Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989, July 15, 1963, Image 4

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Medford mail tribune., July 15, 1963, Image 4

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Newspaper Page Text4 A "" Everyone io Southarn CTregon Krmtii th Mall Tribune PubUihd Dally except Saturday by MEDFORD PR1WTINO CO 33 North fit St, Phr!-ii. " nnRFPT w ruhLl. Editor HERB ORE AdvrUlnl Manuel rvmi n T i.ATHAM. Bua Mar EB1C W ALLEN JR.. Mn. Editor EARL H ADAMS, City Editor u.ddu 1, 1 II II . Kl Tmmm SMItnr . i 1 1 1, i itlu - - RICHARD JEWETT. SporU Ed tor OLIVE STARCHER Women'a Edltoi DALE ER1CKS0N. CirculaUon Hit An Indanendent Nawipapei Entered aa second daw matter at Medford Oreion under am oi March 3, 1897 SUBSCRIPTION RATES B Mall In Advance Daily and SundayI year I1S.00 Daily and Sunday moa 10 00 Daily and Sunday 3 moa. 3.00 Sunday Only One year S;00 Slnala conv (Mailed) ftu anrf MatAT Route. Dally and Sunday 1 year Wl-go rally and Sunday I mo. L73 Sunday Only 1 mo. Carrier and Vendors, .Copy HW Official Paper of City of Medford Official Paper of Jacmun County . United Preaa International anil laaed Wire TJ. p lTelepJioto Newplcturea MEMBER or auuit OF CIRCULATIONS Advertising epreentatlve: NELSON ROBERTS ASSOC. a t.o rtL. in Nw Vork. Chi- caso. Detroit. San Francisco. Los Anceiaa, ovewv, w Denver, ASSOCIATION NATION At ED IT Oil A I Memoer Cellfornla Newspaper PubUshera Association Flight o' Time Medford and Jackson County History from the files of The Mall Tribune 10, 20, 30, 40 end 50 years ego. 10,YEARS AOO July 15, 1953 (Wednesday) World championship stunt contest at Ashland Rodeo grounds, Including Chltwood Daredevils, Dragon Drivers (Tokyo), and Circus of Death (Germany). The 1953 convention of the Oregon State Republican clubs will be held in Medford this fall. 20 YEARS AOO July 15. 1943 (Wednesday) Mexican labor to be Import ed for pear harvest. From Arthur Perry's "Ye Smudge Pot" column: "Roast ing ears are in season, and the social problem of how to eat them with social nonchalance, instead of ruggedly, with both elbows on the table confronts diners. There is nothing like a do -dad mustache moving back and forth in the traffic on a buttered cob." 30 YEARS AGO July 15, 1933 (Friday) Tampering with jury charg ed in fourth ballot theft trial. Gates tc Lydlard, (Sixth st. and Central ave.) advertises cantaloupes, 5 cents each, Grape Nut Flakes, 9 cents per package, pineapple, No. 10 can, 39 cents. 40 YEARS AOO July 15, 1923 (Saturday) Ground broken for new Methodist church on West Main st. Valley creameries agree to raise price of buttcrfat to Portland price, less two cents per pound. 50 YEARS AOO July 15. 1913 (Monday) Work starts on Siskiyou Heights trolley line. Steel arrives for construc tion of Modoc bridge over Rogue river. What's Your I.Q.? Nine or ten correct Is superior; seven er eight Is excellent; five or sli It good. 1. What food product con stitutes the largest of all our Imports from Latin America? i 2. Identify the county which never has defaulted on Its W. W. I debts to the U S. 3. Addis Ababa la the cap ital of which African king dom? 4. Does the word "hurache" mean a Mexican cockroach, sandal, or vehicle? 8. What part of volt Is a microvolt? 6. What was the name of Shakespeare's wife? ?. What Is the Interest cost per month on 950 when the annual rate Is 6 per cent? 8. Does the standard site typewriter keyboard have a total of 32, 38, or 42 keys? 6. Identify the gem that Is the hardest. 10. Penguins are flightless birds; true or false? Answerat 1. Ceffee. 3. Fin land. 3. Ethiopia. 4. 8andal. 5. 1.000.000th. 8. Ann Hath away, 7. 25 cents per month. 8. 42. 9. Diamond. 10, True. P3Gkr-UIUSHI5 MONDAY. JULY IS. 1963 Birmingham on a Patio When the wind stops even for an instant, these are the good and golden days on the hill. These are the days when the wind stops for sitting in the patio, for bathing in the soft air, for smelling growing grass seasoned with a trace of hickory barceque smoke, for watching roses and carnations riot with calendulas. The other evening before sunset, mv three friends and I sat in the patio after a good dinner, musing more than talking, sharing thoughts as well as words. There are times like this during the American Weekend ard of living," ceases to comes a poem. INTO THIS WORLD of well-being, this warm ordered world, a neighbor's radio dropped one word "Birmingham." A distressed word, mentis ana me who have worked so hard to put trouble out of our lives. We belong to the Auto mobile Olub, we plan ahead with our insurance agent, we take Salk vaccine. But we don't know what to do about Birmingham. We are reasonable, tolerant people. We dis approve of the way the South treats The Negro (We don't usually talk about the