? THURSDAY, APRIL 1. 1954
ITERALD AND NEWS. KLAMATH FALLS. OREGON
PAGE THIRTEEN
Polio Vaccine Consists Of
Billions Of Dead Viruses
I BT ALTON L. BLAKESLEE
v .'iAf Science Reporter : '
I NEW YORK UPI Each child tok
I ing the Balk polio vaccine . this
I spring will have 30 billion dead
polio viruses shot into his arm.
l Each' will get three shots, each
shot containing 10 billion viruses.'
Because they are dead, the' vi
ruses cannot cau.se polio. But even
though dead, they still have some
power to stimulate a person to
make antibodies, the body s nat
ural disease lighters.
diving billions of dead' viruses
means concentrating this antibody'
making power.
The big question 1b whether the
vaccine can produce enough anti
bodies to protect ohildren against
natural exposure to live polio virus
this summer.
All the scientific evidence indi
cates that It will. But the only way
to find out Is to have halt a million
to a million children take the vac
cine, and see whether and bow well
they resist polio this summer
And the test must be. run upon
a huge number ot children, be
cause paralytic poliomyelitis Is ac
tually rather a rare disease.
Polio has been called an epi
demic if only 20 out of 100,000 per
sons come down with It. However.
it hits children more often than
adults.
If you picked any scattered
group of 500,000 children aged 6 to
9, you would expect that about 350
or so would become recognizably
sick next summer with polio. (Of
this 350, more than half would re
cover with no paralysis.)
So for an adequate test you must
have half a million to a million
vaccinated children to compare
with an equal number of nonvac
ciliated youngsters of the same
ages, Hiving in the same commu
nities.
Among the nonvaccinated half
million, there might be 350 cases
of polio. How many will there be
among the vaccinated half minion?
No cases? A perfect vaccine. Thir
ty-five cases? The vaccine would
be 90 per 'cent effective. Very
good;
'Across the nation, children and
parents and doctors and nurses
and achoolleacners ana neann oi
fleers are volunteering to take part,
in this crucial test of tne vaccine
developed by Dr. Jonas E. Salk
of Pittsburgh.
Local health authorities and the
National Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis are conducting the trial.
Up to a million children in 179
communities or areas of 44 states
are scheduled so far to get the
vaccine.
In some communities the vac
cine will be offered to all children
of the second . grade In schools.
Children in the first and third
grades of the same schools will
be recorded as the "controls' 'or
comparisons.
In other communities, half of the
children in the first three grade
of the school will be given the
vaccine. The other half will get
Identical-looking. shots of a fluid
which is Ineffective. All the sy-
linge8, whether containing real
vaccine or useless fluid, will bear
only code numbers, which will be
placed next to the child's name
on records made when he takes his
ahot.
, These children, their- parents
" nH doctors.' will not know wheth
er they got the actual vaccine," or
the ineffectual fluid. Tne meaning
of the code numbers will be known
only,to a team of experts who will
get reports, after the polio season
is over, of the names and what
happened to children who did de
velop polio during the summer.
This team, headed by Dr. Thom
as Francis Jr., University of Mich
igan School of Public Health, will
receive complete reports on all
children known to be vaccinated
or not in the test arias who are
diagnosed as having polio.
That team can then give the an
swer on whether the vaccine really
works.
Only a few years ago the pos
sibility of a practical vaccine
looked far distant. Then some
great discoveries, mostly made in
' research supported by the March
of Dimes, cracked the barriers to
making field tests of a promising
vaccine.
First ft had to be. learned hnw
many different types of polio vims
oould cause human paralysis. That
answer was learned in brilliant, I
wree-year cooperative research bv
several great medical Institutions.
There are three dangerous types
Brunhilde, Lansing and Leon.
This meant an effective vaccine
would have to contain all three
types oi pono virus. . ... i
But where to tret the virus? This
roadblock was broken by the suc
cess of Dr. John F. Enders of Har
vard In growing polio virus in test
tube cultures of non-nervous tis
sues. ,
Where to get enounh vims? The
Enders method was developed and
improved, until now the klaney
tissues from a single monkey can
ue muae o produce enough virus
to give a series of vaccine shots to
i.uuu children.
This yields a harvest of live
virus. The live virus then is killed
Dy naming it In formaldehyde.
And It was found that nnlln vlvut
when It attacks, usually noes Irnm
the Intestinal tract to the blood
stream and then goes on to strike
ni nerves. Tbls meant (hat If
person had antibodies standing
guard In his bloodstream, he could
cteteat the attack.
Dr. Salk showed that a vaccine
containing dead virus could pro
duce significant, even lame
amounts of antibodies in the blood
ot vaccinated humans.
Tne stage was all set for the
leia test.
Five pharmaceutical firms are
glowing the virus and preparing
the vacolne. Each batch of vac
cine is tested nine times for safety
to make sure all the viruses are
dead, and that the vaccine is nure.
