v."-'
Chit
By JCE
Mail Tribune
A tax expert not long ago spoke to a group of farmers and
explained assessment of property and problems connected wilh
the property tax. Later he said it was a good meeting and felt
he had gotten his message across although he was somewhat
dubious when invited to speak.
The farmers were pleased
have a keen interest in public ail airs as wis mue anecdote
illustrates. Some of the strongest leaders in local government
are farmers. But, we wish farmers and the rural people would
take more interest In local government and 1U problems.
When President John F. Kennedy died from an assassin's
bullets the people realized with a start that this nation's fore
most leader was no longer able to lead them. Although we didn't
agree with some of his policies or those of people under him
he had the strong, youthful confidence and vigorous leadership
people had come to lean on. Now another man is taking his
place. The transition seems to be a smootn one.
But, in local government, there is no such easy succession
of leadership. Us steady progression relics on the people to back
it up, to step in and take the leadership when necessary and to
serve on local committees to further strengthen that government.
Local government more nearly comes close to following Abraham
Lincoln's concept of "government of the people."
The president's assassination raises this question: Could you
act as mayor if called upon, if something happened to your
mayor, to your county judge or commissioner? Chances are
slight that this crisis could occur, but in this age of threatened
atomic warfare it could happen. Even a plane, train or car
crash could wipe out your entire city council or county court.
Your first reaction would be, "What do I know about govern
ment?" Probably very little. Our democratic system of govern
ment is only as strong as the active interest shown by the people.
This is particularly true of local government.
A good working knowledge of government is not acquired
easily nor quickly. It requires constant study and observation.
You can't learn it in school or by being a profitable businessman.
Too often businessmen enter government with the idea of "oper
ating on a businesslike basis," but only find it is like no other
business although In a sense it is a business.
Too many members of local
either appointed or elected belore becoming acquainted witn
their duties or the function of their unit of government. On the
job training is fine In many cases, but who would hire executives
of a multi-million dollar corporation and expect him to get his
knowledge of the business while he is an executive? Watching
some local governments operate
der motor run on six cylinders.
don t really know what they can and should do. They have to
coast along until they become more familiar wilh their jobs.
The new trend to hire city and county managers is a com
paratively easy and efficient way to help solve the problem of
too many government officials knowing too little. A more prac
tical approach would be a night-school course for future local
government heads. Such a course wouldn't catch everybody who
might later serve on a city council or in a county commission
or court, but it would attract enough interested people to make
it worthwhile.
A graduation certificate from such a school would certainly
make a more solid platform than empty promises or personal
biography. Such informed elected officials should establish a
closer working partnership with a county or city manager. The
city council or county court would have a better understanding
of what their manager could or could not do,
Some elected government officials spend considerable of tlicir
own time voluntarily studying the functions, trends and problems
of local government. When coupled to action local governmental
progress shows it. But such on-the-job study is too time-consuming
and self-sacrificing.
During the 1962 meeting of the Oregon Horticultural Society
Secretary of State Howell Appling Jr. put it neatly: "That we
are in a war . , , and that the role we folks like you and I elect
to play in our nation will be a significant factor in the winning
or the losing of that war.
"It Is a war of Invisibles of attitudes, moral strength,
understanding of our economic system, understanding of our
system of politics and government, devotion to our time-tested
principles and ideals, with power."
George Bernard Shaw, the Irish playwright with the whip
lash wit, put it more pointedly: "Democracy is a device that
insures we are governed no better than we deserve."
Local government's problems are pyramiding with popula
tion increases. Authorities on government call this "urbanization"
the sprawling out of cities and densely populated areas. Each
governmental unit has its own definite boundaries which makes
it dHficult for it to reach out and meet these problems. As areas
demand certain services various government units or districts
come into being, often overlapping.
"The problem Is complicated in many localities because of
the great number of small units of government," writes Clarence
J. Hein, a nationally known authority on local government. "Some
of them seem more concerned with maintaining their inde
pendent status, and therefore their boundaries, than with pro
viding a better area for the activities they undertake. Special
groups may play one unit of government off against another."
Another major problem Is that a local government does not
usually communicate its problems to the people. Problems often
imply criticism Bnd local governmental officials don't want any
thing printed in the local newspapers or broadcast which is "bnd
news." Hence the people are not aware of these problems until
it comes time to solve them through increased taxes and other
means requiring public support. Then a hurry up call is made
to the news media (or support by then it is almost too late.
