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About Herald and news. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1942-current | View Entire Issue (Oct. 30, 1961)
COUP la The- .cm d?u Nn DOCUMENTS IVenther Ml. Shasla-Siskiyou area Fair through Tuesday. Warmer. Northern California Fair through Tuesday except snow Iftir ries on cast slopes of southern Sierra Nevada and occasional cloudiness over southern San Joaquin Valley. Slowly rising temperatures near central coast and in north interior. Day's News Weather Klamath Falls and viclnitv Fair and mild. Highs fiO-65; lows 30-J5. High Sunday 46 Low last night IS Precip. past 24 hours 0 Since Oct. 1 1.76 Same period last year .55 UE.ll.ivur ...... SI By FRANK JENKINS Today's big news? It's what the communist sians have done today. Let's take a look at . Rus- Price Ten Cents 14 Paces KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON, MONDAY, OCTOBER 30. 1961 Telephone TU 4-8111 No. 6861) U.O? CHS.LIBRAH? is-.asPA.PER SECTION 7r They've set off a WHOPPER bomb. How big is it? Swedish scientists, who are clos est to the explosion site, say it was considerably bigger than the 50-megatonner and roughly three times as big as the 30-megatonneri they exploded last Monday. This seems to be the bomb Kroosh re ferred to two weeks ago (on Oc tober 17) w hen he boasted that by the end of October Russia would have tested a SO-megalonncr, as well as the firing mechanism of (a 100-MEGATONNER. Their testing program: They started with a 30-megaton-Tier. They seem to have reached a 50-megatonner. They appear to be PRACTIC ING for a 100-megatonner. They are moving fast. & Why? That suggests a grim thought: They may be p 1 a n n i n g to SMASH us with one fell blow. The communist objective is to conquer the world for communism. To do that, they "would need to smash only Western Europe and the U.S.A. The rest of the world would fall into their l ips. ' That would be a tempting pro gram to communists, who are bound by no codes of decency, or humanity, or honor. That suggests another thought: We have promised the commu nists the FIRST BITE. Could they be scheming to SWALLOW US AT ONE BITE? Could that be why they are mov ing so swiftly from the testing of a 30-megatonncr to the testing of a 50-megatonner and from there to testing the firing mechanism of a 100-MEGATONNER? That suggests still another ques tion a question perhaps exceed ing in gravity any similar ques tion ever asked since the world began: Shall we continue our pledge to give the communists the first bite? Or should we REVOKE it? Unless we have been badly mis led by out' leaders, we have the 1 capacity now toNlestroy Russia. Shall we strike whenever it seems CERTAIN to us that our enemy is planning to strike first? Or shall we wait until the Rus sians have the capacity to DE STROY US at one fell blow? This isn't a proposal. It is just an exercise in deduc tive reasoning. Deductive reason ing tells us that as long as the communists know they HAVE THE FIRST BITE they will be tempted to swallow us at ONE bite. And - Self-preservation Is the first law of nature. Jury Cites Koffa Aide WASHINGTON (AP - Rolland B. McMaster, secretarytreasurer of Teamsters President James R. Hoffa's local union in Detroit, was indicted by a federal grand jury today on charges of taking nearly $9,000 in illegal payments from the operator of a trucking firm. The indictment was returned in Detroit. Ally. Gen. Robert F. Kennedy said the operator of the company, William F. Wolff Sr. of Youngs town, Ohio, was charged with making the payments. The local is No. 299. Kennedy said the Detroit indict ment named McMaster and Wolff each on 32 counts involving charges of violation of the Taft Hartley Act which prohibits an employe representative from tak ing money from an employer, ex rcpt for wages or other specified reasons, and prohibits employers . from making such payments. McMaster. 47. was accused of taking and Wolff. 51. of giving the payments between December 1956. and July 1. 1959. The jury said the payments trere made through Ram Trans port, Inc.. a Michigan corpora tion headed by McMaster. Wolff was identified as presi dent and principal stockholder of the Youngstown Cartage Co.. Youngstown. Ohio. Local 299 has about non mem - . of th. larr-ea in. cals in the Teamsters Union Shooting Times October Jl OREGON :M a.m S:l( p.m. CALIFORNIA t:A a.m 5:03 p.m. &$. Seeks Berlin Border JFK Regime Sees Record Spending WASHINGTON (UPI - The Kennedy administration is headed or record peacetime spending and the second highest budget deficit, according to budget direc tor David E. Bell. Bell predicted Sunday night in the autumn budget review that government spending would reach $89 billion in the current fiscal year ending next June 30 and might climb even higher in the