PAGE A
HERALD AND NEWS. Klamath FiUli. Ore.
Tuesday. July 23. 1963
EDSON IN WASHINGTON
Addition to the Gallery of "War Mongers'
Africa Federation
Hoped By Nuyerere
With
The late Samuel Gompers is generally re
ferred to as the father of the organized labor
movement in this country, and he fought to
the last ditch for what he thought the unions
had coming. He once had something to say
about the Welfare State, though he didn't
use that comparatively new phrase. In his
view, "Doing for people what they can and
ought to do for themselves is a dangerous ex
periment. In the last analysis, the welfare of
the workers depends upon their own initiative.
Whatever is done under the guise of philan
thropy or social morality which in any way les
sens initiative (is) the greatest crime that can
be committed against the toilers. Let social
busybodies and professional 'public morals ex
perts' in their fads reflect upon the perils
. Every administration for a number of
years has "nudged the businessman a little
harder" remarked a man who started small
and hss grown big. Today, said Dillard Mun
ford, who holds a chain of do-it-yourself stores,
the free enterprise system is being under
mined and sapped of its strength by "federal
paternalism." It is coming from a federal
bureaucracy "grown too big."
It is strange, said he, how everyone
seems to understand the dire consequences of
business failure, but the term profit is re
garded with suspicion and in spite of past ec
onomic successes the system is under attack.
The businessman, and the business com
munity, he says, must come to life and become
defensive. The time has arrived for the busi
ness world to "speak up for the way of life
from which it has prospered."
This vogue of looking upon the business
man as an enemy because he's in business to
make a profit started just prior to World War
II when It became the practice to bring into
HOLMES
Uongressiona
- ft
By HOLMES ALEXANDER
On Uie theory that trial by jury
is the purest expression of a de
mocracy in action, H. 1. Men
cken used to say that legislative
bodies ought to be empanelled by
the sheriff, paid no more than a
subsistence fee and discharged as
eobn as they finished their work.
; Willi the summer growing long
er and tli Capitol Hill paralysis
more rigid, tho idea of a jury
type Congress seems much more
than lite facetious inspiration of a
spoofing philosopher. Nobody has
actually proposed it thus far, be
cause Congressmen aren't apt to
vote themselves out of jobs. Nev
ertheless, a spirit of discontent
with existing institutions is in the
air.
Led by Joe Clark, who, in his
way, is as iconoclastic as Menck
en ever was, a posse of 30 sen
ators last month descended upon
Uicir body's Rules Committee
with demands for a radical re
organization of the American Con
gress. John Pastorc, a rapid but
generally cogent talker, entered
aooUier resolution with 31 co
sponsors to outlaw discursiveness
in Uie Senate and to enthrone
germaneness in debate. Frank
Church, with four colleagues,
asked for a resolution to allow
commlllecs to meet without
unanimous consent while Uie Ken
ate Is in session. Claiborne Pell
and three oUicrs want to make ex
Presidents non-elective members
of the Senate
These proposed changes sug
gest surface aspects of the
Mencken plan, Uiough not its
central virtue. For example, one
victim of tlic Clark reorganisa
tion would be Uie committee struc
ture, w hich is now based on sen
iority and to some extent on a
Senator's popularity with h i s
mates. Paslorc's plan to muzzle
talkative colleagues, Church's to
save time by having committees
and Uw main body meet simul
taneously, I'ell's to include ex
Presidents Uiese all have ele
ments of Uie Jury system. A jury
is too new to have seniority, and
too busy to talk too much. It
moves briskly. Its members are
non-elective, an element which
Uie presence of ex-PresidcnU
would introduce.
A Chary Hand
they rashly invite under this pretense of social
welfare."
The complexities inevitably accompany
ing scientific, social and economic change have
necessarily altered the attitudes that govern
ment and labor bring to bear on controversial
problems. These problems are tough economi
cally and politically, involving wages, working
conditions, protections against adversity, the
shifting employment situation, tax policy, and
the like. But this is no excuse for the "let the
government fix it" attitude that has sorely in
fected so many of us.
We must give power to government with
a chary and reluctant hand, and only when
the need is inescapable. Otherwise we'll cre
ate a Welfare State whose proper synonym is
"dictatorship."