A third basic problem is not enough funds arc av ailable for
the local government to do a decent job In being all things to
all people as indicated above.
These then are the basic problems: how to better organize
areas in which public services arc performed, how to provide
each interested person with a voice in critical decisions, and
how to get the money to pay for these Increased services.
Some ways of solving those problems are Incorporation and
annexation, establishing special districts, consolidation of local
units, internal reorganization of the local unit, shifting an activity
from one local government to another, establishing a regional
council or coordinating committee, and government control over
real estate.
Originally, incorporation separated people who wanted city-
areas want the same services yet manv of those area residents
do not want to annex to a citv. When such areas have a water i
and sewage problems a slum-tvpe district too often results.
An attempt at correcting overlapping of the existence of
many special districts In an area has been made through estab
lishing metropolitan districts containing all the functions of the
former separate districts. Some authorities say, however, such
a multifunctional special district has never been put into suc
cessful operation.
The time will come In the Rogue Valley when towns on the
fringes of larger cilles or towns growing up against each other's
boundary areas will be consolidated. When this movement comes
there will be the same bitter struggle against it as there was
against school district consolidation.
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 3. 1903
Chat
COWLEY
Farm Editor
with his talk, too. Local farmers
government wait until they are
is like watching an eight-cylin
Since newly elected members
Garden Tips
By JOHN McLOUGHLIN
County Extension Agent
One bright spot in our garden
during the winter months is the
English holly (Ilex aquifolium)
tree. With its bright red berries
and dark green leaves, it is the
ideal Christmas plant. The cut
foliage of the English holly may
be used for indoor arrange
ments and makes an excellent
present to friends who live in
areas where English holly does
not grow.
Remember when you cut the
holly for indoor decorations you
are also pruning the tree. When
trimming, keep in mind that
you want to promote the sym
metry of the tree. You can in
crease the bushiness of the tree
by removing only the ends of
the branches. Be sure that your
clippers are sharp and don't
leave leafless stubs.
Treat the bough after you fin
ish cutting to keep them fresh
longer. You can purchase fruit
setting hormones at your garden
store for this purpose. Use this
hormone at three times the
strength recommended for
spraying apples. If used at too
high a concentration a notice
able deposit may remain on the
foliage after drying.
Dip Boughs
Dip the boughs in the solu
tion of water and fruit setting
hormone. The holly is not soak
ed in the solution, but is merely
dinned and allowed to drain.
After drainage the boughs are
ready for arrangement or lor
shipment.
When shipping holly, line the
cartons with florist foil or a
plastic coated freezer paper.
Waxed paper or news-
Drint mav also be used but the
holly will not maintain as good
a quality in these wraps. For
best results the fastest means
of shipment should be used.
Hollv should be freshened at its
destination by making fresh
cuts and standing the holly in
water. Holly docs not need to
be inspected before shipment
anywhere in or out of Oregon.
Cool temperatures to 32 de
grees F. will also prolong the
life of the cut holly. If the cut
holly should become frozen, in
jury will be minimized by al
lowing It to thaw out slowly
without handling.
Dissatisfaction with the
amount of berries produced
sometimes occurs among home
owners. The amount and color
of berries and the foliage char
acteristics of the English holly
is limited only to the number of
seedlina variations that devel
op. Also, English holly is a dioe
cious plant. This means mai
male and female flowers are
borne on separate trees. The fe
male tree bears the berries and
remilrcs nollen from the male
tree tor nerry cievciopmcm. m,
for best berry production you
should have a male tree near
the female or have branches
from the male tree grafted on
the female tree.
Decorative Cones
Fresh cones collected in the
fall have little use for decora
tions if they are covered with
pitch.
Tliis pitch can he easily re
moved from the cone by heat
ing. First, clean the cones of
any foreign materials by the use
of a blower. The blower and
crevice attachment on your
vacuum cleaner is very effec
tive lor this cleaning, l'ui me
cones on a foil covered trny and
place in a warm oven. A tem
perature of 200 degrees for 15
minutes should melt the pitch.
A longer time may be required
in some cases.
The cones may also be placed
in boiling water for a minute or
more to remove the pitch. This
frequently gives the cones a
shellac-like finish.
After the pitch is removed you
may want to apply a clear fin
ish to enhance the cones. Lac
quer, shellac, varnish or liquid
floor wnx may be used tor this.
