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About Oregon statesman. (Salem, Or.) 1898-1899 | View Entire Issue (Sept. 29, 1899)
FAMINE IN FREIGHT CARS. There Is so AucI) Business That 1,300,000 Cats j Cannot TaKe Care of It. For many yrtrs the great railroad eyt terns of the cmniry have had a sur plus of (Miripment. There Jias inot bee-n business enough to call for" ail the fi eight cam they could put on the rail, and many 5 of the cara were al lowed to remain Idle In the hd: and -yards.- -. , ' ' - - Now the situation la reversal. The -great trunk lines, parti Jh.-arly in the West,' are complaining that they can not get e nough railrcad ears to accom modate the demands upon thm Xot only are the cars coming East with the crops cf prosperous fanners, "out they are going back filled with jaer char.d'se suDr''el from factories , that r working overtime. -. Tbere are 1,300,000 freight can In use on the 187,000 iniie-e of railway in this country just ncw and som of th? trunk line eay they, could une 30,j more cars it they could tet tliom. Th lack of car for 1 passenger 'service is jtroircrtionatelj as great, but is not as severely felt. j Several exolanallcrs ate offered for this car famine, j The velum- of in creasing business has simply over wLelmed te railroad. At the same time the car faeti rles are loaded up with order, materials are contracted for far ahead of possible supply and a very large percentage of the product las beem promise-d for foreign export It Is said that in one large car factory thirty-six ier rent of this year" cut put goes to England, Russia, Franco and Mexico.,' " I . The gist of the whole matter Is, said Senator-elect Dcpew, "that busi ness! has improved very much faster than anybody xected. .The rail roads of the country are the thermom eter of general bt'sines Just a sure as are the advertising columns of ," the Herald an indication of briskness in New York hoiM. ; For a long time many of. the railroads have been obliged to sidetrack n great deal of their equipment, and como of them )lo rw-t eem to have taken ; the I;se of car-j of it while It was r.ot in use. Now they are caught thort. "We do. not feel it in the. "East so much ax by do In the West. be.-aus our trips ai shorter. Tou taki the thousand mile trips, or more, on some of those Western roads and it takes a long time ta turn thn rolling stock around. 'I. think that s most every thing that will carry freight Is In twe now. All signs! indicate that good times have come? te- stay." Keeping track Of the various freight cars, seeing not only that th-y reach theirr.cf nts of destination, but g.t tatiy back (-gain to the railways that own them. Is cne of the most Intricate problems of th "r'lroad "busings. J3very company employs a larg.j force of mn, tmder the charge of a cur ac countant, .tto lc:k after Its earn. J'y a syHem , t reclpreeal 1 Interchange that It has taken twenty years to bring to ils present point t'f perTecthm the buMness Is carried on now without the necessity of sending a force uf 'trac ers' ov;r the varlou lines on tfi look out for stalled cars. 'A few years ago,, the business wan all done this, way, and It Is still in vogue to sortie extent on some (f the smaller Western i toads. : Men trained to ted the ears of ih-lr own company us.d to to sent all over j the country, riding on the rear platforms of freight nnd iasenger tn.ii., keeping a sharp lookout ou freight train that pys.d them and getting at all the princi pal yards "Vhr. they spotted a car belonging H- the company that em ployed them they made a note, of It, and aont a aeport every night to the main oft're. j . j ... r : ; New all this work Is done by a sys- ...... ' i . ' - Dbastrous Test of the First ,Big Loc omotive Out of Boston. Thirty-five Freight ) Cart Fined With Merchandise Made U the ' Triin "Sl.e" . Struck a : Down Grads and Never Stopped Until ths Hound lIU)4t Was Derr.illfhe-d. It wm a proud day for Ueuben Finch when he was selected as engin eer of ths big. clght-whled fr-ighter, Masr.ichtjfetts. Ifeuk In the forties, when railroading was young and in ncvatlcr,s were regardetl with an In terest not jaded with the many inven tions and contrivance of tnoi-rn cl entv, the newn 4hat the western rail road, which now; forms a part ef the Cotton and Altmny system, had put on a mammoth freight engine, larger than any yet tiled, excited a wide spread curiosity, rot limited to the clr cle of railroad men, which was then mu.