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About Wallowa County chieftain. (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911 | View Entire Issue (April 15, 1909)
POSTAGE "7 & V" I "" . . ft , ' . rS-r POmSp ttl- INOE the earliest yearn tbe postage stamp of this country have varied In design. Their use was sanctioned by an act of Congress March 3. 184". A tentative Issue had been lwued at the postofflce of New York and In St. Louis two years before. In and in LMiode Island In lSfl The first stamps issued were for 5 and 10 cents and bore the portraits of Franklin and Washington. At various times a complete series varying In price from 1 to !K cents was Issued. The portraits used on the stamps were those of Franklin, 1 cent; Jackson. 2-cent ; Washington. 3-cent : Lincoln. I 5-cent ; Jefferson. 10-cent ; Clay. 12-nt ; Webster, l.'i eent; Scott. 24-cent; Ham ilton. 3-cent; I'erry. !--ent, and Stan ton, 7 -cent Most of these portraits were drawn from marbles, but Stanton was reproduced from a photograph. Rowland HI!) of England waa found er of the modern postal system. Eng land, accepting his scheme of postal reform, waa the first country to Intro duce the system of delivering prepaid letters carrying postage stamps. A story has It that Sir Rowland was staying it an Inn In northern England. While there he saw tbe postman deliver to bis host's daughter a letter whleb she returned unopened, as she bad not a hilling to pay for Irs delivery. Moved to compassion by the lingering fondness with which she turned the letter over In her hands, carefully studying every mark on Its exterior. Sir Rowland ten dered a shilling to the postman, who left the letter. Then the innkeeper's daushter. embarrassed by his kindness, explained that It was unnecessary. She and her brother, unable to pay postage, had arranged a code of communication. While she hamlled the letter she had learned what he wished her to know. Whether this story be true or not, Sir Rowland Hill, who was only Mr. Hill at tbe time, ns he was knighted later, early realized the Inadequacy of the postal system of England and ar dently advocated his system, under which postage should be prepaid. This first governmental Issue of tamped envelopes, stamped letter pa per and adhesive labels or stamps In England was in 1840. Three years be fore. In 1S3T. stamped wrappers under the name of "go-frees" had been used experimentally and had been recom mended to the chancellor of the ex chequer for adoption by the govern ment. In Dundee, a printer named James Chalmers printed stamps from ordinary type, washing their backs with gum. He showed them to bis neigh bors, but made no public mention of them until November. 1S37. nine months after Sir Rowland Hill had drawn the attention of the commissioners of the postofflce to the possibilities of using such adhesive stamps when people bought unstamped envelopes to the postofflce. The postal system derives Its very name from the posts placed along Ro man roads to mark points where couri ers took dispatches. But the modern postal system with Its prepaid postage. with its system of levying postal trib ute on the basis of weight and not dis tance. Its letter boxes, lta delivery of parcels and newspapers and money or ders, dates from Sir Rowland Hill. The earliest official notice of a postal service In the American colonies Is found in the records of the general court of Massachusetts In 1B3. The house of Richard Fairbanks in Boston was under the ruling of the court desig nated as the place for all letters brought from across the seas or to be sent thither. He was allowed a penny for every letter which he received or sent. In Virginia, every planter was required to provide a messenger to car ry letters as they arrived at his plan tatton to the next one. He forfeited a hogshead of tobacco ihould he fall to do so. In 1172. the government of New York established a monthly post between New York and Boston. In 1602 tbe office of postmaster general for America was created. Benjamin Frank- lin, who bad been appointed postmaster of Philadelphia In 1737. waa given the office In 1733. He visited all the im portant postofflces. Though his reforms made the office bring in a clear rev enue, be was removed by the king In 1774. but shortly after waa appointed to tbe same office by the Continental Congress. The first postmaster of ths United States of America was Samuel Osgood. When he took charge of the department the country had seventy- five postofflces. The charge for the delivery of