following 12 months. He said there would be a $6.9 billion deficit for the present fis cal year. But he foresaw a budg et surplus without any increase in taxes provided new inter national crises do not force a boost in military spending. Two Democratic senators, com menting on the new budget out look, attributed the big deficit largely to increase military spending. Senate Democratic Leader Mike Mansfield, Mont., said the deficit is just about equal to the extra $6 billion sought by President Kennedy and the $300 million ad ditional voted by Congress for the military buildup to meet the Ber lin crisis. Mansfield noted the administra tion announced Friday it did not intend to spend the $800 million. He urged Congress to grant Ken nedy's request next year for high er postal rates to wipe out the postal deficit. Sen. Paul Douglas, D-lll., vice ihairman of the Senate-House Economic Committee, also cited Greeks Elect Same Slate ATHENS, Greece (AP) Greek conservatives led by Constantino Caramanlis won another four-year term today in a firm endorsement of the government's pro-Western foreign policy and economic sta bility at home. The premier s rightist National Radical Union I ERE I surged to ward a decisive victory with the gains coming mostly at the ex pense of the Communist-line Pan democratic Agrarian Front (PAME). The middle-of-the-road Union of! the Center was runner-up to the ERE in popular vote but Cara manlis. 54. who has headed the1 Green government for six years. was assured of a working major ity in Parliament. Returns from 9.605 of the 9,732 districts gave Caramanlis' forcev 2.145,834 votes (49.6 . per cent Union of the Center 1,486,723 (34.3 per cent), and the Pandemocrati Agrarian Front 651,708 (15 per cent). Under the Greek election sys tem of proportional representation 45 per cent of the vote is sufficient to give a party a comfortable ma jority in the one-house Parliament. Caramanlis heralded his victory as a swing to the right. The pro- Communist vote was 40 per cent less than in the 1958 election, when the ERE won control of th" government with 41 per cent of the popular vote. Atrocities Hit Congo ELISABETHVILLE. Katanga AP i Troops of the national Con- !golcse armv today were reported continuing to advance into ha- tanga Province, razing villages land murdering women and chil idren on their way. The Elisabethville newspaper Echo du Katanga said all-day bat tie was fought Saturday near Ka tanga's border with South Kasailjust a few cows, a little tobacco Province. jand a little corn. Dr. Gragg ex- The report said little as plains. Its main attraction is that kron about the outcome of the bailie. WEIS the increase in military spending. He said the record showed there had been no inflationary reaction to the increased federal outlays. Bell, in his 64-page budget re view, said the present red-ink spending was not causing an in flationary price trend. He pre dicted this would remain true be cause of high employment, un used factory capacity and foreign trade competition. In fact, he said in a special economic analysis of federal spending and tax revenues that federal activities may exert mildly restraining influence on the economy" next spring. This was the first time such an analy sis was published in a budget document. Snowstorm Rips Rockies. Heads South By United Press International A major snowstorm that ' took five lives in Colorado and Wyo ming over the weekend was mov ing south and east today, turning into rain in some areas. Light snow continued to fall in northern and western Colorado and southern Wyoming and in the mountain areas of both states, buc there was no substantial increase in the depths already on the ground. High winds caused ground blizzards in southern Wyoming. Some 17 inches of snow fell in mountain areas of northern New Mexico Saturday and Sunday. A search began today for two hunt-; ers lost near Chama, N.M. A search for hunter Emil Mauch of Powell, Wyo., was resumed to day in the mountains hear Mee- teetse, Wyo. Mauch had been missing since Saturday. Two Colorado men, H. J. Neu staedter, of Denver, and H. L. McChesncy of Fort Collins, Den ver, were reported missing on a flight from Colorado Springs to Denver after taking off into the storm Saturday night. The snow both helped and hin dered deer hunters In Colorado I and Wyoming. Hundreds of hunt ers were marooned by deep snow' in the two states. However, the heavy drifts in the mountains drove deer to lower elevations. As much as three inches of snow fell in western Nebraska and heavy rains pounded the eastern part of the state. Nearly two inches of rain fell Sunday in Omaha. Doctor Marks Birthday; 50 Years, 5,000 Babies DANVILLE. Ky. (API It waslhas traveled to his patients in his 50 years and 5.000 babies ago to- car, in a buggy, on horse or mub, day that Dr. H. L. Gragg started practicing medicine in Boyi-; County. That is a part of his reason for celebration today. It also is his 77th birthday. Until four years ago. Dr. Gragg lived next door to his office. Thai meant he got calls 24 hours a day. Then he moved to a larm at the edge of town. "We moved away to get away from so much night work." his wife explains. "But It is just about! as bad as ever. "When he leaves for his of fice after supper, he says. 