Brand Discussion
Set For Salem
SALEM Members of the
Oregon Livestock Advisor)' Com
mittee, which serves as an ad
visory group to the Oregon De
partment of Agriculture, will
meet today at the Agriculture
Building, Salem.
The committee will review
the Oregon brand inspection
law and determine whether it
will advise the department to
propose that the 1!W5 legislative
session consider maKing mang
es in' the law.
In its study of the brand in
spection law the group will
hear a rcp.nl or. receipts and
disbursements under the brand
progrnm: and have reports on
the number of estrays returned;
proceeds withheld until evidence
w ""ip of an animal is
established and prosecution com-
pletcd in the rase of (hefts of
animals.
Also considered during the
meeting will be recommenda
tion to Die U.S. Department of i
Agriculture on its proposed
grades (or feeder cattle and a
recommendation to the Oregon
Department of Agriculture on
which breeds of male livestock
should be permitted to run on
open range. At present regula
tions limit the breed to Hero
ford, Angiis and Shorthorn.
' ( w
DEFOLIANT EFFECT A row of trees with
bare limbs provide sharp contrast with a
row of trees still with their leaves on. This
picture was taken early this fall after the
Medford station crew applied a cotton de
foliant. The experiment was worked out by
Entomologist Pete Westigard and Horticul
Pruning School In Session
In Extension Auditorium
The pruning school now being
conducted every day in the
Jackson County Extension Serv
FARM
Woodlot
By DICK OLSON
State Farm Forester
Our nation's small family for
ests offer a double opportunity:
a good chance of growing
money on trees and the certain
ty that the owner is adding
something of value to his com
munity. They range from three acres
to five thousand acres and aver
age 59 acres. They make up 265
million acres and are owned by
4.5 million individuals, more
than half of whom are farmers.
The lands arc as different in
composition, age, and capabili
ties as are their owners. They
exist everywhere that forest
type trees grow naturally.
Most farmers own their wood
lot as a part of their farm, usu
ally as a back forty or a hilly
tract too steep to cultivate. Non-
farmers own woodlands for
many reasons for hunting and
fishing, other recreation, pride
of ownership, speculation, or in
vestment. The possibility of
making money is the primary
motive of many owners, but few
of them have done anything
about management: they seem
to think that growing timber is
different from other enterprises
in that nature will take care
of it.
Determination Needed
When I am asked for help I
always try to determine if land
owners are interested in specu
lation or in management. Most
foresters believe that the owner
interested in managing both
trees and land in our first con
cern and will be anxious to help
him. Forestry Is generally a
long - term business, and quick
profits are rare.
How to start depends a great
deal on the resources one has.
Most owners have a small
amount of mature salable tim
ber; some good, immature lim
ber, which will yield future har
vests, a large number of cull
trees, which must be removed,
and some bare or poorly stocked
land in need of planting or seed
ing. Stocking land with good
trees, like developing a fine
herd of cattle, cannot be done
in a day or a year. Also to be
considered arc the o w n e r's
physical, financial, and mana
oerial capabilities. A man who
can do his own work often can j pointed out that the tree count I which will not set.
earn a good wage in addition to j included intcrplants, so that ac- posc trees are pruned to in
the stumnace value of the trees reage has not necessarily in- rl.aP the urowth of now spurs.
to be harvested. An owner who I
is financially secure can forego
limited immediate profits and
wait for favorable prices.
Quicker profits can be expect
ed by starting with growing
stock at or bclowe harvest size
and managing it for a few
vears, rattier than ouying oare
land and planting it.
Over the long term, good tim-
berland and growing stock gen-
Range Course Set
For Dec. 17-19
Stockmen who hac not
signed up for the extension
jervice range school sched
uled lor Dec. 17, 18. and 19
musl do so this week.
County Agent Earlc Jossy
said he smt out 330 letters
with rrply postcards enclosed,
hut hasn't received any an
swers yet. He must know
soon how many people arc
Interested to he ran tell
whether enough people will
attend the classes to make it
worthwhile to bring In a range
specialist.
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, OREGON
ice auditorium is barely into
the second week of the two-week
course but employment orders
Facts
orally are more profitable than
are poor land and poor growing
stock.