-h smallea" than It Is now. Among the engineers and firemen, however, the curiosity tad S methlng or exile ment mingle! with lt,f bom of tl.e de sire mingled with It born of the dsire ot be put in charge of the great engine. And so Finch was an envied man the day his appointment was made known. Not less fortunate than Finch,. in the stlmation of his brotherhood, was James JJarrey, lto ww ilecteel t tun with him as fireman en the Mass achusetts. It was something to b-j plcod in charge cf a mighty monster, which mads all the or engines on the road look like children's toys. Early in lecemler the Massachu aettj was. brought up from ths shops at Vjowell, and was sent up and down the read, while Finch adjusted every Utile part till the .was la ood working trim. The tost of ithe engine - was walled with greet interest as f aba cus tales were told cf the number of tars shs could haul. The test ras to l severe one, but -tliejpt was one Dll A RUNAWAY EIIGIliE tern r.f heokksspirg. and a great deal 'f lb- w-irk devolves uin the con ductor of the train." H- has .V gool deal mere to do x nowadays than ta look after ths safety of his train tuxd cargo. Ill : duties nre - more like those of a puer aboard khlp. lie carries h record of every car Uiat his train hauU out, mak-. a report of where it was d tat hed from his train and into v l ose l:an-l be l-ltver it On the New Turk C entral, foi r in stance. If a condm-tor talos a Union Pacific car to Albany and leaves it at the - Delaware- and Hu I son f reight yards tlierei his recrontlbility cease-s at that point and he reports to th main ofin:e. It heu tecon the business of the Delarvsn and Hudson i-vp;e to look afur it t- its next point of desti natlm,and so cn, until the' cur gets back into the hand f th Union Pa cific. If it is (too long a time en r.ute. tno unim Pacific people send to the New York Cemtral, and the car Is traced by telegraph. .. ; Cars are nver entirely lost sight of, but they are frequently ."retainer longer, tran .api-e-ers necessary by n-a ls shcrt of rolling stock.' and somo pretty shair telegraphing has t be ine to ge them on the move ngMru Railroads that ukc cars not their own have to pay the road that own them six tenths iient jt mile, the settle ment of accounts te'ng made j every month. ' ; Of course It the tail roads did J not wjriK t. gethei In IMy intr. hane and help one another. Hie system wuld not 1 o worth anything. ' In England the cars are Kept track ef by: some clearing house system, but thi dis tances are so gritt in this ccunlry thu It has been creidetei impracti cable. ' - : ;, . 'i .. : t - Think for a moment of the enormous number of freight cars that are wit. cToting . ik i th. south, east ; and wet from New York every day. - They are M-attertnl ftom tho Atlantic to thfl I"a cifio Ocean and from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. Nrtle ; a, fne-pht train eif fifty cars and every car In the train Mwim t belong t a elilierei-t line. But every c-ne if 'Mm'ii en tie books" wnvw h !, Mivd on -Ir-nruci J it can be lo ulei on y f-w l ou:s nnl '.. C. H. Evviny:.-s tar tcccuiuant of tli New Ycik Central, te-ld tue that freight curs, are never lott. xcept ty fire or by it.i.ring lute h river, and ev-n then it is thown by the l oks that th-j car loiit w;re cr that (articular trn in.; The Pennsylvania Railroad haj alMut sixty thousand fielght ears to lojk after. The I New York enlral has lifly-thre tbounand. They' are '.nt to all i arts cf the country. Nc matter w hue they are they bring in revt-nue, Hr etlier toads have tofpay for hem if they vend th-m ci. long Mitai.ce trips Thi 'average 'life" of a freight car is about twenty years If It kept in irorKr repair. - . ? Within th l.it t-n years th'sr has been as much improvement In frrjght caj-s