'See you about midnight,' and I al ways say, 'Not me, you won't. I'll be asleep! The farm is a small one wi'h there is no telephone there In his half century of work, fo) WASHINGTON (AP) The United States, seeking a peaceful end to the Berlin border dispute, has decided to try to make a bargain with the Soviet Union that could involve U.S. agreement to show identification documents to East German border police. U.S. Ambassor Llewellyn Thompson has been in structed to make a new approach to Soviet Foreign Min ister Andrei A. Gromyko early this week. Officials said the Ken- nedy administration has de cided that the East German demand to see identifica tion cards of U.S. officials when they enter East Ber lin does not threaten West ern interests enough to bring on a shooting con flict. The British have been showing identification cards for some time The possibility of a deal is be ing considered under whicn so viet authorities going into West Berlin would have to submit cre dentials to West German police. There was also discussion of bar gaining for an increased number of crossing points into East Berlin for the Western allies if the United States is to accept the showing of credentials to East German police. Washington would like Moscow once again to have a Soviet of ficial exert direct authority at the border. But Gromyko is under stood to have turned that down cold. If a deal is made, it obviously would Involve modification of U.S. policy on Berlin. Washington does not recognize the Communist East Berlin government and has blocked past efforts aimed at di-i rect dealings of any kind virh' the' regime. On the other hand, officials said today, the United States and its Reds Try To Vith Autobahn Traffic BERLIN (AP) Communist interference with Allied traffic to! and from West Berlin shifted over the weekend to the autobahn life line between the Red-encircled city and West Germany. The United States defied the new at tempt at restriction. A Soviet officer Sunday turned back two of the "assistance ve hicles" the U.S. Army sends up and down the 110-mile express highway to aid U.S. travelers with car trouble or other difficul ties while passing through the So viet zone. The two cars were stopped at the Babelsberg checkpoint, where1 traffic from West Berlin enters East Germany. The Soviets later let a third military assistance vehicle through without difficulty An American spokesman said the Army will continue to send out the aid cars. Western officials speculated that the Soviet action in stopping two cars while allowing a third back and on foot "Even a buggy sometimes couldn't make it over the rougn country," Dr. Cragg said, "so 1 pretty much relied on a horse or even a mule." There have been a lot of dif ficulties, but a frozen car may have been the worst of all, he recalls. It' was midnight one February 27 years ago and the temperature was below zero. Since there was no bridge over a creek, he tried to ford it in his auto. The i4ir froze and wouldn't move. A neighbor loaned his mule. With both the car and Dr. tha v ing out. Tommy Walker, the firs' of 11 Walker children delivered by Dr. Gragg. entered the world The doctor doesn't deliver many'Trcasury Henry H. Fowler and babies anymore. He says he has delivered "more than 5.000 don't hknow exactly how many." fo) allies have no intention of being excluded from East Berlin. If the East Germans should close the border entirely to Western offi cials, the United States, Britain and France have a plan to open it by force if necessary. The United States docs not in tend to give up its right to flv over tne (.ommumst-conirolled sector. On the identification issue, the administration decided Friday night after U.S. and Soviet tanks confronted each other for many tense hours in the heart of Berlin that an effort to ease the military confrontation and seek a solution through diplomatic channels was! urgently needed. That gained a1 breathing spell which began with the pulling back of tanks on both sides early Saturday Thompson took up the highly inflammable dispute with Gromy ko in Friday's session. Gromyko flatly refused to interfere or to have Soviet police take over from the East Germans In spite of this rebuff the United States decided that the quarrel had gone far enough and dis closed that the settlement would be sought through diplomatic