Thought For the Week
Bruce Welch, biology profes
sor at William and Mary Col
lege, writes in the National
Parks Magazine that our basic
problem is not saving and pro
tecting the land. Rather, he
says, "It is stopping the omi
nous, uncontrolled expansion of
our population ... not a single
conservation - oriented article
that has been published has
faced the fact that the only ac
tion which can provide a lasting
solution to our land resources
problems is one that will pro
vide a means of controlling hu
man population.
County Pear Trees
Show Increase
Over 1959 Census
CORVALLIS - The number
of fruit trees in Oregon has in
creased considerably since the
1959 census, according to pre
liminary results of a tree sur
vey made this year.
Aricultural Statistician Ray
mond B. Ililc reported the pre
liminary results to growers
during the annual meeting of the
Oregon Horticultural Society at
Oregon State University. Ac
cording to Hile, first figures
show a large increase in the
number of non-bearing trees,
since the 1959 census.
The survey was made at the
request of the Horticultural So
ciety following last year's Co
lumbus Day storm, it actually
consisted of four independent
counts, made in the Medford
Area. Hood River, The Dalles,
and the Willamette Valley.
Final Results
The final survey results
should be available within two
months, according to Hile. He
cautioned that some of the fie-1
tires may be revised after fur- j
ther consideration. Hile also
creased as much as the rise in j
tree numbers might make it
appear.
According to the survey, the I
number of sweet cherry trees
in Wasco County is 216.737. com-'
pared to the census count of
184.538. In Jackson County,
there are 433.R30 Bartlett pear
trees, compared to the 1959 cen
sus total of 305,172. Winter pear
trees totaled 491.34.-), compared '
to the census count of 387.645, j
i In the Willamette valley, the!
Tlirftnlt nnur trrt nrvv chmvc i
B until Ul 1-11,5. V, .u,ra,. .
114.900 at the 1959 census. The
Hoed River apple tree count,
stands at 310.154. trees. In 1959,
Bartlett pear trees, according '
i. nn.-. n,u im
o i., . i,. m i
compared to the census count !
01 34.91'9 ana JlJ.bK.. inner
fruit tree totals will be shown
in the final report, according to
Hile
TOO .MUCH SALT
Too much salt in poultry leed ,
has often been blamed for wet !
dropvir.gs but this condition can
be aggravated by many factors
including infestation of flies. I
Si
turist Porter Lombard, of the Southern Ore
gon Branch Experiment Station. If some way
can be found to obtain a less costly material
local orchard trees could be defoliated after
harvest and spraying and pruning done
earlier.
are already in for the 24 men
per day who have been attend
ing it.
The school which started last
Tuesday is co - sponsored by the
Jackson County Fruit Growers'
League, the Jackson County Ex
tension Service, the Oregon Em
ployment Service, and the adult
education department of the
Medford Public Schools.
The course consists of both
classroom instruction given by
County Horticultural Agent Clif
ford B. Cordy and field instruc
tion given by spray fieldman
Bruce Cyphers, Charles Henry
and Paul Beddoe with County
Agent Donald Berry filling in
when needed.
The men are given the theory
of pruning in the classroom then
spend two days in the field on
each variety. The session start
ed with pruning techniques re
quired for the four main pear
varieties: Bartlett, Bosc, u An
jou and Cornice, in that order.
A California pruning bulletin
is used as text. A study assign
ment is given each class period.
Next Session
Wednesday, at 8:30 a.m., the
next classroom session, the crew
will learn how to prune Cornice
pear trees and the influences of
light, carbon dioxide, hormones,
leaf to fruit ratio, flower bud
formation and alternate bearing.
A written examination will be
held the last day. Those who
successfully complete the school
may get certificates on the last
dav. Thursday.
"We figure that each man
who sticks with this course will
develop into a pinner," Cordy
said. "It will take time to de
velop speed. A good pruncr
should be able to cover 15 trees
a dav or 25 acres during a win
ter pruning season of 100 days."
Pruning, a winter - time ac
tivity which employs hundreds
in the valley, starts about mid
November and extends through
to March or the bloom period.
Monday morning Cordy re
viewed past sessions. He ex
plained how crews must concen
trate in removing spurs from
both Bartlett and D'Anjou trees,
but for different reasons, tor
Rarileils. the number of fruit
buds must be reduced so there
won't be a lot of small sized
fruit. D'Anious are pruned
heavily to force a good fruit set
so there won't be a light crop.