Federal Paternalism
government those fellows who become known
as "braintrusters." Idealists, they were well
educated fellows who meant well, but unfor
tunately, derived their education and theories
from textbooks in schools made possible by the
funds from the commercial world, the very
thing they attacked.
Business is hamstrung with government
regulations, high taxes and a steady stream
of innuendoes that the executive who makes it
possible for an employe to earn a salary and
pay taxes to support the anti-business theo
rists, is some sort of an outcast.
Mr. Munford is speaking out against this
sort of thing. "We can no longer afford to
sit around and be against something. Steps
must be taken to deter the spread of 'sial
ism,' " he said.
It's time to let members of Congress
know the businessman has had enough. Wash
ington knows, in spite of the nasty things said
about business, that it is the commercial
world that makes the tax wheels go round
and round.
ALEXANDER .
But enactment of these reforms
would not blast the blockade of
unfinished business that now con
fronts both Houses of Congress.
As long as members have a pro
prietary interest in holding pub
lic office, with all the honor, ex
citement and financial security
that it entails for most of them,
they are not going to move at
their problems with objectivity
and dispatch.
A national budget in the mag
nitude of $100 billion contains doz
ens of items in Defense and Space,
Veterans privileges and State sub
sidies for agriculture, shipping,
area redevelopment and public
works, which cannot fail to in
terest Uie politician who wants
to win reelection. The same is
true of tlie great philosophic ques
tions, such as Civil Rights. Sen
ators and Representatives on com
mittees now hearing the Civil
Rights bills can almost be seen
lo be counting the white and .Ne
gro votes, and (lie business or La
'SlSS1 II
jDMtftR I II
feiMF I II
Ref
orm
bor support, which they stand to
gain or lose.
Congress is deadlocked because
Uie sheer size of the take-home
benefits is paralyzing and daz
zling. Not every member, .of
course, is self-motivated. There
are unselfish heroes in the strife,
and they get the most frequent
hurrah of this column. But the ma
jority of the 635 members of the
twth Congress think at least twice
land that's what takes the time)
before they act on purely public
motives.
But it strikes me almost every
summer, not entirely because of
reverence tu Mencken's memo
ry, that there is a lot of merit in
his scheme for choosing Congres
sional members as if they were
jurors. Men and women invol
untarily taken from Uieir homes,
planted in Washington, paid no
more than board-and-keep, dis
charged upon completion of their
duties, would button up this work
and get it out of hero in a jiffy.
IN WASHINGTON . . .
The
By RALPH de TOLEDANO
In all the commotion about civil
rights, very little is said about
the use of the lie detector an
instrument which puts you at the
mercy of an "interpretation" of
physical changes in your body
when under questioning. The lie
detector is so clearly in violation
of the Bill of Rights that little
is said about it. Yet the Central
Intelligence Agency employs it on
a mass basis. So do other gov
ernment bodies. And business is
becoming increasingly dependent
on it.
Yet it can be stated flatly that
the lie detector (or more ac
curately, the polygraph) is, from
the viewpoint of scientific crime
' dctecUon, nearly useless. No in
strument which can be wrong at
least one-third of Uie time can be
trusted by those who take law
and order seriously. FBI director
J. Edgar Hoover has warned
against reliance on the polygraph
and derided the idea that it is
anywhere near infallible. Police
chiefs admit that its main value
is psychological. That is, it often
frightens criminals into making
confessions.
So strong has the evidence
against the polygraph become
that Science Digest entitles a
carefully researched article in its
August issue "The Great Lie-De-tector
Hoax." The significance of
the article can be gauged by the
fact that a deputy secretary of
defense, two service secretaries,
By SYDNEY J. HARRIS
Because the word for "myself"
is a single letter in English, it is
capitalized as "I." And because
it is tall and thin and stands
alone, it presents a psychological
trail to Uie author who writes
about himself.
This is not Uie ca.se in other
languages the French "je," the
German "ich." the Italian "io."
and almost all others do not cap
italize and isolate the subjective
ego. It is a pure accident in the
English tongue.
Thus, writing about oneself in
English tends to arouse some ir
ritation if Uie pace is spattered
with the obvious "1." It is so self
a.vscrtivc. it leaps out of the sen
tence, it almost strikes Uie read
er physically with its unique pres
ence. Recause of this peculiarity,
some writers with an overpow
ering sense of modesty have used
the impersonal pronoun, "one.''