channels. This should disclose whether the Soviets have any de sire at all to reduce tensions in Berlin or are simply trying to humiliate 1iie lnlted' States and its allies. If that should prove to be the case the situation may get I rapidly worse again. Interfere to pass might be a calculated move. They thought the Soviets might be reasserting objections they first made in 1952-53 to American patrols on the autobahn without creating a dangerous new! East-West incident. By a 1953 agreement the Soviet army ad mittcd responsibility for security on the highway. By halting the assistance ve hicles altogether, the Soviets could have provoked the U.S. Army into another show of force to safe guard Allied rights in Berlin. The last show of force ended in an informal truce Saturday aft er American and Soviet tanks had stood on either side of the Berlin wall at the Friedrichstrasse cross ing point for 16 hours with their guns trained at point blank range. The tanks were rushed up after four U.S. armed thrusts into East Berlin during the week to uphold the right of American civilian of ficials to cross the border without submitting identity papers to East German police. The Soviet tanks withdrew Sat urday morning to an encampment in a war-ruined palace on Untcr den Linden. The American Pat tons set up temporary positions near the far end of Friedrich strasse. Rusk Flies To Japan WASHINGTON (AP) - Socre tary of State Dean Rusk took off lor Japan with a high-ranking delegation including nearly half the b.b. Cabinet The group will attend an eco nomic meeting which Huk said will lay the groundwork for set tlement of trade problems be tween the two countries. Flying in a jet wh Rusk were Secre tary Stewart Udall, Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges, Secretary of Labor Arthur Gold berg, Undersecretary of the Waller W. Heller, chairman n the President's Council of Eco nomic Advisers. la Compromise Stevenson fires Blast At UNITED NATIONS. N.Y. (AP) I U.S. Ambassador- Adlai E. Ste venson today accused the Soviet Union of pushing the world to ward disaster by exploding its massive superbomb. The Soviet Union retorted that the current tests were intended to prevent the United States from launching a nuclear war. The clash occurred in the Gen eral Assembly's main political committee, where Soviet Delegate Semyon K. Tsarapkin cited the critical Berlin situation as the reason for the current series of Soviet nuclear tests, including to day's explosion of a bomb said to surpass 50 megatons. "Any moment war can start," Tsarapkin declared. Stevenson charged that the So viet Union had shown cynical dis regard for the United Nations and its appeal to the Kremlin not to Settlement EndsSP Rail Threat WASHINGTON (UPI) The Southern Pacific Railroad Co. and the Order of Railroad Telegraph-! ers have settled a lengthy dispute which had threatened to erupt in to a seven-state strike this morn ing. Labor Secretary Arthur J. Gold berg and Chairman Francis A. O'Neill Jr. of the National Media tion Board announced Sunday night that the parties had signed an agreement covering all issues in the dispute, which has been in negotiations for three and one-half years. The Department of Labor said settlement terms were very tech nical and complicated and would be made public later, perhaps to day. President George Lcighty of the Telegraphers Union said the set tlement "gives employes an ex ceptionally fine job stabilization agreement. The basic dispute in volved loss of telegraphers jobs as a result of automation. Goldberg and O'Neill congratu lated the parties on "a landmark settlement of difficult issues in volving procedures for making technological changes with due recognition of the interests of op erating efficiency and employe job stability. The union originally planned to go on strike Oct. 19, but was balked by a Federal Court order, The union had threatened to walk out today if agreement was not leached. American Landlady Pays Indian Diplomat's Bill NEW YORK (AP)-An AmeH-! can landlady said today she is pay ing a $252 hotel bill of the Indian ambassador to the United Na tions, who moved out of her apartment building temporarily in a dispute. The landlady. Betty Roberts., said she had dispatched a check to Ambas'nHnr C S Jha through the American U.N. delegation. She made it clear she holds no grudge against Jha. "I truly be lieve he is a good man." she said. Mrs. Roberts said she decided to pay the hotel bill for ambas sador and Mme. Jha because she got the impression that the United States would do so if she didn't in order to keep things amicable. The landlady went on to say she didn't see why American taxpay ers should have to foot the bill because of a private squabble be tween her and the Jhas. Mrs. R9iert made no further res Soviets test a 50-mcgaton