to facilitate traffic along the Shores of tbe Dead Sea it has been de cided to establish regular intercourse by mCans of small steamers, and tbe first steamer has been purchased. It will certainly bo a shock to many to bear of a steamer on this historic body of water. " In olden days, when tea wa a rare and precious luxury, silver strainers were used, luto which the exhausted leaves were put wben" they had been well watered and drained. Tbey were afterward eaten with sugar on bread and butter. This fact is recorded by Sir Walter Scott In , "St Itonan'i Well." , , From a lecture delivered In the Sor bonno by M. Mangln, it would appear tbat Paris possesses about eighty thou sand trees In tbe streets and public places In the city. It Is calculated there are twenty-six thousand plane trees, seventeen thousand chestnuts and fifteen thousand elms, the re mainder consisting of sycamores, ma ples, lindens, etc. Apparently, there la only ono oak and one mulberry. The Burning Question. We're kind of on the anxious seat just r now In our town t We're soon to be puffed, up with pride or sadly beaten down; ; There' some of us Republicans and some arc Democrats, ' And each crowd wants Its man to win " when 'lection Comes, but that's Not what we're thlnkin' most about the - thing we'd like to know Is what tbe fisgers gathered by tbe cen sus nien'U show, . ' For we've done a lot of boastin' and we'll all be pretty sick ' Unless our town Is btggcr than the town cross the crick. We've had our arguments about the Briton and the Boer, We've wrangled and we've jangled, but they trouble us no more; ... . .. It. .. . n ..n...lnn- .nrf Ao cussed I the Philippines,.' And we've had a lot ot tilts about the question of canteens; We nearly had a riot over Aguinaldo, too. And a lot ot us have worried as to what the- trust'll do, But the question now before us and we'. want it settled quick Is whether we've beeu gaiulu' on the town across the crick. " . - We've discussed the labor troubles with ' ' ' . the strikin' and the fights. : And we've taken sides about them and we've jawed with all our mights; We've worried over China and tho mis- - slonaries there, , And we've talked about the burdens that .:. the poor folks have to bear. But at present there's a question that is greater than them all, And it ain't the one of wlnuiu' at the lection In the tall, For we've done a lot of boastiu' and we'll all be mighty slek l't this town don't show up bigger thnq the town across the crick. . S..E, Riser, , HetVaotory. Mrs. Peterkln Without exception, you are the most obstinate, perverse man I ever saw. Peterkln What have I dono now? Mrs. Peterkln Why, I have had that new cough mixture in the house a month and you haven't once caught cold. Harper's Bnzar. London' Underground Railway. It coat $1,500,000 per mil to build th underground railway of London, The lost request a woman usually makes to her most intimate frleud, Is uot to tell her age. Just before tbe moon reaches ber but quarter she look Jlk 80 cents, j . 1 1