Deadly Polaris Subs A wait Enemy Action
At Quiet Harbor In Scotland's Holy loch
HOLY LOCH. Scotland (UPI)
Somewhere beyond the Allan
tic mists Russian trawlers pact
ed with electronic gear were fish
ing for herring or information.
inside Holy Loch one of the
two black shapes lying low in
the water alongside the submarine
depot ship, Hunley. began to
move slowly toward the Firth of
Clyde and the open sea.
The Polaris submarine John
Marshall was leaving for sever
al days of maneuvers before sub
merging for its routine 60 days
of undersea patrol.
This quiet loch, fringing the
picturesque summer resort town
of Dunoon, harbors the most
powerful mobile military force
known to man.
It's name is "Subron 14" (Sub
marine Squadron 14) and it is as
unobtrusive as it is deadly. A
floating drydock, some small
craft, the Hunley Itself and nev
er more than two or three Polar
is submarines hugging its side
this is all anyone can see, and
from the distant shore it isn't
much.
Quiet Sentinels
It all looks as though it could
be whisked away in a matter of
hours and leave the loch to its
seagulls and its legends. And this
is exactly the case. During the
Cuban crisis, with British ban-
the-bombers crying out that Holy
Loch was a front line target, the
submarines swiftly disappeared to
action stations presumably off the
coasts of Russia.
The depot ship Proteus re
lieved by the Hunley a few weeks
ago also sped out to a secret
rendezvous point at sea. Before
the showdown came there was
nothing left in the loch to draw
an enemy's fire nor will there
ever be in any future crisis.
But the calm of the loch is de
ceptive. The Hunley, the first
ship built from the keel up to
hdndle Polaris craft, is the moth
er, ship of nine missile-armed
submarines on active duty, with
a tenth enrouto. Six or seven sub
marines are always away on si
, -i ,
:
i
ROCKEFELLER CATTLE Winthrop Rockefeller brother of New York Gov. Nelson
Rockefeller, inspects a few of his purebrad Santa Gertrudis cattle on his ranch near
Morrilton, Ark., recently. UPI Telephoto
Republican Vinthrop Rockefeller
Raises Cattle In Arkansas Valley
;MORRILTON, Ark. (UPD
Winthrop Rockefeller's home
rambles around the brow of a
bliiff nearly 900 feet above the
Arkansas River Valley, its pic-
lure windows sweeping a new
battleground of Arkansas party
politics.
Here the "Squire of Petit Jean
Mountain" presides over a vast
and widcly-vmlcd set of Inter
ests. They range from raising
purebred Santa Gertrudis cattle
to promoting industrial develop
ment and, to the chagrin of the
Democrats In his back yard,
mnking a two-party state of Ar
kansas. Rockefeller came Iktc from
New York nearly 10 years Bgn
during divorce proceedings from
hit first wife, "Holm," the dnugh
tef of a Lithuanian coal miner.
He never made any secret of his
politics. He is just as Republican
as his brother. Nelson, the gover
nor of New York and a leading
candidate for the next GOP pres
idential nominal inn.
Ignored At Firnt
But Winthrop Rockefeller's po
litical persuasion was largely ig
nored as long as ho conlincd it
to the lofty reaches of Petit Jean
and his office in Little Rock's
Twer Building.
t was when he went dm.n into
Hit communities lust year to or-
p.ipiw local Republican units thai
th$ lur started to fly. It new fur
ioilsly during the recent legisla
tlvo session, when amove was
mounted by the Democrats to
oust him as chairman of the Ar
kansas Industrial Development
Commission (AIDC).
Members of the legislature who
had Republican opposition for the
first time last full because of
lent 60-day patrols, never com
municating by radio so as not to
give away their positions, each
with 16 missiles ready to fire in
a matter of minutes.
Targets All 8ft
Each submarine's missile load
is equal in power to all the
bombs dropped on Nagasaki and
Hiroshima. Written into its elec
tronic entrails is the obituary no
Dee of half a dozen Russian tar
gets a threat of instant and
terrible revenge which Polaris
submariners firmly believe fig
ures painfully in the strategy of
the Kremlin.
