8 6
MONDAY. OCTOBER 1, 1963
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD, OREGON
THIS
CIVIL WAR
Lincoln's Command Problems
By MERTON T. AKERS
UPI Correspondent
The question before President
Lincoln in early October 1863
was:
How can a President and
commander-in-chief of the na
tion's armed forces compel his
generals to fight?
And secondarily, If the gen
erals did fight, as happened on
occasion, how could he force
them to keep on fighting until
the Union, with its superior
manpower and industrial might,
won the Civil War?
The question was not new. It
had plagued Lincoln since Fort
Sumter, especially in the east
ern war theater. He could call
the role of many failures and
few victories McDowell's re
luctance to fight the first battle
of Bull Run (Manassas : Mc
Clellan's tardiness in launching
the '62 Pensicola campaign; his
failure to follow up the battle of
Antietam (Miarpsburfi); Burn'
side's rashness at Fredericks'
burs; Hooker's inepitude at
Chancellorsville; Meade's slow.
ness in pursuit of Lee after
Gettysburg. ....
Remedies Ineffective
The problem had become
chronic. Lincoln's homemade
remedies were ineffective. Some
of his remedies had been no
better than expedient, some
seemingly almost casual. More
often than not, Lincoln's choice
between generals to head the
big eastern Army of the Poto
mac was between bad and
worse, not between good and
better.
Now in this October of 1863
his problem of leadership was
doubled. Not one general was in
trouble, but two.
Maj. Gen. George G. Meade
had followed the army of Gen.
Robert E. .Lee back into Vir
ginia after the battle of Gettys
burg but had not come to grips
with it by October.
Lincoln became . impatient in
mid-September and wrote to
Army Commander Henry W.
Halleck that Meade should be
moving on Lee.
In due time Meade replied
that "I can get a battle out of
Lee under very disadvantageous
circumstances . . . which is not
likely to result in any very de
cided advantage, even In case I
should be victorious. In this
view I am reluctant to run the
risks without the positive sanc
tion of the government."
Secretary of War Edwin M.
Stanton sent the dispatch to
Lincoln "for reflection over
night."
The President then analyzed
the whole subject of the Army
of the Potomac and Meade in a
letter to Halleck.
". . . For a battle, then, Gen
eral Meade has three men to
General Lee's two. Vet it having
been determined that choosing
ground and standing on the de
fensive gives so great an advan
tage that the three cannot
safely attack the two, the three
are left simply standing on the
defensive also.
"If he enemy's 60,000 are
sufficient to keep our 90,000
away from Richmond, why, by
the same rule, may not 40,000
of ours keep their 60,000 away
from Washington, leaving us
50,000 to put to some other
uses: ...
Same Old Story
Secretary of Navy Gideon
Welles, talking to Lincoln about
(his time, quoted him as saying
that Meade was not doing any
thing and did not want to do
anything.
"It is the same old story of
this Army of the Potomac,"
Welles quoted Lincoln, "Imbe.
cility, inefficienccy don't want
to do . . .
"Oh, it is terrible, (erribel (ills
weakness, (his indifference of
our Potomac generals, with
such armies of good and brave
men."
A little later Meade was in
Washington and reported to his
wife that he was courteously
received. He offered to quit as
army commander if cither Lin
coln or Halleck wished.
Halleck told him, Meade con
tinued, "there is no such good
luck for me ..."
But Halleck and Lincoln
urged that "I should try and do
something."
Finally on Oct. 16, Lincoln
wrote to Halleck and made an
offer to Meade that he never
had made to a general before.
'If General Meade now can
attack him (Lee) on a field no
worse than equal for us, and
will do so with all the skill and
courage which he, his officers,
and men possess, the honor will
be his if he succeeds, and the
blame mine if he fails."
Welles noted In his diary the
same day that "this is taking
Meade beyond his ability."