Triple tests are made individually
oy uie manufacturer, by Dr. Balk's
laboratory, and bv thp T,nhnriitnrv
of Biologies Control, National In
stitutes of Health, U. s. Public
Health Service.
The National Foundation is foot
ing the bill of at least Ti million
dollars. The pharmaceutical firms
are making the vaccine for the
tests on a nonprofit basis.
If the vaccine oasses the test.
then It could be supplied In large
enough amounts for everyone. It
would take 40,000 or more monkeys
to supply the tissue to grow enough
virus for vaccinating all the na
tion's youngsters.
But there's reason to believe
that each child may need onlv one
series of shots for lifetime pro
tection, ine lob after that would
be only to vaccinate each new crop)
oi oaoies early in lire, much as
they now get vaccinated for dlph
theria and other diseases.
The scourge of polio would be
over.
(Tomorrow: Possible pitfalls, oth
er vaccines, and G, G.)
In
I If' .mM
,11 w; Jj f ; 1 1
Li w mmihiii i Mr 1 1 iii'i' " V':'!ir llllll 1 II
SHARON CHAFFIN, left, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George
Chaffin and Bruce Vandergran, ton of Mr. and Mrs. Bill Van
dergran, Lakeview, will go to Portland in April to attend the
three day roller skating meet at the Imperial Skating Rink.
They will enter competition as a novice dance team. Fred
Flesher is the instructor.
Churchill Bows
To Labor Party
LONDON IA Prime Minister
Churchill, bowing to Loborite de
mands, announced Wednesday the
House of Commons will open a full
debate on hydrogen bomb prob
lems next Monday.
The 79-year-old Prime Minister
told Commons he will speak him
sell on Britain's position and poli
cy. It will be his second declaration
on the subject in less than a week.
He said Tuesday American experi
ments in the Pacific were essen
tial to defense of the free world
and spurned demands that he use
his influence to have them called
Off. ...... ..
Hosts WorldYide Festival
ROME (A Top musicians of the
free world launch a two-week fes
tival of 20lh century music in
Rome Sunday. A competition for
12 young composers two of them
Americans is one of the top
events. - ' ;
This year's International Confer
ence of Contemporary Music, April
4-15, is an offspring of the 1952
Masterpieces of the 20th Century
In Paris. That month-long festival
of music, ballet and painting, de
signed to prove Uiat art thrives
on freedom, brought bowls from
European Communists and high
praise for such American perform
ers as the Boston Symphony Or
chestra and the New York- City
Ballet. ' i .
The Reds so far have ignored
Uie Rome festival, perhaps be
cause the sponsors are: playing
down the political angle. And the
Americana this year are leaving
most of the spotlight to the Eu
ropeans. . .
Leading composers, musio crit
ics and performers were Invited
this year from Russia and her
satellites but the festival's chair
man, Nicholas Nabokov of New
York, now on the staff of Rome's
American Academy, said only Po
land's leading composer, Panufnlk,
replied "a very polite letter say
ing he was'terrlbly busy."
The festival Is sponsored by the
anti-Communist Congress for Cul
tural Freedom, which, staged the
1952 Pari event, the European
Center of Culture of Oeneva and
the Italian radio.
TWtVSZ TSLAKSS9
. M ' '
IT i
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New Seattle
Freeway Planned
OLYMPIA m An eight-lane
freeway through Seattle is part of
a proposed 15B million dollar toll
highway from Tacoma to tivereii,
ft was reported here Tuesday.
A study prepared for the State
Toll Bridge Authority by. a firm
of New York consulting engineers
estimated cost of the freeway at
112,885,000. It would run from
downtown Seattle to 85th street.
The Coverdale and Colpitis engi
neering report indicated the en
tire 85-mlle project from Everett
to Tacoma could be financed by
tolls.;
- Toll for the road, which would
run parallel to and Just east of
U.S. Highway 99, would be 85
cents. Varying fees would be col-
' lected- at seven toll barriers along
the route.
i DEFENSE PACT
TOKYO Wl Japan's conserva
tive parties Joined forces Wednes
day and pushed Japan-U.S. mutual
defense assistance agreements
through the powerful lower house
of the diet. Final approval came
on a standing vote. - .
Excise Tax Reduction Sale now
In progress on Keamere electric
ranges, Coldspot refrigerators and
freecers, plus all other excise taxed
Items. Additional savings p to
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Nd CHARGE FOR PLANS
. OR ESTIMATES ,
t ' ON v "
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or Remodeling .
PEA; Terms No Down Payment
Galloways Building Service
Phone 2-2564 Evening 4tt
JEWEL SHORTENING
34b. Tin 69c
S0c Worth of Coupons in each can
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29c Pkg.
POTEETS MKT.
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Swift's Premium
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0t THIS iOlT rtXY HASTK
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as?.
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