bomb approved last Friday night by a vote of 87-11. Tsarapkin quoted at length from Premier Khrushchev's state ment explaining the Soviet gov ernment s reasons for going against world opinion to carry out the bomb tests. Then he added 'In order to prevent a nuclear and rocket war, all measures must be taken. And one of these measures which can prevent you from launching a nuclear weap ons war is to increase the defen sive position of the Soviet Union This is why we do it." Slcvcnson said there was no justification for the explosion of the gigantic bomb except for intimidation." "If this is what Mr. Tsarapkin calls Soviet realism," the chief U.S. delegate said, "then God help us all to escape from Rus sian realism. Stevenson launched his attack on the Soviet Union as soon as the 103-nation committee con vened. He told the committee today's lest apparently was even larger than the 50 megatons expected. 'Today, Mr. Chairman, the world has taken a great leap backward toward anarchy and disaster," Stevenson said. The U.S.-Soviet exchange pre ceded a debate on a proposal by five Asian-African nations and Yugoslavia for a voluntary mor atorium on all nuclear testing.' The committee had voted last Friday to suspend the debate tem'- porarily and vote, but by agree ment the debate was re-opened this morning. Experts Eye Red Fallout WASHINGTON (AP)-The U.S. Weather Bureau said today wind patterns indicate that the fallout from the newest Soviet super bomb is moving southeastward from its point of detonation. The bureau said this could place the new radiation track somewhat cast of the fallout cloud of a week ago, which proceeded due south initially and then turned cast. Dr. Lester Maclita of the bu reau emphasized that it was too early to determine the new fall out pattern with any hope of ac curacy, or to predict the course it might take ultimately. The leading edge of the fallout cloud from the Oct. 23 explosion was due to approach the British Isles and northern Europe Tuesday. reference to Mme. Jha. Earlier she had asserted: "It's a battle between Mme. Jha and me. It would not be doing justice to the image of the free American worn an if I let her trample over me." But Mrs. Roberts said every thing could have been settled. peaceably in the first place if u hadn't been for pressure from American attorneys representing the Indian delegation. However, she said, this pressure had noth ing to do with her decision to pay the Jha hotel bill. The dispute began when the Jhas complained of noise result ing from repair work in an apart ment of another tenant in Mrs. Roberts building. This, it was said, disturbed Mme. Jha's recu peration from a heart attack. The ambassador and his wife moved from their $l.600-a-monlh, 10-room suite in Mrs. Roberts' building to quarters in a hotel where they lived six days. STOCKHOLM, Sweden today set off the biggest man-made explosion in history, a blast that may have topped the power of the 50-mega-ton bomb forecast by Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Instruments throughout the latest Soviet nuclear blast a power equal to that of 100 million tons of TNT. The blast was recorded at 9:33.3 a.m. (3:33.3 a.m. EST). Several hours after the the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington con firmed it and said a statement would be made later. The Soviet bomb was set off in the atmosphere above- the Arctic testing ground on Novaya Zemlya Island in defiance of world wide protests ami j leas from the White Ht use and the United Nations. The British government was the first to register a protest. With in hours of the blast the Foreign Office in London said the British government "deplored" the explo sion by the Soviets of their latest thermonuclear bomb. In Oslo, Norwegian Prime Min ister Einar Gcrhardsen expressed bitter disappointment over the So viet test. The bomb exploded today was the one announced to the 22nd So viet Communist Party Congress in Moscow by Khrushchev on Oct 17. At the time, he said Russia would lest a 50-mcgaton bomb, (a megaton equals one million tons of TNT) as well as the fir ing mechanism for a 100-megaton bomb by the end of the month. But he said then that he hoped no bomb of the larger size ever would have to be exploded. Rus sia itself, he said, would feel the effects of such a bomb. Today's explosion was at least the 26th known Soviet bomb set off in the current test series. All but one underwater have been in the atmosphere, with resultant grave radioactive fallout, dangers for the world. The United Stales set off its fourth fallout-free un derground explosion Sunday since it resumed in the wake of the Soviet move earlier this month. First report of today's tremen dous explosion came from the Stockholm Technical Institute La boratory. That school's Prof. Ar- ne