Premier Nikita Khrushchev is
said to be deeply impressed by
Polaris. On this point I see eye
to eye with the Russian dictator.
I have just spent many hours ex
amining the Robert E. Lee from
the inside out, and been aboard
the John Marshall. The Navy also
gave me every facility to observe
the deterrent operation of "Sub
ron 14 under the command 01
Captain David E. Bell of New
London, Conn.
Security aboard these engineer
ing marvels is so strict that I
was checked in and out of vital
areas of the Robert E. Lee even
though I was personally escorted
by Commander Charles (Chuck)
Griffiths of Kansas City whoi
heads the "gold" crew.
There is a futuristic irony in
the fact it takes two crews a
gold and a blue to get the
maximum use from a Polaris, it
is the human machine rather than
the nuclear one which needs the
most maintenance so each crew
takes over the submarine for
three months which includes re
fitting, sea trials and a 60-day
submerged patrol.
Then the crew is flown home
to the U.S. for leave and a re
fresher course at the base at
New London, while its replace
ment flies in to nearby Prest
wick Airport.
Order From President
Griffiths said with quiet humor
that he realized there were fringe
groups that (eared a Polaris cap-
a '.-
mtjmm. ai tut tnc
Rockefeller were ready to send
him packing.
But the ouster efforts (ailed as
the legislature, stunned by the vi
gor of the public reaction, backed
away.
Rockefeller, who admits he
came very close to Inking on
Gov. Orval Faubus In the guber
natorial race last year, is not
saying whether he might try it in
l'.n.-l.
"But I think they (the legisla
ture) have helped me if 1 should
decide to run," he added.
On High Plateau
Rockefeller's Winrook Farms,
war Murrillon in Conway Coun
ty, is on a plateau 1,100 feel
alKive sea level.
Rockefeller bought some 900'
acres of hind on the western side
of the plateau in 1!53, when It
was mostly unteniled woodland
and unproductive soil. Land pur
chases in 12 extended Winrock
to more Ihan 7.500 acres.
Now a prize herd of almul 2.400
Santa Gertrudis graze on lush
green pastures. More Ihan 20
immaculate buildings d o t the
landscape, providing living and
working quarters lor the (ami's
125 employes as well ns housing
the animals.
Not only docs he run a sue
essful farm, Rockefeller looks
like a farmer. Only h i s diction
betrays his New York back
ground.
Explain! Stand
Rockefeller doc not want to be
considered an outsider or inter
loper In state affairs.
In turning down the Republican
gubernatorial nomination last
summer ha said, "I have no per
sonal ambitions. It Is my consid-
crcd judgement that I can do
I - JJ .III I MIM J. I
rs N.IRELAND W&. $5V
QUIET HARBOR This quiet Scottish harbor at Holy Loch harbors the most powerful
mobile military force known to man: Polaris missile-carryinq Submarine Squadron 14.
The force could bs whisked away from the Loch in a matter of hours to strategic
positions in case of sudden
tain might go "berserk" and
fire nuclear missiles all over the
place. The exact procedure lead
ing up to an actual firing is na
turally secret but the orders
would have to come from Presi
dent Kennedy.
The Robert E. Lee is 389 feet
lung, 33 feet in the beam and dis
places about 5,900 tons. It's speed
and the depths at which it can
operate are secret but it can
probably move faster and travel
deeper than any other subma
rine before it. The John Marshall
is bigger 410 feet long and
6,900 tons. And the Lafayette
class Polaris submarines are big
ger still.
Griffiths has been on four 60-
day submerged patrols one of
them during the Cuban crisis
when all of "Subron 14's" mis
im zrz r
I iki,4
WMHIIIIIIKI Iff ill
lit iiaii,im, n w3
more for the Republican party in
Arkansas by making it clear that
I am not seeking something for
myself. Above all I am going to
strive, with nil the energy I pos
sess, to establish the sacredness
ol the poll. It is tragic that the
(heme of voting in Arkansas to-
!day is a I heme of fear."