aii thcie has teen in pasifenger cars. They are built larger and with af.l-r fatHltif.s. for-loading ' and s un loading. This does not take into ac count the rt-frigerator cars, mail cars, express cars and other cars made to meet th requirements ofa special ser vice.' r , i . . ; "I'ha comiron, ordinary freight car Is a much finer piece i of workmanship than it used to be in -the d:tys of rapid railway deveJopment. In the first place, the cars are twi.e as large, i-'tf-teen tons used t be the limit, j Now cars are constructed to carry thirty tons and bigger, kcoinotive ar built to draw; them. .The heaviest re.lling Hock s-en) to le the most wjneml e al. , ' , thing that Interfered; there were not ears enough around to make it inter esting. In those days the freight tralllc was very limited. ' Kach ifewl kept its own cars on its own road, as the railroad men s&y. and the variety from every road In the country could not be ceca on each back as it is to day. So. to get em-ugh cars a tribute was levied cn each pcselng freight train. It delayed the traffic a few days, but goods sent by freight In the M . f .. HkM.A H r. i MAaliflKIa f i I TIa test was to be made . over the . trark from Worcester to epringfleld. and on lecemtier is, imk, miny-ivw care had been collected, enough. It was thought, to give ' the ? engine a most thorough lest, ftr thirty-Ave pare made a trer-M-ndoun Joad. as cars were f then. In the aflenu-rn Finch and I Mareey olleJ up the parts anew ,and mnH vM-vtlM rfddr for the tri umphal trip to Springfield. A couple of torts on the whistle, a clanging of the bell and Finch,'open ing the tLrttlle, felt the great engine rcil out on the main track wi'.h sH!m- : Ingly as little effcrt as tlw-igh there ! were tot string of cars tehlnd her i nearly a quarter of a mile long. Tbere i wevo two or thtte men In lh cab with i Finch and Marcey, among them Wil i son Kkldy. known the country over In later years as the veteran rr aster oe 1 chanlc of the Boston & Albnny rII j read. Majestically the Mafachi- ctts swung alon.t and there was rwith j Ing to mar the smoothness of the ma ! chinery's mction. It was a brisk win- ter day and the rail ee covered with I frost, but the great " wheels did not I slip. Railroad accidents were new i things then and It was as yet an un- i discovered fact ir.ai an engine run away, with Its engineer to control it. There were but two brakes on the train, but this caused no uneaslMess, narticuiarly n there was that great engine to be depended upon. In those day the railroad had not yet ben extended across the Connect icut .river at Springfield, but the abut ments for a bridge wece being bruit. Before the hand -me Dcston & Albany sUUon wat buat at epringfield there was a steep grade which swept down Int the city from the east. BeglnnJpg about a mil back from the city the track dropped quickly down past the stark snd came to an end at the river bank, three- hundred yards below. This was tlw jumping off place, tor the tracks had been built out c-n the bridge. To the right." di verging sightly fror.: the- main track, a spur led to the roundhouse, which stood t-n the river tank, not far away. It was here that the engines were faced about for the re-tuns Ulp. As the MacErh.i!etts. coming In triumphanUy from its fifty-mile run, preached the brink cf the hill a mile back from :he Sri very Finch began to elow ele.wn and as he did to he began to realize that the heavy train hid considerable Irr.j etas. lie was afraid to ifpk going duwn the gTade with so few. brake tnd decided to step and block the wheels, seeing that the track was very slippery. " So he shut on the steam and rpplied the brakes. Te- his surprise they deemed to have no effect on the heavy train. - "Watch, out. Finch," said Marcey. "or you'll hxv us cn the grade. " It's pretty sllpFery- Finch made nc reply, tut nerveufJy reversed the throttle, sending the wheels spinning backwards over the grcay rails in spite cf the weight of th ct gine, but not sraying in the least the movement of the train. The dip of the grade came nearer and nearer; a n at bast Finch ci le: V t "My Gol, boys, I den't l-e-IIcve I can etep her!" ..; ' Then suddenly the ergine leaped for ward as It felt the rteeper grade, and the ieed Increased each second in spite of Finch's eforts as' car after car swept over1 the b-ink and pushed fotward with a force 4h.t was not to be l listed. "The o.