letters was based on distances covered and I varied from 6 cents for thirty miles to 25 cents for 450 miles. Until 18C3. dis tance was the basis of cost In that year a uniform rate of postage Ignor ing the distance was fixed at 3 cents. Oct 1, 1S83, this was reduced to cents. During the early days of Alas kan development, every letter delivered in Nome cost the government SI. Though the use of adhesive postage stamps was authorized in -1847, prepay ment by stamps was not made compuls ory until 18.VI. A uniform free deliv ery system waa not Instituted until 1863. though the penny post existed In a number of cities In 1862. the carriers remunerating themselves by the collec tion of a voluntary fee of from 1 to cents for each piece of mall delivered. A convention held In Paris In 1873 made various Improvements In the reg ulations and provided for a postal con gress to consider revision of all pend Ing rules at least every five years. The International Postal Union thus effect ed works constantly for the simpllfl cation and Identification of postal sys tems. The rate fixed by the first con ventlon. of 5 cents for each half unit of weight for ordinary letters still pre vails, save that recently special conven tions reducing It to 2 cents have been arranged between this country and England and this country and Germany. M. Lacrolx, a member of the French Academy of Sciences, read a paper be fore that learned society on the manu facture of sapphires. He has discov ered practically the composition of the precious stone, and has succeeded in obtaining some H(eclmeus which almost resemble the real stone. It can not be aid that M. Lacrolx has yet discov ered the exact process, for those which he baa obtained would not Impose upon skilled lapidary who subjected them to a severe test. The climbing perch (Anabas Scan- dens), of which six examples have re cently been received at the London Zoological Gardens, Is an interesting rase of a fish which Is able to spend a considerable time out of Its native ele ment The climbing perob Is able to make some progress-- on land by the movement of Its pectoral and ventral fins. It is even able to climb trees, and has been found in a palm tree several feet from the ground. It Is difficult to get it to display these peculiarities In confinement The little black people of Africa, so dramatically described by Stanley, are not the only pygmies produced by that wonderful continent In Liberia and Sierra Leone are found pygmy hippo potamus, some 8ieclmens of which have recently been sent to England. These animals are described as being more like pigs In their habits than like their gigantic relatives. A good mud-bole is quite sufficient for them. They seem to prefer solitude in their native haunts, going about singly, and when two are seen In company they almost invariably consist of a mother and her calf. President Schurman of Cornell Uni versity calls attention to the need of the development of a type of engineer specially skilled In everything relating to hydraulics. Water, he remarks, is destined from now on to play a great part in the economic development of the United States. It is hereafter to be nsed on a vast scale for power and for Irrigation, as well as for navigation The maximum benefit to be got from the use of water will be sought in the Ease- from navigation and power, and In the West from Irrigation and power, One of the unexplained phenomena of whut Prof. T. G. llouney calls the "world's Ice mantle," Is the alternate advance und retreat of the glaciers. At present, says Prof. Bonney, only In Scandinavia, and perhaps at Mount St Ellas, are the glaciers beginning to ad vance in notable numbers. In the Alps general retreat of the glaciers began about 1801. At first It was rapid, but tbe rate afterward slackened. Toward the end of the nineteenth century a gla cier here and there slightly retraced Its steps, but the majority are still either slowly shrinking or stationary. The remarkable fact that the earliest known ancestor, or primitive type,' of the modern whale bore heavy armor on its back, in the form of strong, bony plates has recently been set forth by tbe German paleontologist Dr. Abel. The plates occasionally found associ ated with the remains of the primeval form of whale have generally been re garded as having belonged to gigantic turtles, but the German Investigations show that they were part of the skele ton itself. They resemble In their char acter the Impenetrable bony shells of the huge glyptodonts that formerly In