Imii
'Police Action In Korea Began In Monsoon Rain 13 Years Ago
My GEHAI.I) S. SNYDER
United Press Inlcrmitioitul
Through a sweeping monsoon
ram 13 years i:o, a erciiin o(
American inlantrvmcn newly ar
rived in Korea watched .is a long.
black column of Communist tanks
rumbled toward tlieni.
Alter seven hours of hell, the
first battle involving American
Iroops in Korea was over. Nearly
150 U. S. soldiers were dead and
the North Korean Peoples Army
was lulling unhindered to the
south. The "olice action" Ameri
cans hoped to stop with a quick
show o( strength was destined to
continue lor three hlotxlv, frustra
ting years before ending without
a clear-cut decision.
Why did America get involved
What lessons have hovn learned
from that inglorkms conflict?
Why was the Korean war never
declared and never "won" one
of tlie most controversial ami frus
trating in American history?
T. R. Fchrenbach was a platoon
leader, company commander and
Battalion staff officer with the
U. S. 2ml Infantry Division in
Korea. Now, in llie 10th year since
the cease-fire, the San Antonio
I author has written the most com
crisis or attack-
siles were ready to strike at
"multiple targets" if so ordered.
He said the worst thing, about
these long submerged journeys is
that the men cannot contact their
families although they can re
ceive messages from them.
There is no pretense that Po
laris submarines are the most
comfortable places for 130 crew
men and oflicers to spend two
months. Some bunks are slung
among the torpedoes and among
the missiles and every square
inch of space is either for sleep
ing or working. But there is a
tiny mess hall where is served
the best food in the Navy and a
new film is shown nearly every
night.
When a man completes his
eight hours of duty he usually
heads for his bunk and if he
Typical Airline Hostess
Likes High-Flying Job
By ROBERT J. SERI.ING
UI'I Aviation Editor
WASHINGTON (UPI) - Bever
ley Boyer is one of t h e 10,000
stewardesses working for the
U. S. scheduled airlines.
In a sense, she is typical. A
striking brunette, poised and ma
ture far beyond her 25 years, in
love with her job and its oppor
tunities but honest and open
enough to discuss some of its
drawbacks.
In an equal sense, she is not
exactly an average stewardess.
Beverley has been flying for
American Airlines since 1938. Her
own airline, like all the others,
considers itself lucky to k e e p a
good stewardess longer than two
years. She lives with her family
in Washington, D. C: the over
whelming majority of stewardess
es (some carriers call them host
esses) share apartments and a
few prefer living alone. And un
like some of the newer girls, she
would rather work trips on the
sedate and veteran Convair 240.
a tw in-engine piston airliner, than
the glamorous jets.
She averages 15 days o f f a
month and clears about $400
monthly in addition to extra pay
for such special assignments as
talking to prosiwctivo stewardess
es in high schools, chores for
public relations etc.
The relatively high pay comes
with her seniority; the starting
salary for the average stewardess
can be as low as $250 monthly
prchensive .report ot the Korean
War to date.
His big (Mil) pages' opus ex
amines Ihc limited, bloody con
tiict on the level of tlie frontline
soldier and from the perspective
of military and political grand
strategy.
Tlie book. "This Kind of War'
iMacmillan) is aptly subtitled "A
Study in I'npreparcdncss.'
War Still Mystery
"People today still do not under
stand the war." Fcluenbach said
in an interview. Americans, he
said, sprung from generations con
ditioned to avoid (xilit K-al w ar. But
they responded with unlimited
fury, stopping not slwrt of total
victory, when puslicd to the limit
of tolerahility by a Kaiser or a
Hitler. These were wars of morali
ty, crusades against evil . . . the
wars of 1017 and 1941.
Korea was a war different Iiom
any other in our history, except
possibly tlw Indian campaigns of
the old West, he said. It was a
war of containment in which the
United States, luider the United
Nations banner, acted to turn back
the aggression without trying to
stamp out its source. To have
usvd all its power, the I'. S felt.