-cup?.nis of the cab could do ncithing but cling to the en gine alth a helplessncts which bourne dispslr," r s they saw that the .big en gine was entirely beyond control. But as the Massachusetts came rushing down toward the deiol the full horror of the situation buvsl upon her occu pants, for there seemed to be no way to escape plunging straight into the abutments of the new bridge. - ' There- was a Scramble fc.r the side of the cab. Eddy made the Jlrst jump and lie rolled eff the tracks Just at the station, unhurt Moore.'lhe condJc tor. and Nlcklcs a fireman who was riding In the cab, jumped next and were not-soiiouly Injured, while back of them thu train hund were Jumping to the right and left for their lives. Finch bravely (tuck to Ithe Massachu setts, doing H he could to stop the heaolong rush and planning to juoip nt the last monxnt at the river bank, and Marcey stayed with bjm. A f?w second more and ; th w'nole trsin would be pilled up In the river, but Just then a curious thing oex-urred. As the Masachunetls reached the pclnt wheie the spur track led oft" to the rotmdhcuse. Finch felt a sudden jerk eidewis" that told him the enslnc had taken the sttJtch. and realized that it must plunge into th .round house instead cf th river ne jumped without an Instant's ; hesitation and wltht-ut seeLig what his landing place was going u be. He luckily etruck a clear spot Just in front of 'the round house fcnd went relllrg yards away from the track, while the1 mighty en gine with its lMig train of cars went rushing t full speed through the double d-KTs. Mareey had delayed his Jumf too long and was buried in the debris Into wbfett Ihe rcun-Ihouse enine and cars weire reeolved -. Abil Wlllard. the niaiter mechinlc ef the re-ad bad beard the engine -om-lng down the grade and supposing it was te:me e.-gine wanting to come In th-we, had thrown the switch. The force with wLich the Ma$sachusells, pushed by the heavy train, struck the roundhouse was tremendous. Tho old enatr.e, Hamrden,wriich was n'.anning on the track insWe, was driven though the trick wall on the further side and brought, up standing, after cliinbing a woodiila which stood on the very brink of the river. But for this the Massachusetts would have gone Into th river after all. despite the trifling obstacle of brick roundhouse. The cars idling into the house aftr the engine filled it to the rocf with wreckage, and the frightful eonfusfon gave a new idea of the possibilities of railremfdng The dbut of the Maa thusetts had caueed the less of four lives es well as the demolltiem e.f the train and tho roundhouse. Marcey was burled deep In the wreckage. Wit lard and a toeltr were crushed while em'ettvorirg - to get the' double doors open and a brakeman was killed in Jun plug, but Finch came -fC nearly unscathed. Transcript. VAST QUANTITIES OF PAPEIt 1 ' : : USED. This country : uses annually more than $100,000,000 worth of paper, or an aggregate of 4.000.000,000 pounds of all kinds. A little less than a third of this enormous production " Is used by the newspapers of the country. The wrapping paper of all kinds-amounts to about two-thirds as much as the newspaper and almost half as much as Is used to manufacture books as to print newspapers. The production of the various kinds of -paper boards amounts to over 300.000 tons annually, or more than half the production of newspaper. Builders use 0,000 tons of paiper, not Including the 45,000 tons of wall paper that are produced an nually. A feAllft. IXHUI-TKO. Cne of the sailors who served on the cutter McCullech in the battle cf Ma niil Bay, end who le-ceived one of the bronre rr.eds la vc led by congress to those who wee In that Sght, was on shcro leave - In Eallime-re re ntly, when a stranger appraehed him and asked to see the deeeratl.