Correct Pruning
Correct pruning of Bartlctts
tends to reduce the need for
thinning later on which involves
further expense to the grower.
Growers seldom thin D'Anjous.
niH smiis nn D'Anious arc re
mc,ved so thev won't bloom too
.....jiv and have weak blooms
prlinrrs were warned to bo
careful if the spurs are short of
buds.
Cornice trees are pruned
heavily to increase the size of
th,e :uj(. These trees require
more detailed work
The primary purpose of prun
ing is to increase the grower's
net return ner acre. Trees are
------- j . - ,u it
not pruned to force growth if i
thev win make a good growth i
without it. Cordy explained. To i
get a good crop trees must get I
rmntinh now rrnwth rnrh vtvir
i- huiiiii. lilt: I.,,. . 1-
soils which predominate in this
valley make it difficult to get I
new growth, he said. Trees tend
lighter soils. Tree tops should ;
lw nnimvl riMn in hi.n ihn-
on he nii ked he evnainmt fur. :
ther. Vigorous new top shoots
iuum it enmm.m-.!, M-mi-vigor-
ous shoots, those growing at
""Sles. which will bend down ,
,when fruit sets on them, may be
; left in. 1
Growers here don't have to
' worn' much about winter in jurv
although some mnv net w ant I
limbs to be Druned when frozen
Pruning patterns are alwavs
dictated by the growers, Cordv
said.
Talk on Morgans
Given By Breeder
To Area Horsemen
Phil Morrison, representative
of the Josephine County Breed
er's Association of Grants Pass,
was guest speaker at the No
vember meeting of the Jackson
County Horseman's Association,
recently.
The affair was held in the
recreation room of the Tex Nash
Ford Tractor and Implement
Bldg., 3005 Crater Lake high
way. Approximately 80 persons lis.
tcned to Morrison tell the com
plete history of the Morgan
horse with movies from the
Morgan Horse Club of America
He explained the events stem
ming back to the beginning of
tne Morgan breed, by the cre
ator Justin Morgan.
John Belknap, president of the
club led a panel discussion on
the future hopes and aims of
the group. He expressed need
for the continued support of all
activity groups in southern Ore
gon. Belknap also reported on
the annual dinner of the Ash
land Wranglers at Ashland, Nov.
2, and said he was very much
impressed with the progress
made by the Ashland horse
group.
Guests
The guest list for the evening
included: two 4-H clubs, Med
ford Rawhide Wranglers, and
the Rogue Saddlelites, and
many visitors from Grants pass,
and Yrcka, Calif. Belknap ask
ed the members to encourage
all 4-H club horse groups to at
tend the JCHA meetings, as he
feels much knowledge and in
formation can be gained from
the movies shown each month
by one of the members.
The movies are scheduled to
cover all breeds of horses, and
all types of horsemanship.
Mrs. Wallace Hamlin will con
duct the December program,
and the movies will feature the
horse of her choice, the Tennes
see Walker.
Anyone interested in the
sports of horses, mules and
ponies is cordially invited to at
tend. There is no admission. Re
freshments are served following
the business session.
Virus Free Tree
Program Rates
High in Industry
CORVALLIS - The value of
the virus-free program for tree
fruits initiated by Oregon State
University in 1944 is recognized
today by both the nurseryman
and the orchardist and is con
tributing to the success of each,
Dr. J. A. Milbrath, OSU plant
pathologist, told the Oregon
Horticultural Society recently.
The value of virus-free trees
soon became apparent to Ore
gon nurserymen when they
found that virus-free stock gives
better stands of buds in the
nursery row, often resulting in
25 - 50 per cant more trees.
Nurseries also found a higher
percentage of trees finished in
the top grades.
Orchardists soon realized the
value of virus-free stock for
orchard plantings and soon
asked for trees by specific reg
istration numbers, he continued.
Over 500 trees have been reg
istered since the program be
gan. "Most of the orchards planted
in the past 10 years have been
with the best stock available for
sweet and sour cherries, Italian
prunes and in some cases
peaches." Milbrath noted.
Although Oregon docs not yet
have a virus-free certification
program, "Oregon nurserymen
are producing as good or better
trees than any other group of
nurserymen anywhere," he told
the society.
This has been accomplished
with the cooperation of the Ag
ricultural Marketing Service,
U. S. Department of Agricul
ture, State Department of Agri
culture, and the OSU Agricul
tural Experiment Station and
Cooperative Extension Service,
he added.
