Medford
Tribune
SECTION B MEDFORD, OREGON, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1963 PAGES 1 to 8
'Chief Designer' Mysterious
Figure in Red Space Program
By ALVIN B. WEBB Jr,
CAPE CANAVERAL (UPD
Into the mysterious fabric of
the Soviet Union's space pro
gram is woven an elusive fig
ure identified only as the "Chief
Designer."
He is honored as the creator
of the giant Vostok spaceships
that have taken six Russian
cosmonauts on spectacular voy
ages into orbit.
He constantly crops up as a
voice at the other end of the
line in radio conversations with
the high-flying Soviet spacemen.
He makes pronouncements
about Russian space programs
raging from weather satellites
to plans for building huge plat
fors in orbit around Earth and
for landing cosmonauts on the
moon.
And, if only one-fourth of the
accomplishments the Soviets
give him credit for are true,
the Chief Designer is a scien
tific genius fit to stand beside
Albert Einstein, Robert God
dard, Neils Bohr and Wernher
von Braun in science's hall of
fame. ' . r
Who is He?
But just who is the Chief De
signer? ' :
No one this side of the Iron
Curtain seems to have any idea.
And Russia isn't saying yet.
One name, however, is get
ting more and more mention in
speculation as to the. identify of
the Chief Designer. He is Val
entin P. Glushko, a member of
the Soviet Academy of Scien
ces. Glushko seems nearly as mys
terious as the man he is sup
posed to be. He is 58 years old,
' has been a full member of the
Academy of Sciences since 1958
and has been a bureau mem
ber of the Soviet Department of
Technical Sciences since 1960.
He is identified variously as a
military technologist and as a
combustion and rocket expert.
In the outpouring of papers,
treatises and studies by Rus
sian scientists, Glushko's name
appears rarely.
In 1926, when only 21 years
old, Glushko wrote an article
for a Leningrad scientific jour
nal in which he speculated on
the use of an earth satellite to
"observe and photograph inac
cessible countries."
"Can.. '.Burn Cities"
In the same article, Glushko
mentioned that, with the aid of
giant mirrors on such a satel
lite, "one can detonate muni
tions factories, provoke whirl
winds and storms, annihilate
marching troops, burn cities
and, in general, wreak colossal
devastation."
Yuri A. Gagarin, Russia's
first orbiting astronaut, de
scribed his initial meeting with
the Chief Designer:
"We saw a broad-shouldered,
merry, witty man, a real Rus
sian . . . and he treated us as
equals, as his chief assistants."
Gherman Titov, who followed
Gagarin into space by. four
months, spoke of a scientist
called the "chief constructor."
The Chief " Designer and the
chief constructor, however, are
probably one and the same.
"None of us will ever forget
our first meeting with the chief
constructor, a man of tremen
dous will-power and wide erudi
tion," said Titov. "He person
ally showed us the first space
ship, conceived and designed by
man teams of scientists ..."
Appears Youthful -
On another occasion, 'Titov
said, he was checking out his
Vostok-2 spaceship. "The chief
constructor watched me. Every
thing about him eyes, smile,
voice, movements was youth
ful.". But the descriptions by Ga
garin, Titov and others have
been mostly generalities, with
few specifics.
And the Chief Designer re
mains as much a mystery as
ever.
The Chief Designer is at the
scientific top of the monolithic
organizational structure of the
Soviet space program. The U.S.
space effort appears to have
no comparable position,
James E. Webb is adminis
trator of the National Aeronau
tics and Space Administration.
But this forte is politics, not
science.
The closest approximation
mignt be wernher von Braun.
tne ex-uerman V2 rocket ex
pert who is spearheading devel
opment of the mighty Saturn-5
rocket for manned flights to the
moon. But- Von Braun in no
sense possesses the wide-sweeping
power evidently wielded by
the Chief Designer over the en
tire aoviet space program,
1 1 : ''ISpjSS hrfyy
Nickles Gain New Status With Rise of Coin Vending Machines
By JESSE BOGUE
UPI Financial Editor
' NEW YORK (UPI) -Many
lines, some serious and some
flippant, have been written
about how little can be pur
chased these days with a nickel.
And this kind of talk makes
some businessmen laugh and
laugh as they watch the balance
sheets. They know that the
nickels count up into dollars by
the millions helped along by
dimes, quarters, and half dol
lars. These are coins which feed
the vending machines which
multiply annually in offices
factories, railroad, bus, and
subway stations; the machines
in turn perform a major job in
feeding the population in in
creasing numbers, with every
thing from snacks to full meals.
' Joseph E. McDowell, Pres
ident of Servomation Corp., es
timates that about $3 billion
worth of coins will go chiming
into vending machines in the 50
states of the nation this year.
In the highly competitive field
of vending machines, Servoma
tion owns and operates more
than 60,000, acting through 90
subsidiaries in 27 states.
' Primarily, McDowell said, the
vending machine operation is
organized on local lines; about
five -sixths of the estimated
annual volume is accounted for
by more than 4,000 vending
KING CABBAGE
MOSCOW (UPI) - Cabbage
is becoming king in Moscow.