Negro.) But it as an article of faith that it takes two to make a fight. Is Martin Luther King really doing the Best thing lor his people ON THE OTHER hand, haven't freedom- aaawtae, Wl aF Max J ww. u VMUlVIIIUUVtLrl AUVlb was Crispus Attucks even John Adams said he was a troublemaker. Crispus Attucks was known as the first man to die m the American Revolution killed by the British in the Boston Massacre of 1770. A statue of this troublemaker stands on Boston Common. A funny war, the American Revolution, in which a Negro was the first martyr, while no Alabamans or Mississipians fought at all. Makes you wonder whose country this is, anyway? In our warm patio, is dropped, sending out thought amongst us. Is into Birmingham? HAVE ALWAYS been plagued by out- siders sticking their noses into our fights. The Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tom Paine, were outside troublemakers like Dick Gregory and Martin Luther King. For that mat ter, what was George Washington, a Virginian, doing up in Massachusetts leading the Rebels and sticking his nose into the internal affairs of that colony? . Yes, but shouldn t the tience? Aren't more and more doors being opened to him every day? And what about using children in demonstrations and plotting civil dis obedience in churches? . I am told it isn't the closed doors that hurt, but the ones that open and then are closed when it is seen who knocks. "Have you ever had a car door slammed on your hand?" my informant said. "Imagine that it was your soul instead of your hand." a THE AMERICAN Revolution was plotted in churches. And that song they sing in the Negro churches in Birmingham "Go Down, Moses." Wasn't the freedom march of the Israelites pretty hard on the children of Egypt? So we sit and frown on the patio while spring burns bright on the hillside and the questions ripple out and are lost. We have no answers. We are not troublemakers, my friends and I. We are not freedom-makers. We are skilled and discriminating freedom-consumers. Bob Wells in the Long Beach, (Calif.) Independent Press Telegram. A Moral Issue We have been hearing some criticism of those clergymen who have been marching in protest to the injustices that are being done to Negroes. We neither understand nor like the criticism that goes, "That's not their proper business. They shouldn't be getting into politics. Serves them right if they get tossed into jail !" As President Kennedy said in his special mes sage to the nation on the civil rights issue, it is a moral issue. Because of the nature of the issue nothing could be more proper than for the clergy to protest mistreatment of some of God's chil dren, to dramatize their dedication to God s words, "Inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these, my brethren, ye have done it unto me." AlE CANNOT understand how anyone can condone, either politically or morally, the wrongs that are being done to a group of citizens of the United States. We find beyond all under standing the man who calls himself a Christian and condones it. How strange it would be if the clergy did not protest by all means available to them. Every person who identifies himself with Christian be liefs 6hould not only expect the clergy to do this but should applaud the clergy for doing it. This is something on which a Christian clergy man absolutely cannot equivocate. He cannot preach the teachings of Jesus Christ and then turn his back on those teachings when the time comes for him to stand up and be counted on a great moral issue that deeply involves all Christ ians. J. W. Forrester Jr. in the East Oregonian, Pendleton. when the phrase, "stand imply a statistic and be a trouble-word to mv of Negroes. We talk has been drilled into us l is he a troublemaker ; a Negro. He is also the word "Birmintrham" little ripples of troubled it right to stick our noses Negro have more pa "It' Not Only The Committee Room The Whole Country Is Being; Packed With Those Damned American Civil-Righters" '1 Communications Letters to the Editor must bear the although under certain circumstances the use of a pen name or initial for publication is permissible. The Mail Tribune reserves the right to edit all letters with a view to clarification and condensation. Letter submitted for publication must not exceed 400 words. The letters printed in this column do not necessarily represent the views of paper, in fact the contrary is often Socialism The Answer To the Editor: What age awaits mankind? For your consideration we submit this answer: It will be the Age of Atomic Power and Automa tion. But whether these two far-reaching technological de. vclopments will be used to benefit or destroy the human race is a story the end of which is not yet known. for instance, will the Amer cer) workers wake up to the