-n. The landsman fli aHy effered the brave jack tar MOO for his Dewey medal and the Jackie promptly knocked him down. A iioUceman who arrived in time to Pick up the would be purchases re fusnl to an est the saiktr. - QUEEN' WliHEXatTNA'S CORONA - : TION- -,;-r'"-iv. dm wtihtmins. of TTnTland has re ceived, from the Dutch Journalists five wnnA volumes containing al the accounts of her coronation that were written by tne foreign journalise who attended it. RICH. MEN OF Russia, Franee, Gerrrjany, ChiQa oqcJ EnglaQd AH HaveTbeir Milliooaires-JobQ D. Rockefeller Our Richest Man. It Is a. mistake for cne to suppose that because the names cf Afetor, Van devbm and IUkefeIler have become syncnyms for wealth In the Lnitt-d States that the -nly jntlUonarl.'s uro titos , ho pay taxes in this country, for wlOle it is' a diiHcult inatt to state who is the richest man in the world It 4s safe to say that there arc scoies rt men In other countries, men wlnss names are abneet unknown to the general , reader, whose iilth U kumtient to make the American big fortunes mk into comparative lasig niilcance. . r-?'. There are rich men in all the five continents, men who estimate thdr fortunes by inillionn.and hundreds of millions snd som cf th-irn .may ls feurdjn places where It would seem as If they were least likely t) apiwir. iermany, foi IrHum e, is nat a l.nd of rtch men snd yet , there . are several noWeinen in tbe land. - men like the prince e-f Pless. Count Henckcl Don nersmarck tr.d lrin-e Puckl.-r. whoa wealth will exceeel that of any Krwn in either Kngland ot America. t ; The richest nan in Euxland is by long odd, tbe duke cf Westnr.im.ter. It has bee-n estimated that his In cme is clcce upon fit a minute, which wouUI make it etMuf St.000. per annum, and itb growing by prodig ious leap owing, to the fact that 9 Vr leases made by a fctmer duk are falling la and as the land is now of the greatest value r-nt In ioortioci to the Increase will h-;rfaft?r .be -harg-d. . . -. ' . In faet. as the bulk cf th- duke's prcerty is in land, much of which is loeaUd in the fnt-hionabio sections of Iiondrn, tis fortune is constantly in crt.lng without any effort on his iart and yet he is troubled with th fear that either 1 e or some cf his family will yet l-rmg up in the iHirhouie. Great as this wealth is, however,' It is little compared to the gigantic fqr tur.ei cf smi. of the Kussian mulii inillionales. General Basil ski, who died a few months ago, left an estat. tii amount of wh!th is limply incalculable- and it is sfe to say that the income frem the-proirtles would ex ceed that of the czar cf Bussia, which has been estimated at $50,000,000 per annuvn. It Includes vast gold mines in Sibe-riaand two cetates, either of whleh are larger than many kingdom, besides much city property and a con trolling interest in the largest stur-ge-n fisheries. Another Russian multi-millionaire is the Princess Teuonporr. whose hus band 4s of American d-scent. . Fh, too, lias' vast mining interesri as well as bolorngs in real estate - and bonds that are enfflclent to net her an annual income far greater than that f many monarchs. Equally lnoyhauetlble is tlu Demidoff otate which controls many large mines in Siberia. r l : Of courte there are ryal pers'nages in all parts ef Kurope whse wealth has paraed the f&CO.Ot.OOO point, but it is not customary- to ccnsldor them with other mitlionalres, though why they thou Id not tike their place in the list is somewhat of a mystery. The late Archduke Albert of Austria left nearly $5r.ftOQ,000 In e-ash and lionds. besides a large slice of the empire and about 50 per rent of all the big man ufacterles In the country. The father cf tha present princo of Bulgaria had a fortune 1 hat reir.