habited South America. The suggestion Is made that at the time when they carried armor whales were amphibious creatures, living on the coasts and needing special protection from break ers and from sharks. Seela HOW BABY FOOLED NURSE. "Here's a sort of queer thing," said nearsighted man. "I am very near sighted. Strong glasses are indispensa ble to me for ordinary, general seeing in my goings about, but when I ait down to read I take off mv clnwies and bring the print up to within the natural focus of the eye. It seems to me that reading with tbe natural eye I can read with a more intimate and a clearer understanding. "So much for my reading without spectacles, and now here is the thing that is queer to me. If when I am reading thus, with my glasses off, somebody comes along to speak to me, why, then, to get a clear understand ing of that question I must have on my spectacles. "So I say, or I would say if this hap pened at home where I know the peo ple, 'Wait a minute till I get on my siectacles.' and I would put them on and then say, 'Now go ahead,' and real ly, with my spectacles on, with my IMiwer of seeing at Its best with the sharpest definition of things In general to the eye, I get the clearest apprehen sion of things said to me. "So in reading I do best with my glasses off, but in understanding things said to me, In listening. I do best with my glasses on. There Is one modifica tion to this where there is no light, as in a dark room, where I can't see, I can understand equally well with or without glasses." New York Sua. A Bsjra' Villa. Ia Westchester County, New York, overlooking tbe Hudson river, a col onr of 300 boys has been gathered. They are lads who have tripped or been tumbled Into the rough places oi the world; their sense of self-respect cruelly neglected amid dirty city streets and all sorts of misery. Put unaer military discipline and given tasks of work and study, the boys are nouseo. clothed and fed in attractive, spacious cottages. The grounus ana uunun, cost over SUSOO.WO. and the boys' vil lage is a model place in every respect. Kn far as noeslble the young Knows are given work that accords with their lng water. tastes. Some work out of doors in we gardens and among the farm animals, while others learn trades In the shops. Each lad stays In the village until he reaches the age of 21, when he Is given $150 to start him out In the world, equipped with knowledge en abling him to earn his livelihood. Ev ery effort Is mnde to inspire the boys with hope, courusre. Integrity and a desire to win reiected places in the towns and cities to which they may go. at a health resort where there are warm mineral springs. In the heart of tbe Japanese mountains. Patients at this saultarlum often remain In the water for a month at a time. At night they put a tone on their. laps to keep them from floating down stream. And If It should be objected that this is an unhealthy method of couductlng a health resort, reference has only to be made to the caretaker of the establishment a hearty old man over 80 yeara of age, who frequently remains in the bath all winter, direct ing the business of the place from a station waist-deep in the warm. now. s- NO SLEEP IK THE GEAVE. Archdeacon Caller Tnlnlce Called Dead Are Still Alive. Of humnnklud there are ao dead, savs Archdeacon Louey. rector vi Stockton, Rugby, England, In the De lineator. Man Is man because he Is, as the Sanskrit "mann" suggests, the "thinker," or one that has conscious ness of his being, which consciousness unrvlvpt the rhnnire called "death, Some of the graduates are now in the wh(ch lg but flg gleep t wakefuine88. The worn physical of this life ma chine, the body, falls off, as In slumber. Western States, where they nave mlnnl nnsltlnns of nubile trust. Some of them admit that they are more for tunate than they nilsht have been had they been born of rich parents. For Colds and Grip. ' it m Jte M Our he ffon To Wn.tl 1 hevr rom Those. "thai knov him he paanTinof mostly from the psychical that Indwells with It (body "abode) and keeps the wheel work ("we are fearfully and wonder fully made") on the go, and there Is scarcely a moment's hiatus as the changing sentinels of the oxygen and hydrogen and carbon and other ele ments composing It, departing, vhlsper the password to the even more volatile arriving atoms of the soul. Hence, In the falling In of the outer man upon the Inner and the blending of the twain, mortality Is swallowed up of life with no Jar, Jolt or any cessation of being, since complete