real meaning of automation push-button factories? If they do not wake soon, theyll find themselves ousted from their jobs, and reduced to existing on a state dole. This is no exaggeration. It a sober appraisal of the prospects confronting Amer ican labor under capitalist so ciety as a result of the tech nological revolution that is sweeping through factories, mllLs, offices and farms. Today automation is com monplace in many steel and auto companies and spread ing with amazing speed through other industries. The employers are trying to sell the workers the story that automation means pleasanter working conditions, more jobs and higher pay. But when em ployers talk to other employ ers, they say something else. They say, instead, that auto mation means a reduction in operating costs, an improve ment In the product quality, and a reduction in the amount of labor employed. A Canad ian business magazine said, regarding automation, "It seem unlikely that barring war we shall see full em ployment again." In a capitalist society the potentialities of automation are devastating for the work ers. All signs point to mass technological unemployment within a few years. Business magazines say as much. The Socialist Labor parly contends that the working class is now at a crossroads. One way, the capitalist way, leads to endless degradation and misery for most of man kind. Automatic machines capable of producing an abundance of the good things of life will exist, but they will be used to create weap ons of war and superfluities for the capitalists. Meanwhile the workers will barely exist on such grudging handouts as politicians think expedient. The other way, the way the Socialist Labor Party urges all thoughtful workers to choose, leads to the use of automation for the collective good. It leads to the end of wars for markets and ma terials. It leads to the aboli tion of poverty, to real free dom and human brotherhood. Socialism alone can cope wilh the problems of atomic powerand automation. Henry R. Korman 2640 Garfield St. Longview, Wash, Yahshua To the Editor: Regarding your column, communciations. I note a lot of cross-firing of ideas that tend not to bring anyone closer to: 1. a reason, 2. an answer, 3. or even a faith that has consistancy to II. At the risk of being tarred and feathered, I'd like to of fer one of the Creator's an swers to all this confusion. Being a Yauwist, I'm one of the priviledgcd ones in helping to restore the sacred name of our Heavenly Father and His Son our savior bark to its orglnal place from whence man has obscured It. The modern concept of Jesus that the Christian world uses today is erroneous and is a misuse of the consonants Yhshana. pronounced in Eng lish with the vowels added (Yahshua). When the Groeks translated the Hebrew scrip tures into Greek the same consonants looked like this: MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD, OREGON name and address of the writer. the case. IESOUS. The Greeks had to use an "O or omicron, as it is known, in order to produce the right sound. They drop ped the Hebrew "A" or ayin and added an "S" or sigma, all of which brought about the sounds and name of Yashua in the Greek. Then came the Latin. At that time the Latin and Greek alphabeis were very much alike. Their consonants were the same. They translated the Greek into Latin and brought over the name very much the same, IESUS leaving out the O" that the Greeks added, but kept the "S" but still us ing consonants and retaining the original sounds to produce Yahshua, During a period of time just before the English trans lated or just after it, the "1" was changed to a "J" and given a "Gee" sound to pro duce our modern day er roneous name of Jesus, which should be pronounced Yah shua. In closing I'll quote from Jer. 23:25-27, "I have heard what the prophets said, that prophecy lies In my name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed. How long shall this be in the hearts of tile prophets of the deceits of their own heart? Which think to cause my people to forget my name by their dreams which they tell every man to his neighbor, as their fathers have forgotten my name for (Baal) meaning LORD in Eng lish." Any one desiring addition al information feel free tu call at my home or write to P.O. Box 801. Thomas N. Bostwick 723 West 11th st. Medford. Awesome Age To the Editor: We are liv ing in tlie most awesome and outstanding age that this world has ever known. Yes, we are having a grandstand view, as it were, of events that many of past ages would have loved to have seen. The curtain of present day human history is about to be drawn down. God is almost ready to announce "30 for tonight." With all of our modern in ventions, our fine homes, ad vances in medical science, and new scientific advance