But Uiis is weak, and sounds al
most prissy in our time. It is not
a man speaking, not a personali
ty, but an attitude: who can ini
iiRine saying "One loves you," or
"One would willingly die for one's
country?"
Tlie abrasive quality of Uie first
person singular in English was
remarked by Charles Horton Cool
ry a generation ago, when he ob
served: "Tlie chief objection to the fre
quent use of T s that it is always
Lie - Detector Hoax
and two other high Pentagon of
ficials were requested to take a
polygraph test recently over the
question of some leaked informa
tion. Only the protests of the press
put a stop to this.
In discussing the topic, Bruce
H. Frisch notes that not only FBI
chief Hoover but Pope Pius XII
objected to the polygraph. In West
Germany, use of the instrument
is not allowed and "in Britain,
police have little interest or con
fidence in the machine." In the
United States, some good results
have been obtained by Uie "few
good examiners." But Science Di
gest quotes an expert as saying
that of Uie 400 polygraph practi
tioners today "80 per cent are
either incompetent or outright
frauds."
The polygraph is based, as I
said, on bodily changes which oc
cur when feelings of guilt exist.
But frequently, in the complex
motivations of human beings, a
question about the offense being
investigated may trigger a reac
tion because of guilt feelings held
by the subject concerning other
matters of no ' serious import.
There are people, in fact, who
react badly on the polygraph to
questions about theft because at
the age of 12 they look 25 cents
from their moUier's purse and
have had that "guilt" lodged in
their sub - conscious ever since.
Guilt, moreover, is not the only
emotion that brings about the
body changes recorded by the
STRICTLY.
PERSONAL
a vivid note, somewhat perturb
ing because it awakens a self
in the reader, harsh if it fails to
be harmonious. There is some
thing contentious about in Uie
sense of self; it is born of oppo
sition; and when a man writes
T emphatically,- he puts a chip
on our shoulder, he starts a quar
rel with us, unless he makes us
feel at the same time that we
are on his side."
Goethe, for example, w rote free
ly in the first person, yet even
though he had a well-developed
ego. his work docs not sound self
contered in the German; if trans
lated into English, his personal
works I not, of course, poems like
"Faust "i would disconcert us
with "I" sticking up in every
paragraph to remind us of his
singularity.
The English mistrust of ego
tism, even when it is genial and
harmless, is regarded as amus
ing and rather pompous by peo
ple of other nationalities. The
wcll-bi-ed Englishman does not
lor did noti speak about him
self; yet only in his language
is the "I" given such orthograph
ic prominence.
In German, Uie writer capital
izes "you" ("Sic ", and in Span
ish he does Uie same ("I'sted ",
while the pronoun referring to
himself is in Uie discreet lower
case. English is a slreng and
supple language-but hardly a
courteous or modest one.
polygraph. Anger will make the
same marks on the chart, and so
will imperceptible physical move
ment or muscular discomfort.
For a polygraph reading to ap
proach any degree of accuracy,
the examiner must not only
know how to question a suspect
but must have a substantial
knowledge of his past history.
This then ceases to be a cut-and-dried
reading of a chart. It is an
"interpretation," and as Mr. Hoo
ver says, "whenever the human
element enters into an interpreta
tion of anything, there is always
variance." The American Psychi
atric Association warns that a
polygraph chart alone is useless
and must be part of a mass of
. other psychological and sociologi
cal "evidence."
Yet a man accused of a crime
is frequently put under tremen
dous pressure to take a lie-detector
test and if he refuses, this is us
ually considered an admission of
guilt. There are people who are
nervous or tense and whose reac
tions, even to innocuous questions,
can "show" guilt on the chart.
Science Digest is justifiably con
cerned because many people are
unaware that they cannot be com
pelled to submit to lie decteclor
tests. It also stresses that "gov
ernment and business use the lie
detector for security checks, pre
employment screening, to investi
gate specific losses, and for mass
periodic fishing expeditions, which
they hope will put the fear of
discovery into their dishonest em
ployes." This is certainly viola
tive of due process, particularly
when it leads to the loss of jobs.
