North of Birmingham III
(Chicago Senses Mounting Tide of
Impatience as Racial Tension Grows
Editor'! Nolt: Tht follow.
ing it the third in serin
of fir dispatches by Unittd
' Press International on ra
cial problem! in key north
ern cities.
By DAVID SMOTHERS
;' Chicago - HUD - Racial ten
lions are nothing new to the
nation's second largest city,
but this spring civil rights
leaders sense a mounting tide
of impatience in the air which
could lead to serious trouble
in the weeks ahead.
If racial conflicts do ex
plode here, they are likely to
do so during the summer,
which Chicago Urban League
Director Edwin C. Berry calls
i."the riot season."
I- "Chicagoans are sitting on a
tinder box and they very nar
rowly missed an explosion in
the last few weeks," Berry
said in a warning to the Ur
ban League's board of direc
tors. Mood Is Critical
"The mood is more critical
than at any time I've ever
seen it. This mood will be
very serious this summer as
long as we don't do anything
about it.
'We need to take immediate
action in a crash type of pro
gram related to equality of
opportunity in jobs, housing
and education.
"We currently live in an
unjust society, racially speak
ing, and the ingredients of
this racial unrest are always
SECTION B PAGES 1 to 12
iMEDFORDtJTRIBUNE
MEDFORD, OREGON, WEDNESDAY. JUNE 5, 1963
present. When anything hap
pens - like the Birmingham
situation or like the gathering
of the mob on the Southwest
Side when there was supposed
to be a Negro moving in - any
little thing like that can
touch it off."
Problem Grows Worse
Berry and other experts in
the field agree Chicago's race
problem is longstanding and is
growing. The ground roots of
the problem can be told in
statistics:
-Of the 3.S million inhab
itants of metropolitan Chicago
listed in the 1960 census, 813,
000 were Negro.
-The 1950 census listed 3.6
million persons in Chicago,
492,000 of them Negro. This
meant Chicago's Negro popu
lation had risen 65 per cent
in 10 years while the overall
population had dropped.
-Of the city's 813,000 Ne
groes, 520.000 live in the
South Side area nine miles
long and three miles wide,
known as "The Black Belt."
Oregon's Civil Defense
Stand To Raise Questions
( By A. ROBERT SMITH
f Mail Tribune
-j Washington Correspondent
f Washington - (Special) -Does
a civil defense program
of fallout shelters make any
irwjp sense in the
T: nuclear age:
1 Would enough
A m e r i c a ns
survive an
atomic attack
FAlr 37 j to jusiuy sucn
iVfcHiiLj i a prosram' r
I V" would nuclear
I ,t war signal the
I (ft 1 end of life in
nTBTbi. sm.u. the United
States and many other coun
tries? ' These questions are being
raised with renewed intensity
in Washington in the wake of
decisions in Oregon by the
state legislature and the Port
land City Council to curtail
local participation in civil de
fense. Since Portland is the
only on? of 5.000 participat
ing cities to turn its back on
the government's fallout shel
ter program just as the Ken
nedy Administration began to
try to persuade Congress to
stop up the civil defense pro
gram, there is an expectation
here that Congress will seek
answers to such basic ques
tions as these.
Hearings which opened last
week in the House Armed
Services Committee already
have indicated that authori
ties on military affairs dis
agree on the vital issue of the
survival chances of the bulk
of the population. But there
apparently is agreement that
the Pacific Northwest, with
the exception of certain areas,
has less to fear from atomic
radiation than any other sec
tion of the country.
A map offered by the De
fense Department partraying
various levels of radioactiv
ity resulting from an assumed
attack one spring day shows
75 per cent of the country's
land surface would be cover
ed with radioactive fallout
under average wind condi
tions. Some areas would re
quire survivors to stay in
shelters from, one to two
weeks while other areas with
less radioactivity would re
quire shelter for a few days
to a week.
Oregon Free
This map shows all of Ore
gon, much of northern Cali
fornia and the area of the
Cascades in Washington state
to be free of radiation danger
with no shelter required, as
suming the attack and wind
conditions used by the Pente
gon. West of the Cascades the
SHIP AND
TRAVEL...
automated
rail way
UNION
PACIFIC
Tor inlormetion, ce
Phone 773-5388
map shows that the Seattle
Tacoma area has been hit and
there is heavy radioactivity
from the Puget Sound area
north to the Canadian border.
In eastern Washington the
Hanford atomic plant and Air
Force bases have been hit,
resulting in a wide belt of
radioactivity carried on the
winds that sweep east and
slightly to the north, covering
the Idaho panhandle and
of Montana, where there are
ICBM missile bases that are
presumed targets of enemy
missiles or bombs.
Assistant Secretary of De
fense Steuart L. Pittman ar
gues that even residents of
the less hazardous areas
should have fallout protec
tion because changing wind
conditions could blow radio
active materials to all parts
of the nation.
But as to the more basic
question - is anyone justified
in expecting to survive? -
Pittman says the answer is
Yes," if America has a sound
shelter system. Others doubt
the validity of his optimism.