The letter reached the press
and anti-administration news
papers raised a storm. Lincoln
was prodding generals to use
less slaughter, the editorial ran.
But Lincoln might as well
have saved the wear and tear on
his pen. Meade fought nothing
bigger than a small-sized en
gagement before time for the
army to go into winter quarters.
Lincoln's other command
problem was in the West. Be
tween the mountains and the
Mississppi River he had four
armies, all independent and all
occupied with their own prob
lems. Coordination, when there
was any, was through Washing
ton. Largest Army Penned
The largest army, under Maj.
Gen. William S. Rosecrans, was
penned in Chattanooga, Tcnn.,
after losing the battle of Chick
amauga. It had been reinforced
with two corps from the Army
of the Potomac and seemed safe
for (he time being but it was
not showing many signs of
fighting. Other reinforcements
were on the way from the Army
of the Tennessee commanded
by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.
Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside
had an army at Knoxvillc,
Tenn., and Maj. Gen. N. P.
Banks one on the lower Miss
issippi. Time and Lincoln's patience
were running out on Rosecrans.
Stanton wanted him removed.
Lincoln was deliberating the
question, meanwhile writing
notes to Rosecrans, urging him
to hold on, to slab at the Con
federates and to live off the
land.
But Rosecrans was having
supply troubles. Confederate
cavalry had raided his lines and
on Oct. 2, he ordered the army
on two-third rations. Forage for
horses and mules was scarce
and he ordered the country
combed for unravaged corn
fields. Then rations were re
duced to half and not many
of them existed.
Despite his immediate prob
lems Rosecrans found time to
write to Lincoln on Oct. 3:
"If we maintain (he position
in such strength that the enemy
are obliged to abandon their
position, and the elections in
the great states go favorably,
would it not be well to olfcr a
general amnesty to all officers
V o
OLD QUESTION The question before President Lincoln in early
October, 1863, was how to make his generals fight. And, if they
did fight, how could he keep them fighting until the North, with
its superior manpower and industrial strength, could win the war.
It was not a new qeustion; it had plagued Lincoln since Fort
Sumter. Lincoln had double general trouble. Maj. Gen. George
C. Meade, left, had, after the Battle of Gettysburg, followed the
army of Gen. Robert E. Lee back into Virginia but it was now
October and he had not come to grips with the Confederate force.
Lincoln became impatient and did everything he could to get
Meade moving. Lincoln also had trouble in the west. The largest
Union army, under Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans, was penned in
at Chattanooga after losing the battle of Chickamauga. It had
been reinforced but showed no signs of life. Lincoln knew that he
had to act on Rosecrans, probably replace him. (UPI)
and soldiers in (he rebellion? It
would give us moral strength
and weaken them very much."
Lincoln replied to this advice
about how to run the govern
ment by saying, "I intend doing
something like what you sug
gest whenever the cast shall
appear ripe enough . . ."
Election Campaign
There was a red hot election
campaign in progress in Ohio at
the time. Clement L. Vallandig
ham, the Peace Democrat Lin
coln had banished to the South,
was running in absentia for
governor against John Brough,
a War Democrat campaigning
on a Union ticket. Rosecrans
was helping Brough as much as
possible by encouraging officers
and men in his Army to vote for
him.
Vallandigham's f o 1 1 o w e rs
promised to muster 50,000 "fully
armed and equipped free men"
lo escort their candidate from
Windsor, Ont., if he were elec
ted. Brough said if Vallandig
ham was victorious civil war
would break out in Ohio.
On Oct. 9, Brough won
handily with a margin of 101,000
votes.
A few days later Republican
Andrew Curtin was reelected
governor of Pennsylvania by
41,000.
Welles reported Lincoln was
much relieved by the results.
Now the side issues appeared
to be all settled and Lincoln was
about lo act on Rosecrans.