-eeent-ed tens of mlllicns t-f pe.unds sterling and there are ores cf Just .such for tunes held by. royalty in Europe today. Even the de-throned rvonarchs pcsef wealth to a degree tht would make Amet!e-an fortunes seem unalL While the Eerurbons are not as wealthy as some ethers they may l-e comf-rtbly well off and the. wealth of f-he Orleans fanUly Is very gi eat l n Carle has expended n illlons in carrying out his various adventures and yet hi has as miny nw.re mlllic-ns to draw upon If fiecaslcn should demand that ih time has passed when the term rci en exll" was a synonym for poverty. One of the richest If not the richest man in Prussia ts Fred Alfred Krupp, who vy a tax en an Income f 2,-' 0O0 000 per arnum. As the mawr. of big guns rnue h of his fortune hat been doe to his twn effort and It is safely invested In the big manufacturing es tablishments ef Germany . ; lYcbably the wealthiest fx.nnly lu the world's history is the ftoths:hlldf. for their aggre-gale wealth, which Is dis tributed over 20 brarches is not less than t?,OCO.Oea,f,oo and would probably greatly exceed that arnount. The nuiiery of tlia vast wealth was a dingy pawnbrrkers shop In the Inden gaeae. a,t Frankfort. During the mid dle cf tlte last century the founder of the great family lived In a quaint lit tle house In the front room of which he carried on hie business under ths sicn of tha Red ShiekL llere the first breed of buddma ndlllcnalres, five s-ns and fiv4 daugh ters, was rearcelj snd ahcie . they played about like the children of any otber"ror Jew the father, it Is said, drove hard bargains for a few ouoc-?s of old silver,- or chaffe-ied abcut tbe advances on; a bundle of ., r-id cloths Smat um this te ginning was, however, it laid the foundaticn for the fortune that is worUrsije In its inf!uen;j, for te day there! is not a country In the world where the wealth of the I-th-childs is not a financial rwer. A glance around the world of mil- hoealres will reveal nc wore pictur esque figure than that ef 14 Hung (Thang. . th Chinese mil'Jonalre, who has played a part In the world's his tory that will M wra .be forgotten. It Is lmpcsrible to estimate this char acter by western Idean fc-r his method of. playing the ganve . of politics has bewUderlrg and peculiar la the rang life as cne biographer has expressed it ; he has lost t-niovgh peacock , feathers to make rp t astern screen and won them back iu a .manner that makes the world's head swim; he has bad but- , THE WORLD. positi-n th-U T-i Hung Chang has held in tbe political life e-f the world. As a millionaire, however, he has long h4d ii r- iUon at the head f the lilst for while he was lora a r.T boy ant for a time taught school, hs hat uc ceedel iu rmf.sKitg a fortune that is probably not less than &5CO.OOC,obo. Ilw he aclrflevd this UmX is a-eret that the cettsttal millionaire his tut di vulged but h ('ipl-unatic life hu teen ful of opportunities and it Is evid-m tlut they have not b-en negWtel. At present while much of his f r tune U In China, the wily dii.lomat has banked s. Ifcrge t-xim ill. tho R.ink of England. Xuiing bi -ear of x pcrience he has learned that politic tl supremacy is a most uncertain quan tity iu the celemial empire and he has pbteed a forUoa of his rrt-pcrty wher he would be sure to find it lit case of emergency. A It is however, he is tho richest individual !n China, with the poKFible exception of the dowager empress. , ... . Arother Chinaman whose wealth cculd l-ass the hundred million mark is Cbank Yu the pierident of thf CtU-ne-e Engineering A:' Mining Company. 1-iki 14 Huns Chuiig he was 'a ior bey bot took advantage of every tppe,r tunity and today he is not only one cf the roost wert.:.hy rK.tsons In tha coun try but he can account for every pen ny of bis vast fortune and ihow that he came by it honet-tty. He Is th iron and coal king of China, is the leader ln all banking iuterepts and owns a large bk;k of the Mock of alt thf railroad companies In the c-umiry. Mexico has a multi millionaire whe while he be.rs the common narrr- of John Smith, de-sei ves to be rated among thv .'Ichest men In the world. The extent of his wealth may be Judged from thi fact that he himcelf is unabl.; to estimate it approximately. '(lod alone knows how much I am .worth," he has ca Id. In ;pite of this non-ccnm-Ittal attitude, hewever, there is no doubt that he is weiih more than $3iiO,oH). He ow ii . a gold mine that Is si rr ply inexhaustible and from whb h he expects to take no less than H,H,,000,0j) tn-fore he die:s. -In add'- " Hon to this he has tens of mirions in vested in lit II read and" Imnk stocks, and he also owns thousands of acres of real etate and to many cattle that it would keep at man busy for a month t count them. In trite of all this, Smith Is a matt ef simple tustos. He lives well but not extravagantly and his sole ambition Is to become the richest Individual In th world, f If his life is spared he may yet succeed in Ms ambition, but as hi Is already more, than fcc years of age his rueeer may be regarded as some what doubtful. - Whit ns cetmjrared to the.