UPI Telephoto
wants any privacy he draws a
curtain.
The Polaris submarines obvi
ously cruise within 1,200 or 1.500
miles of their Russian targets,
depending on the type of subma
rine and the range of its missiles.
Eventually it is hoped to extend
the range of the missiles so that
dependence on foreign bases will
diminish or cease and the sub
marines will be able to operate
from the United States.
APOLOGY IN ORDER
CHESTERFIELD, England
(UPI) Telephone officials have
apologized to Ernest Driver, the
new head postmaster here, be
cause his name appears in the
new telephone directory
"Drivel."
but some senior cabin attendants
flying international routes make
as high as $500-$00.
Like most of her colleagues
who have gone through the tran
sition from pistons to jets, Bever
ley has found disadvantages to
the jet age. She agrees with most
stewardesses who have been fly
ing for at least five years that
their jobs are more routine and
less fun than they used to be
mainly because it is difficult to
give personalized service on a
120-passenger jet.
Contrary to the popular concep
tion, most stewardesses do not
marry pilots. If they fly for less
than two years, they usually
marry "the -boy back home."
After two years, they are more
likely to marry men they meet
on flights or socially.
It is an axiom in the airline
business that if a girl flies for
as long as five years, she finds
it extremely hard to make the
matrimonial break. She has her
job. the ailine profession and the
esprit de corps that exists among
flight crews so deeply ingrained
that she probably will keep her
wings almost indefinitely.
"I'm the exception to that ax
iom," insists Beverley. "I think
it's almost time for me to quit
I've reached the point where
things like a husband, children
and a home seem important. I'd
regret leaving this life, but I
wouldn't regret it enough to
choose it over marriage."
might have prompted global war.l
possibly involving the whole of
lied China and the Soviet Union.
"To take no action against the
Communists would have meant
suffering an extreme political de
feat. But we wanted to prevent a
third world war," Fchrenbach
said.
"So the United States decided to
play the enemy at his own chess
game ... to check his gambit.
Millions of Americans say you
don't play this wav," he said.
"That wo should have turned over
the table and gone for broke."
Decides To Play
The U. S. decided to play the
game and the stakes were high
Korean combat maimed and killed
thousands of men on each side
and made household w ords out of
Mig Alley. Hcanbieak Kidge and
Pork Chop Hill. It spurred con
science - searching questions o(
prison conduct and "brainwash
ing," and dissolved into near-end
less Panmunjom peace talks that
finally made permanent the stale
mate at the 3Xth Parallel. Korea
costly and inglorious, has become
"the most forgotten war in Amor
nan history," Fchrenbach said.
"Tlie end of the war did not
WORLD
HORIZONS
PACE t
Survivor
Nazi Liquidation
Of Jewish Ghetto
(Editor's Note: Twenty years
ago, on April 19, 1943, the Nazis
began their "final liquidation" of
the Warsaw ghetto. Three months
earlier they had set about wiping
it out but had been delayed by
the first organized resistance on
the part of the desperately op
pressed Jews. Few Jews who
fought that last despairing battle
lived to tell of it. This is the
story of one who did.)
By BERGMAN BORG
As told to
United Press International
WARSAW (UPI) - At first
there were about 500,000 of us
packed inside those ghetto walls
None could leave without the risk
of being shot. At the end there
were perhaps 60,000 and with
few exceptions they died, too, in
gas chambers.
Twenty years later it is not in
me to bring it all back. But I
will tell you the facts.
In the beginning, the Nazis di
vided the area into two sections
the ghetto proper and an indus
trial section. German firms ran
Ihc work programs. I worked as!
a tailor making uniforms for the
Germany army. The work was
compulsory and brought no privi
leges. It was work, when ordered,
or be shot.
As time went on people died by
the hundreds of hungar and dis
ease.
One day a public notice ap-
icared saying we would all be
leaving the ghetto. The noticel
promised us we would be moved
to some better place.
Entire Families Slain
About 10,000 persons were
forced each day from their fami
lies husbands from their wives
and mothers from their children
A few weeks after the first
truck left, we learned where they
went to the gas chambers of the
extermination camp in, the for
est of Trcblinka.