Bjernhammar estimated Its force at "considerably over" 50 megatons and roughly three times greater than that of the estimated 30-megaton bomb exploded by the Soviets at Novaya Zemlya last Monday. Other European laboratories agreed the blast was of at least 50-megaton force. Swedish nuclear scientists said they believed today's device had Tangle Ties U.N. Action UNITED NATIONS, N.Y. (AP) A procedural tangle and pos sible amendments stood in the way today of a U.N. resolution against all nuclear weapon tests. Some diplomats expressed Be lief, however, the resolution would bo adopted before nightfall by the General Assembly s political Committee and sent on for final approval to the assembly. The assembly Friday approved another resolution appealing to Ihe Soviet Union not to set off a io-mcoaton bomb. Soviet Premier Khrushchev described the clamor against the Soviet tests as hysteri cal. The resolution before the com mittee urges all nuclear powers to refrain from further lest ex plosions. The resolution is spon sored by India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nepal, the United Arab Republic and Yugoslavia. The 103-nation Political Commit tee bogged down late last wceK in a procedural dispute over whether to take up (1) a U.S. motion to give priority also to a rival British-U.S. resolution call ing for new negotiations for a ban on nuclear weapon tests and (2) a Ghanaian motion to close de bale and vote on the Indian res olution at once. Marines Invade MAALAEA BAY. Maui, Ha wall (API Seven thousand U.S. Marines swarmed ashore today in Operation Silver Sword, the first amphibious war game In1 Hawaii since World War II. The operation, which began Fri-I day. involves more than 10,000 Marines and sailors. vp Jvllo) (UPI) The Soviet Union Western Europe recorded that may have approached blast was recorded in Europe i weight of about 15 tons, and probably was 16.25 feet high and 9.75 feet in diameter. They said they believed the bomb was rather "dirty." it was relieved that this latest Soviet explosion sent about 66 pounds of strontium 90 and about 3,300 pounds of other radioac tive by-products circling the earth with westerly winds. The Stockholm Meteorological Institution reported that Arctic winds are blowing to the West over the Kara Sea and probably would carry any radioactive dust towards Siberia. The test area of Novaya Zemlya is a frozen waste land of glaciers, polar bears and sparse population in the Arctic Ocean between the Kara and Bar ents Seas. Reds Close Mausoleum Move Body MOSCOW (AP) - The shrine of world communism the Lenin- Stalin tomb in Red Square has been suddenly closed "for re pairs," setting off speculation that the body of Joseph Stalin may he; removed from, its- place of . honor. . The mausoleum in Red Square where the bodies of Stalin and V. I. Lenin rest side by side is closed annually for refurbishing, but the timing appeared signifi cant. It came suddenly on a Sunday. when a visit to Die shrine is a ritual with thousands of Russians, and at a time when hundreds of foreign Communists arc in town for the 22nd Soviet Communist party congress. It followed a wave of denuncia tion of Stalin at the congress led by Premier Khrushchev and re ports that students apparently with approval of the new rulers in the Kremlin have demanded that Stalin's body be removed from the mausoleum. The reign of terror during the Stalin regime has been cleared for free and open discussion in the Soviet Union. For the first time Soviet news papers branded the old dictator a tyrant, publishing Khrush chev's speech before the party congress In which he charged "thousands of absolutely . inno cent people perished" in Stalin's purges before World War II. Khrushchev combined his at tack with a proposal that a monu ment be erected In Moscow uj the victims of the purges, a pro posal quickly approved by t h e Moscow City Council, which is caretaker of the Lenin-Stalin tomb. Khrushchev and other party leaders at the congress exalted the memory of Lenin while de nouncing Stalin for creating a "personality cult." Khrushchev toned down lihules to himself by Insisting current rule in the Soviet Union is by collective decisions in the Krem lin and not by his own dictate. Khrushchev unveiled a 20-foot statue of Karl Marx, the father of communism, Sunday. Hattie Veers Toward Yest MIAMI. Fla. (AP) - Dangerous Hurricane Hattie veered westward today, and was expected to strike Mexico by tonight. Hattie was lashing the north western Caribbean with winds of 140 miles per hour. The hurricane grew in intensity Sunday night. The Weather Bureau reported its center at S a.m. at 223 miles cast of Chetumal, Mexico, and about the same distance south of Cuba's western tip. The change in direction lessened Hattie's threat to Cuba and the U.S. mainland. f