Seed Transmission
The problems of seed and pol
len transmission of virus in
rootstocks Is now understood,
but from 10-15 years are re
quired to produce a cherry tree
on virus-free rootstock when be
gun with a Mazzard seed, the
bu" wlln a mazzurn seca, me
, . ' ,
,. ".B..
;!JnnLrf
"lfdhng' spccd up
1 . .
Apple and pear viruses are
... , ,: c,ljJ onrf nl.
:T..j ,,.,
' hem'"
.'"", "u" !
',a"!"v?1yl
lndn procedures for latent
j:,,.:.- ... , , i
viruses are being studied
nurserjman crraiiea ineimai for tnis t d (
: r -.-v
increasing his tree production,
also with the fact that he
now able to deliver trees to
the planter at a lower cost.
An orchardist commented that
his cherry orchard, planted in
1953. is about five years ahead
of what would have been ex
pected if it had been planted 30
years ago. His yields have been
good and tree growth excellent.
Farm &
Housewife
Many Food Aids
CORVALLIS -Roy Moser,
Oregon State University exten
sion food technologist, and
panel moderator, noted "the
housewife doesn't want to buy
just food. She wants and de
mands maid service too and
this must come out of her food
dollars and the processor must
provide this service," he told
the Oregon Horticultural So
ciety recently.
To meet this demand, the in
dustry is providing convenience
foods, such as cake mixes and
complete frozen dinners. Many
prepared items are already on
the store shelf and many more
will appear, he added.
C. L. Beardsley, canning de
partment superintendent for the
Hood River Apple Growers As
sociation, noted about 54 per
cent of the processed Bartletts
end up as canned pears; 35 per
cent in fruit cocktail; seven per
cent as baby food, nectar or
FROM
THE
GROUND
UP
By BART BARTUn
This time of year is one that
has widely varying meanings to
different groups and even to in
dividuals of our population.
Such factors as racial or na
tional origin have a gcat influ
ence on people as to their inter
ests and activities at this, the
holiday season of the year. The
natural activities of our popu
lation will range from great
pride in making the home a fes
tive place by cooking tasty
foods and by elabrate decora
tions to be exhibited to those
that leave a hovel to enjoy the
gay season with neighbors and
at the commercial houses of
amusement.
Home Decorators
Home decorators for this holi
day season should observe some
safety precautions in order that
the joys of the holidays may
not be marred by accidents or
fires. Lighted candles should
generally not be used and, in
any case, they should not be
used for tree lights or other tern
materials as fir or pine needles
or Chistmas wrapping materi
als. In this same vein all elec
trical connections that are to be
used for tre lights or other tem
porary purposes that are relat
ed to the holiday season should
be carefully checked for shorts,
lack of insulation and other haz
ards that may lead to home
fires. There are means, of sorts,
for making a Christmas tree
fire proof, but since so many
combustible materials are gen
erally associated with the tree,
the effort of tree fircproofing
is usually meaningless.
While the subject of fires is
under consideration, it may be
well to check the home in gen
eral for fire hazards. All too
many homes are burned every
winter due to fires that start in
faulty stoves, chimneys and
(lues. It may be well to check
the cabin that is being ured by
a hired hand. This mav save
you having a roasted hired hand
plus a lawsuit by some obscure
member ot his family, who has
hopes of gaining sufficient
wealth to retire to sunnier cli
mates. The pruning of fruit trees is
a known necessity if the orch
ardist is to obtain good crops
of top quality fruit. There arc
many pruning methods, in fact
there are as many methods of
pruning fruit trees as there are
individual pruners. In view of
this diversity of opinion regard
ing pruning, it is somewhat
amazing that the results in
terms of fruit does not usual v
vary in a marked manner.
I bis is a good tune of vear In
place some new mulching ma
terials around those plants that
benefit from surface mulches. A
great many of the landscape
plants around the homes of this
area will benefit from an armli.
cation of such mulching materi
als as snredded bark or well
rotted sawdust.