I know of a case in which a
woman was sent to the death
house and now serves a life term
because of a polygraph test
'which properly interpreted would
have shown that she was lying
to cover up for her lover. He
sailed through the test with flying
colors and remains free. What's
the moral? Think twice before
you urge your state legislature to
make polygraph evidence admis
sible in court.
Al
manac
By I'nitcd Press International
Today is Tuesday, July 23, the
2Wth day of 1983 with 161 to
follow.
The moon is approaching its
first quarter.
The morning stars are Jupiter
and Saturn.
The evening star is Mars.
On this day in history:
In 1886, New York saloon keep
er Steve Brodie claimed he had
jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge
into the East River.
In 1W5, Henry Phillippe Pe
train, former French Chief of
State, went on trial for treason
in Paris.
In 1047, President Harry S. Tru
man made an unexpected visit to
the Senate and sat in Uie scat he
had occupied as a senator.
in i9tl, a U.S. plane with 38
persons aboard was hijacked to
Cuba.
A thought for the day Presi
dent Franklin D. Roosevelt said:
"Tlie truth is found when men
are free to pursue It."
By PETER EDSON
Washington Correspondent
Newspaper Enterprise Ann.
WASHINGTON (NEA) Influ
ence of Uie U.S. Constitution and
Uie power of the U.S. Declara
tion of Independence in the new
nations of Uie world are litUe ap
preciated. Eloquent testimony on Uiis point
has just been given by Tangan
yika's President Julius K. Nu
yerere. "We have taken our stand on
what is one of Uie most inspir
ing documents of all time Uie
preamble to the American Con
stitution," he declared on his ar
rival here for a visit to Uie U.S.
"It says, 'All men are created
equal and are endowed by their
creator with certain inalienable
rights. . . .' "
Actually, Uiis is a paraphrase
from the Declaration of Independ
ence, but Uie man made his point.
The president's short talk was
principally a defense of the new
Organization of African Unity dec
laration against racial policies of
South Africa. So it was natural
that Uie first quesUon asked him
was what United States policy
should be toward that country.
He ducked, claiming an an
swer would be interference in
American foreign affairs. But in
reference to his remarks on the
U.S. Constitution he proposed that,
"The United States should sup
port freedom movements wherev
er they are found."
He is a surprising litUe man.
Forty years old, he is descended
from tribal chiefs. But he was
educated in a Catholic college in
Uganda, did graduate work in
economics and political science
at University of Edinburg. He
gave up teaching for politics only
a few years ago and received
an honorary LL.D. from Du
quesne University in Pittsburgh
when he was here as Tanganyika's
foreign minister two years ago.
He speaks precise English with
a clipped British accent acquired
when Tanganyika was a crown
colony. He has a ready smile and
a little Charlie Chaplin mus
WASHINGTON
Youth
LLa PL
U.S. Commie Party
By FULTON LEWIS JR.
Under consideration in ruling
circles of the Communist Party,
U.S.A., is a proposal that party
membership be extended lo
youngsters under 18 years of age.
It is only one plank in a pro
posed program designed to pump
new blood into the party, accord
ing to J. Edgar Hoover, director
of the Federal Bureau of Inves
tigation. "The party's aggressiveness in
the youth area is so great," Hoo
ver recently told Congressmen,
"that it is now considering for
membership individuals who meet
only some of the qualifications
heretofore required."
Prior exposure to Marxist-Leninist
teachings, for instance, is no
longer required. All that is need
ed is an "interest" in the party.
Communist speakers have
fanned out across the country, ad
dressing youth groups and stu
dent claques in an attempt to
recruit new members and to make
Communism "respectable."
There have been few efforts to
combat the massive invasion of
U.S. schools by Communist ora
tors. Only in Ohio has Uie state
legislature acted to ban Commu
nist speakers from state - sup
ported schools. Such a bill was
signed hy Gov. James Rhodes
last week.
G-man Hoover insists the Com
munist danger has not ebbed. He
quotes party boss Gus Hall to the
effect that 10,000 Americans are
official members of the Commu
nist Parly while another 100.000
are "state-of-mind" members de
scribed as persons sympathetic to
the party line and objectives.