Taylor May Go lo
Pakistan for Talks
WASHINGTON (UPI) Pres
ident Kennedy is considering
sending Gen. Maxwell D. Tay
lor, chairman of the joint chiefs
of staff, to Pakistan next month
in further efforts lo patch up
strained U. S. relations with that
country, officials said Saturday.
Taylor relumed last week
from a trouble-shooting mission
to Viet Nam. U. S. relations
with Pakistan have been de
teriorating as a result of a se
ries of trade and border agree
ments it made with Red China,
apparently in annoyance over
American aid to India.
Taylor is scheduled to attend
a meeting in Ankara, Turkey,
Nov. 5-6 of the military commit
tee of the Central Treaty Organ
ization (CENTO), of which Pak
istan is a member. Officials said
it has been suggested Taylor go
on to Pakistan from there.
COMMITTED SUICIDE
LA ROCHELLE, France (UPI
Claude Auditeau, 28, commit
ted suicide Sunday by shooting
himself minutes after he acci
dentally shot and killed Michel
Cointard, 14, while (he (wo hunt
ed pheasants, police said today.
Many Barriers Of Segregation Dropped
By AL KUETTNER
UPI Correspondent
Negroes called it their "sum
mer of discontent" but the fact
is that many segregation bar
riers were dropped almost with
out fanfare during (he past three
months.
It was only three years ago
that violence swept the Univer
sity of Georgia when its first
two Negroes were admitted. To
day, 35 Negroes attend units of
the state's university system in
cluding 15 at Georgia and two
at Valdosta State college which
is in a strong segregation area.
There was no fuss about any of
them.
According to the Southern Ed
ucation Reporting Service, 130
of the 150 school districts which
desegregated for the first time
this fall did so voluntarily. 1
Here are some other cracks
that have appeared in the wall
of segregation since July 1:
The Brotherhood of Locomo
tive Firemen and Enginemen ;
voted to remove all racial mem- j
bcrship restrictions. i
Chattanooga, Tenn., desegre-!
gated most leading restaurants.
The Muscogee County (Colum-.
bus) Ga., and Brunswick, Ga., '
school boards voted to desegre-j
gate schools voluntarily. j
Norfolk, Va., announced
through a biracial commission i
that motels and hotels would J
desegregate. j
At Gary, Ind., Methodist hos
pital ended discrimination in all
areas of hospital life.
Rural desegregation came lo
Tennesse with admission of five
Negroes to Livingston Academy
without trouble.
Jackson, Miss., placed five
Negro officers on the police
force.
In Baton Rouge, La., barriers
were dropped at lunch count
ers and at 12 retail stores.
Sumter, S. C, desegregated a
theater, the first move in t h a t
town.
In Peoria, 111., banks agreed
to hire 20 Negroes in non-custodial
jobs.
At Selma, Ala., four Negro
women were admitted to t h e
previously all-white First Pres
byterian church.
Some Still Dissatisfied
If the segregation walls are
tumbling so quietly, why are
some Negro leaders still dissat
isfied? Leaders like Dr. Martin Lu
ther King Jr., and the Rev. Fred
Shuttlesworth argue that most
of the victories so far are token
concessions. Their cry is "free
dom now," meaning wholesale
integration.
That kind of argument ap
peals to some large groups of
Negroes. It is the rally cry that
turns out thousands in such
places as Birmingham.
Against some strong advice
from his own people, King is
moving toward the launching of
another major street demonstra
tion in the Alabama city. He
and Shuttlesworth claim there
has been too little effort to re
solve racial discord since the
demonstrations of last May.
A bi-racial committee in Bir
mingham, which has been strug
gling toward a start at deseg
regation amidst the shock of
dynamitings and killings, views
the planned resumption of
King's campaign much like the
act of driving a herd of horses
over a field of grass that hai
just sprouted in the spring.
Phon. 772-4S34
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Five Gresham Boys
Charged in Killing
PORTLAND (UPI) - Five
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mit a felony.
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tion with the fatal beating of
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