Gophers and Mice
Gophers and mice mav show I
up in sufficient numbers to war-' fractions of fruit juices and pro
rant some measures for their Itcct the flavorful and delicious
control. Poison grain will do a high-moisure of dried fruits,
good job or control on mice and I He displayed samples of jel
r?'S' j Poison should be lied applesauce, freeze - dried
placed in some sort of tempor-j fruits, raisin and prune pastes,
ary shelter as its payability fruit and vegetable powders and
and effectiveness will deterio-! fruits dehvdrated by a new pro
rat,, ranirll,. it U . : r
rate rapidly if thrown out nn 1
wet ground. Goohers are easili-1
trapped now as they are very
active and work nearer the air.
I face of the ground than is nor-
warmer months of the vear
For some strange reason, and
in spite of the dire warnings of
the rank and file of our state
government who, along with the
assistance of some citizens and
publishers predicted that to de
feat the tax measure would re
sult in fiscal chaos, we enjoy
this fiscal chaos and hope to see
such sensible economy become
a tradition in Oregon.
Garden
Demands
concentrate; two ner cent as
dried pears and six per cent in
other uses.
Present markets for process
ing apples fall into about five
categories, he commented.
These are applesauce, 37 per
cent: canned and frozen slices,
25 per cent: juice, 22 per cent;
dried or dehydrated apples, 11
per cent, and baby food and
miscellaneous, five per cent.
Applesauce is the fastest
growing canned fruit, he noted,
with per capita consumption in
creasing 140 per cent in the last
16 years. All canned fruits have
shown an increase of only 28
per cent, while frozen fruits
have shown a phenomenal 200
per cent increase in per capita
consumption.
Dried apples are now being
sold in more forms than ever.
In addition to the standard
packaged 23 per cent moisture
dried apples, dried ground ap
ples for sauce, low moisture
two per cent apples and more
recently de-hydro frozen apples
have entered the field. Beards
ley said.
Rising production means a
need to expand the Bartlett
pear market, he stressed. He
believes the market that can
expand most quickly is for can
ned halves, already the big
volume item. The market ex
pansion for pear slices, dices
and chunks must keep up with
the market for halves and may
take some industry level pro
motion, he added.
Opportunities
Beardsley also believes that
the applesauce market can still
be expanded. The development
of hydro-frozen apples seems "a
natural," but may not increase
the total quantity of apples used
for processing as it may re
place canned or frozen apples.
Mrs. Lois Sather, OSU food
scientist, pointed to some spe
cific changes in eating habits in
the last 10 years which have
influenced the present trends in
processing.
Storage convenience is pre
dicted to be the factor which
might influence processing
trends more than any other one,
she noted. This is leading to the
development of such items as
freeze-dried foods.
Convenience also means the
development of new packages
and packaging materials, Mrs.
Sather said, which are easy to
open and make serving easier
for the housewife. This may be
one of the strongest influences
on new processing trends, she
stressed.1
A second specific is the in
creased use of low caloric or
special diet foods, Mrs. Sather
noted. The homemaker today is
aware of the need for a well
balanced diet for her family.
The third specific is "snack
food," which has grown in pop
ularity as Americans abandon
the formal dinner for the buffet
or patio dinners.
"Today's homemaker is young
er, spends less time in the home,
but still wants to prepare with
a minimum of time and expense,
three delicious, well-balanced
meals a day for her family,"
she stressed.
To Spend $100 Million
She pointed out that the food
processing industry will spend
over $100 million this year on
developing new food products
to please the homemaker. Only
one out of every ten will be dual
ly considered good enough (or
test marketing and, ot these,
only one out of five will be suc
cessful. New products and processes
under study by utilization re
search groups of the U. S. De
partment of Agriculture were
described by Clyde L. Rasmus-
sen, Albany. Calif., industrial
specialist with the USDA Agri
cultural Research Service.
These included dchvdrofrecz-
ing and dehydrocanning, t w o
processes which' combine par
tial reduction of weight and vol
ume by dehydration combined
with conventional freezing and
canning steps.
He also discussed the produc
tion of fruit and vegetable juice
powders by puffing or foaming
techniques and also frceze-dry-ing.
which he called "a new and
exciting process."
In all these processes, he
pointed out, it is necessary to
preserve the hiehlv (avnrahln
cess to sirnnlatp ,nr.rtriH lim
STOCKMEN
FEED PELLETS
Your course or unpjlitable
roughjgt will makt t bin
for a modern bifanctd ration
that you can feed with littlt
labor and no waitag. Tha
increased meat or milk pro
duced will give you mail
mum returns on a small cash
investment.
MORTON
MILLING CO.
500 Ross Lane, Medford
l