-te almost incalculable fortunee are the paltry millions Of the Goulds, Sage and the Vaudi vbllts. Of t uii-e ther ' are richer men in this country. The As tor e-stateQfoi Instance, Is probably not less t'; ad $2CO,OOC,000 and John I. Rockefrller alone is worth as much mirjyjn has; own right. The -Van-deibllts. If all-their interests shmld be united, would bo worth even more, tut even these great fortunes, great as they may em,jare small wh,-n com pared to the hundreds of million hel I by s'.ine ot the 'rich men cf Europe and Ae4a. -( - 1 III this ecu r try the. richest individual Is undoubtedly Mr. Rockefvller. ; Less than 40 years ago, it is taid, he was a newsboy ear-dng his living by selling papers on the street. To-day he Is a man who car not tell within a few million Jtst how much he Is worth and his money Is InveMe-.'. In scores of financial enterprises, all cf whloh are highly pronubl. Next to Mr Iltnk efcller. Comlius Vanderh it Is - the richest Individual American ant th Vandcrbilts are closly folio wc-d by tha Astars and the Goulds. .In no in stance, however, do the fortunes of our American millionaires eoval these f sor.e of the rich ion cf . the dd world, many of which, like thse of thie country, vrrrt self-made s.nd were built up from foundations that wer laid Utile mere than a century ago. ' VaWsWsVWVVWsWUVsVWsV f rr n iS iimr mur vtnt- 5 i m m mi mi The peace conference Is ever, anl the mm of all its labors, may te ex prersed In the single - wcrd. Arbitra tion. Every ether quest! n was rel egated to the rear, while the pro nouncement In favor ef arbitration as the guiding rtinclple in intrnib-n si disputes was . brought Into Veil. The cetabii-hinent of a permanent tri4 bu'val. w Ith the power to enforre its Judl -atl ns. Is. a matter of the futurj but voluntary arbitral! o has been lal t down as the rclutien of all but tho gravest disputes, and this marks : tho beginning cf a am-verm-nt whir h; mu result in the jTesrvatlon of the pe-ici of the cKilized world, and. as a nec essary coro'ilary. In ths disarmament cf t -a lions. " That arbitration is not a chimera of unpractical eiithustarts Is proved by the h.ng list- of suecesrfu! arbitra ments which have taken place within th last three-quarters f a century. Th-y go far to prove that war is a preventable evil, and that ft may be altogether abrogated without the sac rifi;e f a single good principle, . r , ; Here Is a lift cf the chief Interna tional eibltraments since iktii 143 -Cuestion as to veoselit of war . captured after taking of the p-rt V ct St. Joha of Ulloa. The dis pute was 'between France and Mexico, and the Queen of Eng land, acting- as arbitrator, ad justing the difference peaceably. tSe2 France and England were at od Ta over Indemnity due Brltirh sub jcts n account of the MooVad. of Portedlo. renegambla. The , King of JTu-i acted as artl-ttrate-r. if IS Between Sarllnia and Austria, on the rights cf tommerve In silt. The Cr of i Insula was arl itra- tor. 1SS1 Between France snd Spain. The , King of. the Low countries whs arbltrltr, the dispute being a to he tiklng" of Spanish an t French ihlp during the war cf 1WI. ::: IS51 Between the United States and Pttiugal cn eceotint ' of the cap ' ture of an Amtik-an vefel. Na-I- le n III settleil the matter as arbitrator JS5 -Between the Unfted Plate and v .... Judges from twith e-oiintries. who ratactotily rettled the 4i-siioi of maritime piracy. 