Insensibility or unconsciousness has no part In the transaction. More alive, Indeed, than ever Is the condition immediately consequent on the failure of the. heart's systolic act- tons and the Involutions and convolu tions of tbe gray matter of the brain, no longer vibrant to the motions of tbought playing Its reminiscences of I earth memories now transposed to life's higher clef and the beat of perfected rhythmic harmonies. For true is the Latin statement. mors J.tnua vita?, death Is the gate of life. Hence continuous and immediate and conscious being, with no sleeping In the grave; for, as the burial service of the Church of England says, "The souls of tbe faithful after they are de livered from the burden of tbe flesh are in Joy and felicity." This I know, not from credal or ec clesiastical affirmation, or even from logical induction of this life's being a hateful ghastly blunder. If not a curse, but from the teachings of many years' experience and close personal acquaint ance with those who have lived In this world, now dead and burled as to their earthly body, returning time and again In a reconcreted, wonderfully abnormal. corporeal rorm to company with me r ton TARRU - i ROAT. LUNGS, ; KIDNEYSV BLADDER War Ther Wasted George. Tbe young wife answered the phot That's another call for 'George," ib aid to her mother. "Somebody wand him to corns somewhere and ploy brldr. I?t iha third Invitation he'i bad this evening." "That would seem to Indicate," Hid the mother, "that George is very popular." Tbe young wife sniffed. "It unquestionably Indicates," it said, "that George Is an- easy loser." Cleveland Plain Dealer. PILES CURED IN TO 14 DATS PAZO OINTMENT Is murantecd to cura nr mm of Itching. Blind, Bleedins or Protradinj Pile In 6 to 14 days or money refunded. - Me. . Horrora of MlaatrelnT. Bones Mistah Walkah, kin yo' tell m w'y a waud caucus am like a valise? . Interlocutor No, George ; that'i I hard one. Why is a ward caucus lilt t valise? Bones 'Cause yo' most Jin'ly padtt It afo' yo' carries it Interlocutor Ladies and gentlemen. Sig. Jarr de Itoofoff, the eminent ind popular basso, will now sing the touch ing ballad. "Think of the Microbes on I Street Car Strap!" Chicago Tribune. othen will And Mr. Wlnalow'a BoothlM Byrup the best remedy to use (or their cUUdfM during the teething period. A Confession. Dear little boy, with wondering eyes That for the light of knowledge yearn, A . , , Who have such faith that I am wise and "V"" t0geiher ta ,,omeBtlc And know the things that you would WWP P' d prayer to give learn them welcome back for an hour to Though oft I shake my head and smile learn of the higher life they have at- To hear your childish questions flow, talned. From whom, by many lndis- I must not meet your faith with guile : I canuot tell ; I do not know. Dear little boy, with eager heart Forever on the quest of truth, Your riddles oft are past my art To answer to your tender youth. But some day you will understand The things that now I cannot say, When life shall take you by the hand And lead you on its wondrous way. Dear little boy, with hand in mine, Together through the world we fare, where much that I would fain divine I have not yet the strength to bear. There are many things I may not aak ; Like you, I hold another hand, And haply, when I do my task. I, too, shall understand. Sterner Meaanrea Necessary. "Really," said Nervey, "I want you to be my wife. Come, now, don't say 'So: " "Mr. Nervey." replied the heiress. "I wouldn't think of saying Xo" to you " "Ah!" "It wouldn't have any effect on you. so I think tbe best thing I can do la to yell for the police." The Catholic Standard and Times. Cheap Board. New -Curate Can any of you tell me how much it costs to board an automo bile here? Old Resident About thirty dollars. I think. Young M. D. But H only costs twen ty-five to board a horse. Miss Stenographer And It only costs five cents to board a trolley, Success Magazine. The Only One. "You say your sou Is hard to manage. Mr. Jims. Does be display any natural bentr "Yes, I think be Is going to be crook." Baltimore American. When a man goes to town to visit It Is tbought funny If be remains two days, but a woman is expected to re main at least two months, and bavs parties given In her honor. Tbe fools are not all dead yet, and, what is more, they never will be. putable prooofs, visible, audible, tan gible, I and those with me have appre hended there can be no galnsaylug the fact that the so-called "dead" are alive. Grovrlnar Old m Habit. Not long