ment, we still stand with a great lack of love in our hearts for our fellow men. Our eyes have become dazzed and blinded by the tinsel and glitter of temporal things. Un til we individually catch a vision of what our real task we will utterly fail. From the pen of one of the world's most renowned re ligious writers 1 quote: "The true Christian's joys and con solation must and will be in heaven. The longing souls of those who have tasted of the powers of the world to come, and have feasted on heavenly joys, will not be satisfied with things of earth. Such will find enough to do in their leisure moments. Their souls will be drawn out after God. Where the treasure is, there will the heart be, holding sweet communion with the God they love and worship . . . And while they dwell upon those things which are lofty, pure, and holy, heaven will be brought near, and they will feel the power of the Holy Spirit, and this will tend tc wean them more and more from the world . . . The power of attraction to God and heaven will then be so great that nothing can draw their minds from the great object of securing the soul's salvation and honoring and glorifying God." Quoting further from the same writer, "It is not always the most learned presentation of God's truth that convicts Foreign News: Laos Talks Hopeful; De Gaulle Visit Rumored By PHIL NEWSOM UPI Foreign News Analyst Notes from the foreign news cables: Shock Wave Western diplomats in Vien tiane, administrative capital of Laos, believe that regard less of the outcome of the Sino-Soviet confrontation in Moscow, the first shock waves will be left in Laos and will be unpleasant ei re. ther way. If the Chinese win the argu- ument against co existence, they will have ewsom full Communist-bloc sanction to give more aid and direction to their Vientnamese and Pathot Lao cohorts in the "war of liberation" of Laos. If they lose or what seems more likely, if there is a stale mate the Chinese will return Strictly Personal By Sydney (c) Field Enterprises. Inc. SLUMS Not long ago, I was talking with a teacher in- Chicago, who had stubbornly remained in a school that lies deep within t h slums. He was telling me about the at titude of most of the pupils; "When peo ple talk about slum living. Harrl. Ile saia, uiejr think about proverty and crowded housing and shabby clothes. But proverty as such is not the real problem in the slums-because rural proverty. for instance, doesn t breed the kind of reactions you find in the city slums." "Then what is the real pro blem? I asked. "It's fear," he replied. "Children grow up, from earliest age. with fear and mistrust. The reason they feel it necessary to be 'tough' is their fear of at tack; the only way they can defend themselves is by becoming like their poten tial attackers. "They alio grow up ex tremely mistrustful," he went on. "They see only the worst side of the police. They learn all about the fix and crooked politicians by the time they're 10. They acquire a deep cynicism about lew and justice and the social ideals we profess in our textbooks. The qual ities they learn to admire are force, shrewdness, and flashiness. How els could they survive in the jungle of the city slum?" "Would more jobs, or bet ter jobs, or higher income, help the problem very much?" I inquired. Not in themselves." he shook his hear. "The slum is a sub-culture, and few are able to climb out of it by their own efforts. If they get extra income, they use it to solidify their posi tion In the slum, not leave it. The alleged values of the larger community strike them as phony. "In my opinion," he con tinued, "the real threat to and converts the soul. Not by eloquence or logic are men's hearts reached, but by the sweet influences of the Holy Spirit, which operate quietly yet surely in transforming and developing character. It is the still, small voice of the Spirit of God that has power to change the heart. The Infinite One stands with outstretched arms, wait ing for us to avail ourselves of His free gift. Why do we spurn His pleadings? Henry Johnson Jr. 231S Highway 68 Ashland, Ore. Publisher's Agent To the Editor: Thank you for the letter by Alice I Black Sunday. 