I have reason to remember
where they went. My wife, my
son and my father died there
On Aug. 20, 1942, I came home
from my work and they were not
there. They had gone on the
trucks. I never saw them again
Such was the situation when i
Jew named Josaphat Lewartow
ski appeared in the ghetto. He
brought word that the Polish
Workers Party (Communist) had
been founded and that he was its
central committee's emissary. We
organized political instruction and
military training. Lewartowski's
role came to an end when one
day he was pushed onto one of
the Treblinka bound trucks, but
there were others to take his
place.
Other Secret Groups
The Communists were not the
only secret resistance group in
the ghetto. There were many
others. We set up llie "Jewish
Fighting Organization" under the
command of Morlheim Anielc
wicz. i
We began storing arms and
ammunition. We bought some
from Poles outside the ghetto
including Polish policemen. And
some from German soldiers. We
mark the end of an era but merely
marked a fork in the road the
world is still traveling." Viet
Nam and Cuba are other "forks,"
he said.
In 1950, he asserted, the Amer
POLICE ACTION In 1 9S0 America became involved in tha Korean "police action."
Theta exclusive UPI photos taken at that time show, left, exhausted Marines snatch
icq a moment's rest behind a wall in streets of Seoul, and right, Army Chaplain
A, M, Knier of Wisconsin reads final prayers over bodies of some 36 American sol
diers whose hands were tied behind their backs and then shot to death.
UPI Telephota
t
HERALD AND
Relates
also got arms from the Polish
Workers Party.
On Jan. 18, 1943, a large group
of SS men entered the ghetto to
finish the job of liquidation. For
the first time they faced organ
ized resistance and for three days
fighting went on. The Germans
finally retreated because of heavy
losses. But many of us had been
killed or wounded, too.
We knew they would come back
and better prepared next time.
We organized into larger units
stationed in vacant ghetto houses.
We increased patrols. We watch
ed and waited.
On the night of April 19 they
came back.
Our general staff under Mor
theim Anielewicz's command op
erated from a bunker in Mila
street. My group worked from a
house at 74 Leszno street.
We attacked first. We opened
heavy fire on SS troops marchingl
toward the center of the ghetto.
We inflicted big losses but final
ly had to retreat back to the
house in Leszno street.
Use Flamethrowers
The SS troops began burning
the ghetto houses one by one,
using flamethrowers. We fought
on, but we could not stop the
flames.
it became dillicult to escape
from the burning houses. The
pavement got so hot it burned
the - feet and set our clothes
afire. Countless people jumped to
death from upper floors of their
buildings, choosing such a death
preference to being burned
alive.
(In his reports, Nazi brigadier
Stroop reported on the jumpers.
With their bones broken, they!
still tried to crawl across the
street into buildings which had
not yet been set on fire. . . The
Jews and bandits often preferred
to return into the flames than
risk being caught by us. . .")
On May 8 Anielewicz and his
command post in Mila street was
iped out. We knew that meant
the end.
Those of us in Leszno street
waited some time and then took
underground passage under
the wall. But as soon as we
emerged, waiting Germans seized
us. We were taken back to the
hctto and then sent on trucks to
Treblinka.
(Final resistance ended about a
week later. Stroop titled his final
report "The Warsaw Ghetto is
no more." He was hanged afler
the war on the site of the ghetto.
Borg, now 56. ended the war at
the extermination camp, from
which he was liberated.)
Instead of being gassed, I was
picked among a very few from
the ghetto for a work gang. I was
still strong enough to work, and
that is why I am alive.
PLANES COLLIDE
BUENOS AIRES (LTD - Two
British-made Argentine Meteor
jet fighters collided in flight
Tuesday near suburban Pacheco.
One crashed, killing its pilot, but
the other landed safely at Moron
airbase.
ican people were psychologically
unprepared for war, especially
war on tlie ground. They had
heard a lot about atomic wea
pons and subconsciously regarded
infantry warfare as obsolete.