1H5 etwen the United Stitea and I'airfuay. The arbitrators were Juge from beth tunt l, th cat Indemnity for threat ntnj war. IS2 -Between England and Eraitil ar bitrator, the K;ng .cf -telglum; :" -abiife nf ltritlih aallt-rs. lv - Between Hngtand and Peru ar , b'.trator. the ennt- at Hemburg; . Imprlsca.ment of an Englikh offl- v. er. v . Is---Pi twt en England nr.d Portugal; aibJ'4-atcr. the- preridint of tho trotted f tate ptsesrlon of the Island c.f t'-ulama, n the west ccit of Africa. 1T. Between England and the Urlted " States: arbitrator, the Emperor of Germany: ten f terri tory on the boundary line of Can ada. 1S7J -Between England and Portugal? arUtr-itor. M&rhal MaeMniion, preldept cf the French' republic? ! l-esesrten ef Dt-iagoa Bay, ori 1, the east coast of Africa. S73 Between Japan and Peru; arbl- , trstor, the Cxar; lnult to. a Peru vian surjt. ? 1871 Between Fran.'e and Nicaragua; aiUtrntor, the Court of Cat4.UiOT) f France- Indemnity to the rap tain of an Engll!-h vsd. IS75- r-lweeii ehina and Japan: arbi trator, the Brit.t-h Minister; In demnity to n J ipar-ese subject. 175 Between Chile and Peru: art-it ra .tor. the United States Minister to eniie, regulation rr war indent nitl s. . 15S3 -Er.glai.d ,nd Nicaragua! arbitra tor, the En.eror of Austria. de limitation, of frontitrs. IStt-Fr.nncp and Chile, arMtralor, comtr.lraionrri r.tmed by these parties and Erntil, indemnliie! to French sublet ts. 1SS3 Between Ilolljnd andihe republlo of Domlnl-a; nrblfnlor. the Pres- lden, of th Fiench ItepuOlic; maritime piracy. ltS5- Germany nnd Hp iln, arbitrator. Pope Leo iMi insult to the Or- man flag: cliint of territory by ' Hpaln. . 1887 Italy and Oolorrbia; arbltrtutor, the Kparlsh Minister: Insult to , an Italian subject. IfSi Between ColomUa. and Ven"tu- . ela; arbitrator, the Spanish Mln Itter; demarcation of frontiers, ISSaP- Between Nicaragua ar.d Costa Rica; urbitratcr, the Prerldent of tbe Uidted Htates; demarcation of frontiers. 18SS Eetween Peru and Bolivia; arbl- . trator, the Fpanlh Minister; do marcation ef ion tiers. 1KS5 Between I'fru and Equador; ar bitrator, the Queen of Spain; de marcation of fr nilura. 1S8 Betweexn Germany and fEnglan.ff arbitrator, the. Belgian' Govern . ment; claims of territories and of 1 holes, of Influence. . 18--Between France and Holland: ar . bi trator, the Crar; demaroMlou of frontiers. 1869-Petween Denmark and the ITnlt- ed States; arbitrator, the Pritish Mil ter at Athens; nfrense against an American vessel. 190 England and Fr;ince; at bitinlors, a committee- of seven, three of whom were agreed tton by. both parties: affair of Newfoundland and lobster fii-blng. 1591 Eetwer England and the Unite! , Htates; arbitrators, a rommlslon of seven nu-int-ers. one nam-J by France, one - by Hur-si.i. one ly i " H wed fin. two by the I7nlfedtates 1 and twe by England: fishing for seals In BAilng-ee-a. 1K9S Between Vnerula and Eng'and? arbltiators, a cturt comjvjeJ of" two jngnsn ana two unite States jugts; delin-UaHau of " frotitleva." 189 Between France and Brazil: ar bitiator. , the President e-f the . Helvetian tnfedeiatlon; dellmi- tatloet cf ftoritleis. i7--Pctw e.t Cet. Itica and .Cv lorn-' b!a; arbltraVr. he Preldent cf the French Kepubilc; de'Imlta tlcn of frontiers. 197 Between liaytl and Ran iKtmingo? arbitrator, f'ore Ee XIII; de - ilmlUitl. n . f frontier. .- -- , . AiIERICA'8 WOMEN MINISTERS. There "are today about three hun dred women ministers in the United Htates. In America the ministry is being more ue dby Women as a pro fession than the law. The great val ue of women ministers' In America Is for scattered parts that annol yoi bly afford to support , a man. They can maintain a woman minister. Tho chief opposition to women pastors comes from ministers i ot the poorer snd least qualified clas. j ftf course the older and more conservative min isters, blhop and the like, do not look with much pleasure on a woman In ihe pulpit- But many congrega tions in the United States are ready for women ministers. HARD SOLES CAUSE NERVOUS NESS. - It is averred by a famous Chinese doctor that , nervousness "la kept out of the Celestial empire by the use ct soft-soled shoes. The hard soles worn by the Anglo-Saxon race are said to be the cause of their extreme nerv ous temperament. .n't