1 had mis placed the note I made on the occasion of the original out burst, and had not yet ordered my copv of the book. Now I have the name, and author, again. It seems to me that it is such a shame that so called Christians take such a narrow view of life. They apparently have little faith, if they get so -riled up about a book. No one forced them to read it, and it probably would have gone un noticed if the publisher's agent, A. I. Black, had not called it to everyone's atten tion. Thanks again, and a tip of the hat to the agent Black, I hope she is getting her pay ments from the publisher. Respectfully request that my name be withheld. I'm not ready for burning at the stake quite yet. (Name on file) Ashland, Ore. mtmrnm I SfcaWef'W'ay home angrily determined push the Laos war harder. Hopeful British diplomats are cau tiously optimistic that this week's talks with the Rus sians may open the way ;o limited nuclear test ban, Khrushchev is believed in need of some success, and partial nuclear test ban ap peared the least costly com. mitment to which he could subscribe. A partial test ban will require no controls on Soviet territory and therefore should be acceptable to Mos cow which opposes on-site in. spection to police a ban. An accord with the West might help Khrushchev to divert at' tention from the troubles with his Chinese allies and the threatening break in the in ternational Communist camp. How It Looks To Moscow Moscow also sees a reason able hope for limited agree' ment on a nuclear test ban. J. Harris our democratic institutions and processes comes from this increasing sub-culture, as our metropolitan complexes grow and rural communities de cline. And if the so-called 'good people' keep on desert ing the cities for the suburbs, then the apparatus of city government will be increas ingly controlled by the stan dards and values and felt needs of the sub-culture." "Then what can we do?" I asked. "It's a complex and enor mous problem," he said, "and it calls for attack on all fronts at once-economic and social and psychological and politi cal. We can't treat delinquen cy as an isolated problem, or consider housing in a vacuum, or just change the school pat tern around. These young people are growing up in an atmosphere that makes them fearful, hostile and suspicious; that's what makes the slum so awful, and the city so dangerous. The situation calls for radical surgey, and we are feeding the patient aspirins, and expecting him to feel grateful." In the Day's News By FRANK JENKINS Mishmash in the news: The Kingfisher (Oklahoma) Chamber of Commerce has just voted to tell the U.S. Post Office Department that the town of Kingfisher DOESN'T want a new post office. In stead, it favors improvements on the present building that will cost only a fraction of the proposed $110,000 new building. The chamber said it opposes spending tax money for un necessary items and would like to see the national budget in tne black for a change.' AND- A fpuf U7foV-e nan Congressman Al Ullman, of the Second Oregon district, told the Klamath County Chamber of Commerce that he thought chances were good to get a $30,000 appropriation for another study of the algae proDiem in upper Klamath Lake. In view of the fact that the algae problem in Klamath Lake has been surveyed and resurveyed and then surveyed some more, the project aroused no enthusiasm. So, apparently, it has been dropped. QUESTION: Do you reckon t h e dangerous heresy to the effect that IF WE DON'T GET IT SOMEBODY ELSE WILL might be declining? Let s put it this way: If the time should come in the U.S.A. when reckless spending, just to be spending, LOSES votes instead of WIN. NING votes, we will get ccon omy and lower taxes. I7ROM Portland: Sol Maizels, operator of tne Aladdin Theater, has as sembled the first foreign film festival for Portland. He has decided to call it an Art Film Hootenanny. That leads the Oregonian's film critic to ask: "What's an Art Film Hoote nanny?" He then proceeded to answer his own question. Like this: "Well, it seems that every thing involving more than two people or two things is a hootenanny these days. It started with folk singers, and It's spreading to other areas. Four people get together for cards, and it's a Pinochle Hootenanny. Two guys take their girl friends for a moon light drive, and it's a Whoopee Hootenanny. So now we have a Film Hootenanny, It was in evitable." 'Shock Wave'; Ban On the Sino-Soviet talks, dip lomats expect the exchange of insults to continue into the week and end in a neutral sounding communique pledg ing new efforts toward a rec onciliation. However, short of miraculous developments, a formal split in the interna tional communist movement appears unavoidable. Trial Billons Recurring rumors of a planned trip by French Presi dent Charles de Gaulle to the United States in the fall may be French trial balloons to test Washington's reaction. Officials insist nothing is plan ned yet. But it is recalled that De Gaulle several weeks Our Two Parties In A Nutshell By Arthur Hoppe Welcome, ladies and gentle men, to another in the dis tinguished Nutshell Series of Lectures, designed for those who wish to be well-informed on the complex issues of the times, but who have television sets. Today's Nutshell Lecture is entitled: "Can Our Tradi tional American Two-Party System Survive and Why?" In a nutshell, the answer is a ringing "Yes!" Yes, our