He says:
"T h e Communist Party,
U.S.A., wields an influence and
constitutes a security danger far
out of proportion lo its mem
bership. It is organized to pene
trate with its ideas and tactics
almost every segment of our so
ciety. The party need not be nor
does it want to be a large mass
organization. It prefers to remain
small developing mass strength
through front organizations it con
trols and directs in its own in
terest" Under Hoover's direction, the
FBI now has under investigation
snme 1H5 known or suspected
Communist-front or Communist
infiltrated organizations.
Some of these groups are Com
munist . created. In many in
stances, however, the party urges
its members to join and inlil
trate legitimate nonsubversive or
ganizations and gain control.
Communists infiltrated Uie
New York branch of the Commit
tee for a Sane Nuclear Policy,
gaining considerable influence he-
tache that is deceptive. He has
a quick wit and is representa
tive of Uie new breed of African
leaders at Uieir best.
In a question-and-answer ses
sion after his talk at Uie Na
tional Press Club, Nuyerere was
asked, "If Uie United States
States solves its own racial prob
lems, will its position be more
acceptable in the cold war?"
"Morality is morality," he re
plied quickly. "The framers of
the American Declaration of In
dependence did not have Uie cold
war in mind. I hope your color
problem here is looked at from
Uie moral standpoint and not from
Uie viewpoint of the cold war.
"We would like to see a United
States of Africa," he said in reply
to another question. "You can't
think of 'federation' without think
ing of Uie United States of Amer
ica." Nuyerere Uiinks he w ill see Uiis
federation in his lifetime. He sees
nothing to prevent it.
Who would head such a feder
ation? "We do not know," he
says, "but the hopes of some will
not be fulfilled."
Since Israel is now giving tech
nical assistance to Tanganyika,
Nuyerere was asked if Uiis un
dermined the idea of African uni
ty? "Some of our friends are not
our friends," he replied crypti
cally, "but we do not allow even
our friends to pick our enemies
for us."
These last two replies were tak
en by some reporters to be veiled
references lo President Gamal Ab
del Nasser of United Arab Re
public and other ambitious Afri
can leaders.
If an East African Federation
were to come into being, Nuyer
ere was asked if he would be will
ing to play second string to
Jomo Kenyata, the 73-year-old
Mau Mau leader recently sworn
in as prime minister when Ken
ya received internal self-government
from the British.
"After what I have been say
ing," said the president wiUi a
shy smile, "shouldn't the answer
be 'yes'?"
REPORT
Objective Of
fore they were exposed by a Sen
ate subcommittee. The nation
al organization then purged the
New York chapter of all known
Reds.
Communist party members
have joined Women Strike for
Peace in droves. They have tried
to infiltrate organizations work
ing for civil rights, such as the
NAACP and Southern Christian
Leadership Conference.
FBI agents keep a close eye
on the 761 Soviet-bloc "diplomats"
stationed in this country and
their 1.066 dependents, many of
whom, Hoover says, are known
to be intelligence agents.
During fiscal 1962. Hoover told
a subcommittee of the House
Committee on Appropriations that
Soviet officials made 14 intelli
gence collection and reconnais
sance trips throughout the United
States. They visited areas of stra-
tegic importance and closely stud
ied industrial facilities and mili
tary installations collecting avail
able maps, charts, photographs,
and other detailed data of intelli
gence interest.
During that same period, 93
Communist officials attended 65
technical, scientific and military
conferences in various parts of
the country. They collected mass
es of available information and
established initial contact with
persons having potential for fu
ture intelligence recruitment.
Notwithstanding State Depart
ment restrictions on acquisition by
Soviet citizens of aerial photo
graphs, maps, and charts of a
scale four miles to the inch or
larger and detailed development
plans of industrial cities, Soviet
officials have continued to obtain
such material wherever possible
by means of trickery, deceit and
false representation.
Director Hoover disclosed that
a Soviet national employed by
the UN secretariat had for two
years posed as a student and
purchased more than 200 maps
from a New York concern. The
maps covered the entire country
at a scale of four miles lo an
inch. Other charts at tlie same
scale covered Canada, Formosa
and the Antarctic regions.
THEY
SAY... '
We must have ministers on Uie
ski slopes of the Rockies, the
swimming pools of Miami Beach,
the "Strip" at Us Vegas and
wherever Americans gather.
Re. D. Truman B. Douglass
of lulled OhtnTh of ChrM.