Truckloads of the vegetable
rumble through the main streets
as winter approaches. . Almost
all other vegetables, except po
tatoes, carrots and onions, are
virtually impossible to find
when it gets cold. ,
machine operators who have six
employes or less. He said his
company's sales have been
averaging annual increases of
about 20 per cent,, although
sales from machines for all
items are growing at a rate of
about 8 per cent a year.
Prepared food now accounts
for only about $1 in every $25
of overall industry volume, but
it is growing . rapidly in
demand.
. Industrial concerns' and insti
tutions have contributed to this
trend through their installations
of automatic cafeterias. Reports
to McDowell's company indicate
that companies go into this sort
of food service because they
find it saves time, money, and
better service.
In some places, they have
replaced manual service and
built-in kitchens, even those
built only a few years ago.
The turn to food vending has
Supply Firm Operator
Adds Luster to Name
SAN DIEGO, Calif. (UPI) -By
living up to his name, the
operator of a janitor supply
company here added luster to
his reputation as a salesman.
He won honors as one of the
country's top 10 sellers of floor
wax in a distributor sales con
test conducted by the service
products , division of a wax
company (Johnson's).
The salesman's name Morris
Wax.
reduced the percentage of vend
ing machine trade commanded
by cigarette sales. About two
years ago, the ubiquitous cig
arette accounted for about 45
per cent of industry volume;
they still are the largest single
item sold through, vending
machines, but their percentage
of total sales has decreased.
In his own company, he said
they now account for less than
28 per cent of the annual sales,
-k Heater ft Furnace -.
Repair.' ,
if Sal Service,
JACK HALL
772-6111 482-3950
which amounted to more than
$80 million in the fiscal year
ended June 30.
A good chunk of this was fed
in just one nickel at a time.
mnmmnim.c. IliLHim., raia,Un
East Side Super Market
608 ait Main Street
Medford
Your Money's
Worth
' By SYLVIA PORTER
Cawiaitt, Hill SyaJkaM, Inc.
BAIL. REFORM
By SYLVIA PORTER '
The first national conference to overhaul our archaic bail
system will be held in Washington this coming May and
signs are now mounting rapidly that out of it will come at last
reform at both the local and federal level of our cruelly un
realistic, ana outrageously discriminatory, staggeringly expen
sive bail procedures. . .
The bail system of the U.S. always has been a sicking illus
tration of one type of justice for the rich, another for the
poor. Now it also is being revealed as a monstrously costly
and unnecessary burden on all of us, as taxpayers.
Hundreds of millions of dollars are wasted each year by
communities across the country and bv the federal eovern-
ment on imprisonment of individuals simply because they're too
poor to raise bail. In New York City alone last year 58,458
persons spent a "brooding, degenerating 1,775,788 days in jail
while awaiting trial," says Judge Bernard Botein. Presiding
Justice of the Appellate Division of New York's Supreme Court,
ana ne adds, "Most of those jailed because of inability to raise
ball could nave been safely released. The average cost of each
prisoner is estimated at $6.25 per day, meaning that the .cost
just to this one city runs to tens of millions a year.
More hundreds of millions are being wasted on the build
Ing of new and bigger jails to lodge the rapidly Increasing
number of prisoners detained before trial up to 83 per cent
just since 1950. In New York City, reports Herbert Sturz,
director of the Manhattan Bail Project, 45 per cent of per
sons accused of a crime can't raise bail when it is set at
$2,000. In Baltimore and St, Louis 75 per cent of accused
persons can't raise bail at any figure.. In Philadelphia 50
per cent can't.
Countless more millions are lost in taxes at all levels of
government because people in prison can't earn money on which
to pay taxes. More millions are needlessly spent by com
munities for the relief of prisoners' families. No one can count
the hidden costs to a community when the children of a pris
oner become delinquents.
Although there has been talk about reform of our bail,
system for years, it wasn't until 1961 when a chemical engi
neer named Louis Schweitzer came into the picture that the
talk turned into action. Convinced that inability to post bail
was tantamount to making poverty a crime, Schweitzer es
tablished the Vera Foundation and launched a thorough ex
periment known as the Manhattan Bail Project.
The Manhattan Bail Project is genius-like in its simplicity.
Each morning, Vera staff members investigate about 30 persons
arrested in the previous 24 hours. They then recommend to
the judges whether or not the defendants are good risks for
release without bond.
Of the more than 1,000 accused persons released without
bail on the basis of Vera recommendations since October 1961,
only nine have jumped parole a "no show" record of less
than 1 per cent and, as Justice Botein emphasizes, "much
smaller than the ratio of nonappearance among defendants
who furnish bail.",
Of the Vera parolees, 60 per cent have won acquittals
or had their cases dismissed.
Of the 40 per cent found guilty, only one in six hat
been sentenced to prison.
Of defendants Interviewed, 70 per cent are now con
sidered to be good risks for pre-trial parole.
So impressive has been the experiment's success that even
before the national conference, the bail reform movement is
spreading. - '
Experimental pre-trial parole programs are being intro
duced in St. Louis, Baltimore, Chicago, the District of Columbia,
Des Moines, New York's Nassau County. New York City's au
thorities are now moving to make pre-trial parole a perma
nent adjunct of the courts.
Then will come the national conference under the deter
mined leadership of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. We
are approaching, forecasts Botein, "the day when fixing of
bail will be the exception for most crimes" and that day will
benefit every taxpayer as well as the arrested person who
also happens to be poor.
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