tra ditional American two-party system can survive. All four of them. Our four parties, as you know, are the Northern Dem ocrats, who are for the Com mon Man and his votes; the Moderate Republicans, who are for the Common Man, but not too common; the South ern Democrats, who are for the Common Man as long as he's white; and the Conserva tive Republicans who are for the Common Man, and let's keep him that way'. And the grave danger our two-party system faces today, of course, is that Mr. Ken nedy, a Northern Democrat with a Moderate Republican program, will run for re-elec- WHAT does Webster say about it? His Collegiate Dictionary ignores the word. But in his Unabridged he says: "Hootenanny: Originally in the sense of DINGUS, THING UMAJIG. A fanciful coinage. Used also as a derogatory epithet. Assimilated in form to 'Hootin' Annie' - a meeting of folk singers, especially for public entertainment." TTMMM. What's a DINGUS? According to the Un abridged, it derives from the South African DING, mean ing thing. Any device; gadget; humorous substitute for a name not known or tempor arily forgotten (slang.) What's a thingumajig? It's synonymous with THINGUMBOB - which, inci dentally, is an extension of older THINGUM. 'THAT brings us to JIGGER. A jigger, among other things, is ONE WHO JIGS. A jig, by the way, is a dance in which the dancers move quickly up and down, or to and fro. A small cup or glass used to measure liquor, usual ly containing one and a half fluid ounces. Jigger is also synonymous with dingus, thingumajig, thingumbob, etc. TN CONCLUSION: Aren't words wonderful? What would we do without dictionaries? iA-jrt tima The Idea of a Merch on Washington Is ridieuleua. Miiih of people can't Influence legitlatien, only lobbyists can!" ago indicated he would be) ready to go to Washington "at the appropriate time." Chain Reaction Through a curious chain re action of international eco nomics, the U.S. farmers' vote against wheat controls is go ing to help make it easier and cheaper for Communist China to purchase wheat. The vota is expected to result in mora wheat on the world market, which will bring the prica down. Other aspects of the story are that Australia and now France are aggressively joining Canada in the Chi nese wheat market, and that China's own crops are ex pected to be better this year. tion against Senator Gold water, a Conservative Repub lican beloved by all Southern Democrats. Who, we must ask ourselves, will support whom? Will the Moderate Repub licans, for example, vote for Mr. Kennedy and their pro gram? Or will they, out of party loyalty, support Mr. Goldwater and the Southern Democrats' program? Al ready, Moderate Republican Senators are saying that for them to support Mr. Gold water would be "an unbeliev able hypocrisy" but for them to support Mr. Kennedy would be equally unbeliev able. It is undeniably an un believable dilemma. The problem, of course, is party loyalty. If there is one thing politicians believe in, it is party loyalty. It's not that they care a hoot about patronage, committee chair manships, financial backing, precinct workers and all the other support their party gives them. It's that they ara dedicated to the enduring principles of their party. And sometimes it's difficult to determine whether the Northern Democrats, who be lieve in civil rights, high taxes and more government, are more dedicated to the endur ing principles of today's Dem ocratic Party than the South ern Democrats who believe in property rights, low taxes, and less government. Nor is anyone more dedicat ed to the enduring principles of the Republican Party than a Moderate Republican who believes in what the Northern Democrat believes in. No one, that is, but a Conservative Re publican, who believes in what the Southern Democrat believes in. Moreover, party loyalty is essential to the preservation of our traditional American two-party system, as the lead ers of any of our four parties so frequently tell us. Yet the Moderate Repub licans are quite correct in saying at this stage that for them to support Mr. Gold' water would be "an unbeliev able hypocrisy." It certainly would. At this stage. For it is only after the can didate is nominated and tha campaign begun, that party loyalty comes to the fore. It is only then that our politi cians must weigh the program they believe in against the en during principles of their party. Like patronage, com mittee chairmanships, finan cial backing, and precinct workers. And traditionally their choice is the same. Thus we see that for Mod erate Republicans to support Mr. Goldwater at election time would not be "an unbe lievable hypocrisy" at all. It would, ladies and gentlemen, oe a perfectly believable hy pocrisy. And that, in a nutshell, is our present two-party system.