ago the former secretary of a Justice of the New York supreme court committed suicide on his 70th birthday. "The Statute of Limitations ; a Brief Essay on the Osier Theory of Life," was found beside, the dead body. It read, In part: "Threescore and ten this Is the Scriptural statute of limitations. After that, active work for man ceases; his time on earth has expired. . . . I am seventy threescore and ten and I am fit only for the chimney cor ner . . .H This man had dwelt so lone on the so-called Osier theory that a man is May Be Head Both Way. Palindromes are words or sentences which read the same way, whether they are spelled backwards or for wards. Here are a number of good ex- practically useless and onlv a hnrrton amples of this curious orthographical to himself and the world after sixty yueuuiueuou ; ana the Biblical limitation of llf ia Madam I'm Adam (Adam Introduces threescore years and ten. that h mnrto himself to Eve). up bis mind be would end it all nn hi. auib was i ere t saw i-jiDa IJNapo- 7Uth birthday, leuii reuw.-ung ou m eiuej. . leaving aside Dr. Osier's thenrv Nnme no one man. there is no doubt that the acceptance Red root put up to order. (Sign for in a strictly literal sense of the Rihiici a drug store window. Reads the same life limit has proved a decided Injury from the inside as from the outside.) to the race. We are powerfully influ- Draw pupil s lip upward. (Direction enced by our self-imposed limitaHnn. to visiting school nurses.) and convictions, and It Is well known No, it is opposition. that many people die very near the No, It Is opposed; art sees trade's limit they set for themselves. Yet opposition. (Sentence from a debate.) there is no probability that the Psalm- Yreka Bakery. (Sign over a baker's 1st fcnd any Idea of setfdnir a llnm f shop In Yreka, Cal.) the life period, or that he hart . In the Latin language palindromes authority ;whatever for so dolne. Man are not Infrequent But if you believe of the sayings In the Bible which peo they occur often In English, try the Pie take so literally are merelr flmire experiment ; see If you can discover any. of speech to illustrate an idea. So far t,..h. ITTTrZ 89 tne Blble 18 conceded, there Is Just Baths at 110 Decrees. M much Rajon for Mm J The Japanese are fond of bathing in Umlt at one hnn(lrca JdVenty of extremelv hot water Th .M t ouljt " . . uj even at Methuselah's age (nine hun. fact, the most cleanly, accordlne to nnr .n f , T ,re" I scriptures that even suggests the si. quentiy as twice a day, often at a tern- latenc of Atl AfFA limit KAnnnjf VI.l perature of about HO degree. Fahren- man was not supposed oT.Uowed to An nrf K ' . ,ftCt n0le Spirit Of the ,7..;;h,m";: r, zz.7n?r 01 M,DI 18 to courage ione nfe throng, vision Bweu Harden, ia Success Magaxlaa, Timed, "Are you happier than you were bo fore you were married?" "I can't answer that question." "Why not?" "Well, you see, I've got so that 1 have to accept my wife's opinion on til subjects. And when you ask me about this one, you put me in a quandary. I can't very well put It to ber, can I? And without asking her, I can't bt sure." Cleveland Leader. Taetleaa. "ne's not what you call strictly hand some," said the major, beaming throuett bis glasses on an utterly bideous baby as It lay howling In its mother's anna, "but It's tbe kind of face that grow on you." . . "It's not the kind of face that ef grew on you," was the unexpected re ply of the Indignant mother; "you'd be much better looking if it had!" Detroit News-Tribune. Iltnoraat, bat Careful. "Ignorance nearly always malt1 fools of us," said a lecturer. "I f" member a man, Ignorant of etlquett. who once sat beside me at a public dinner. I noticed that this man, V soon as be was seated, took up by one the knives at the right of M plate and began to try their edges os bis thumb. A waiter behind M" leaned forward and said in a burt tone: "The knives are all sharp, lr.' ' "The point is,' said my nelgnbor. 'I'm looking for a blunt one. I time I attended a banquet ber I my mouth."' In Distress. The beautiful maiden waa fufferutf from loneliness. In a voice scarcely tbort i whisper she spoke through ths to phone: m , "a q. D.r Her Dearest understood. He Came Quickly. Chicago Tribos Stop Coughing! NoUiine Watb dm the fcsJih onckh-tsdpsadTelyuapaasesI cottsh. If ysahaaacoash sir It lUari'na sow. Yoe ca idiya ft qocUr with PISO'S CURE. Faaow lor haH eatfary - rdUUe roaedy lor couth eokk hoamaan, bnecbitk, anbaa and kisdmi eumena. Fiae fafehiloW At all drassiata'. 26 eta.