3 V
NEWS, Klamath Falls, Ore.
2TT U i LLii
I v TT 'i WW
BIBLE READING CHALLENGED Two families, who
challenged state requirements on Bible-verse reading in
Maryland and Pennsylvania schools, appear on stepi of
U.S. Supreme Court building in Washington. In the top
photo, Mrs. Madalyn E. Murray of Baltimore is shown
with her sons, William and Garth. In the bottom photo,
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Schempp of Pennsylvania are
shown with members of their family. UPI Telephoto
Public School Prayers
Spark National Furor
WASHINGTON (UPI), - "When
you prayest, enter into thy closet
and when thou hast shut thy door,
pray to thy Father which is in
secret. . ."
Jesus spoke these words in the
Sermon on the Mount (Matthew
6:6).
Supreme Court Justice Hugo L.
Black referred to them recently
during arguments on whether
Bible reading and the Lord's
Prayer are permissible under the
Constitution as opening exercises
in public schools.
Black wrote the opinion which
last term struck down New York's
state - composed school prayer.
Judging by the outburst that
greeted this decision, almost
everybody has an opinion on the
subject and wants to express it.
Takes Unusual Step
The criticism reached such a
pitch that one member of the
court. Justice Tom C. Clark, took
the unusual step of attempting in
a public speech to quiet things
down. He explained that the de
cision was a narrow one applying
only to a "state-written prayer
circulated by a school district to
state-employed teachers with in
structions to have their pupils re
cite it in unison at the beginning
ol each school day in state-owned
buildings."
The First Amendment says:
"Congress shall make no law re
specting an establishment o( re
ligion or prohibiting the free exer
cise thereof."
The states for many years have,
through the 14th Amendment, been
subject to the same prohibition.
Fehrenbach. 38, now a lieuten
ant colonel in the Army reserve.
Iielieves that today's professional
army is better prepared in
terms of equipment but especially
in attitude and discipline.
?- . r i
Suaday. April 14, 1963
" 'No' means 'No,' " Clark said.
"This was all the court decided."
Many legal observers who fol
lowed arguments on now-pending
Baltimore and Philadelphia area
cases insist, however, that unless
the court backs away from its
New York ruling the same reason
ing controls the Lord's Prayer and
Bible reading cases.
The general contention of slate
officials is that opening the school
day with the Lord's Prayer is
part of the national heritage;
that the exercise has outgrown
its purely religious origins and
merely teaches moral and ethical
precepts.
They say that if these practices
are ruled out they foresee "a
steadily increasing erosion" in
other forms of church-state con
tact. They mentioned chaplains in
both houses of Congress, the
armed forces, service academies
and federal hospitals and prisons:
exemptions of religious organiza
tions from the federal income tax;
deductibility of gifts to religious
institutions, and the like.
The plaintiffs in the Baltimore
case Mrs. Madelyn E. Murray
and her 16-year-old son William,
both atheists challenged a rule
requiring reading the Bible and-or
recitation of the Lord's Prayer
without comment every morning.
This rule was set up in 1905 by
the board of school commission
ers. A decision in the Bible reading
and Lord's Prayer cases is ex
pected some time before the end
of the term in June.
In retrospect, Fehrenbach be
lieves the biggest shortcoming of
the national administration was its
failure to explain to the public
the nature of the war in Korea
and why we had chosen to fight
it as we did. This failure, he con
cluded, resulted in a confused,
angry nation which at times ques
tioned the wisdom, even the pa
triotism and integrity, of its lead
ers. And no one told the troops w hy
they were summoned to fight and
die as the truce talks dragged on
for months.
Fehrenbach said tlie war proved
the need for a highly trained pro
fessional army ready to fight in
limited wars without asking
"why." But he concludes:
"The man who will go where
his colors go. without asking, who
will fight a phantom foe in jungle
and mountain range, without coun
ting, and who will suffer and die
in the midst of incredible hard
ship, without complaint, is still
what he has always been, from
imperial Rome to sceptered Brit
ain to Democratic America.
"He is the stuff of which legions
are made."
X