Here are some of the main
arguments pro and con as set
forth by Philip W. Kelleher,
counsel for the Armed Serv
ices Committee, and Pittman
in testimony before that committee:
1. Firestorms Kelleher
quoted Dr. Alexander Langs
dorf, a physicist at the Ar-
gonne Laboratories, as saying
an enemy would explode
bombs in the air if we had
shelters so as to create mas
sive firestorms . consuming
whole cities. "Concrete fall
out shelters would turn into
ovens, cooking the people in
side. If they don't burn, they
would probably suffocate, be
cause all the oxygen would be
consumed." He said James R.
Newman, chief of U. S. intel
ligence at London in World
War II, reported that fire
storms caused by bombing
Hamburg lasted seven days
and killed 70.000 in shelters
by suffocation and carbon
monoxide.
Fog Type Defenses
Pittman replied that Hora
tio Bond, a fire expert, esti
mates that only six U. S. cities
have a potential for the phe
nomenon of a fire storm; that
"there are prospects for fog
type defenses against fire
from high altitude nuclear
bursts; that the Hamburg at
tack killed 3 per cent of those
endangered by the fire at
tacks.
"Even a small nuclear wea
pon over the same city would
create many times as many
fatalities from blast or from
initial radiation," he added.
"Likewise, fallout radiation
from an up-wind nuclear
burst would have killed a far
larger proportion of the Ham
burg population. The sugges
tion that suffocation in shel
ters is a major fire problem
has little support from fire
experts, but poisoning from
carbon monoxide is a recog
nized major fire hazard under
these conditions."
He said the Soviets have
"played heavily on the fire
theme without much regard
to technical facts" because
this is a weapon of "terror
and propaganda." Pittman
said Khrushchev's boast that
one 20-mcgaton bomb would
create a sea of fire consum
ing New York to Philadelphia
is "stark nonesense."
2. Biological attacks - Kel
leher said chemical or biolog
ical weapons accompanying a
nuclear attack could poison
the Inhabitants of shelters.
Pittman said filtration sys
tems for shelters are not con
templated at present due to
rost and the presumption by
the Joint Chiefs of Staff that
this form of weapon has not
yet been developed to the
point of constituting a threat
against the U. S.
3. Long - term survival
Kelleher quoted Dr. John N.
Wolfe, chief of the Atomic
Energy Commission's envir
onmental sciences branch, as
saying: "rauout shelters in
many areas seem only
means of delaying death and
represent only a part of a
survival plan. With an envir
onment so completely modi
fied, the question is, where
does man go after his sojourn
in shelters? What does he do
upon emergence?"
Minor Problem
Pittman claimed all object
ive studies conclude "that
there will be a significant
measure of survival and that
recuperation would take
place .... The results indi
cate that food and water con
tamination would be a rela
tively minor problem, the
long - term biological effects
from radiation would not be
the major health problem
and . . . among the most criti
cal problems would probably
be shortage of medical sup
plies and manpower and, in
very high levels of attack
longer - term impairment to
agricultural production cap
acity from ecological effects."
In an attack such as is por
trayed on the Defense Depart
ment map, Pittman said it is
presumed that 80 million cit
izens would be killed even
with shelters but that 130
million citizens would die
without shelters. S h e 1 tcrs
would save 50 million lives,
he said studies show.
Of the rest, the overwhelming
majority also live in all-Negro
pockets. This is the situation
that has led some to describe
Chicago as the nation's most
segregated city.
Almost half of Chicago's
Negroes came here from some
where else.
-Seventy-five per cent of
the persons on county relief
rolls are Negro. . -
Spell Trouble
These figures add up to
trouble in the vital areas of
housing, education and jobs.
The housing issue is touch
iest.
Chicago Negroes and whites
may often work side by side,
but they rarely live side by
side except in the tense neigh
borhoods where the "Black
Belt" is growing. And it is
growing constantly as a steady
tide of job-seeking Negroes
from the South pours into the
slums at the core of the
Black Belt."
In case after case, Negroes
with the money to afford good
housing must move into white
neighborhoods to find it. Over
and over again, the whites
leave and the neighborhood
becomes all Negro. Bitter
ness remains behind. If the
trend continues and Negroes
cannot break out into the sub
urbs surrounding the city.
sociologists warn that Chica
go could become a predom
inantly Negro city by 1975.
Efforts Mount
Although Chicago's race
problem is mounting, so are
the city's efforts to meet it.
Within the last decade, acres
of "Black Belt" slums have
been leveled. High rise apart
ment buildings and public
housing developments have
taken their place. Whites and
Negroes hav? learned to live
together in some of the South
Side's best residential neigh
borhoods. There are more
Negro policemen, and the de
partment's ability to deal with
racial troubles has increased
markedly.
Goose Lake Pact
Measure Ratified
Sacramento The Cali
fornia Assembly has unani
mously passed a bill to
ratify the Oregon-California
Goose Lake interstate compact.
The measure, Introduced by
Assemblywoman Pauline Da
vis (D-Portola) was sent to the
senate.
The Oregon Legislature ap
proved a bill ratifying the
compact in its recently com
pleted session.
If approved by both houses
of the California Legislature,
it must be passed by Congress.
The compact provides for
joint development of the
Goose Lake area on the Oregon-California
border by the
two states.
A major provision of the
compact prohibits the expor
tation of water from the lake
basin without consent of both
state legislatures.'
'- fimr
Mff
NUMEROUS ACTS Ponies and horses will be among the
many acts scheduled for the four performances of the
Shrine Club-Rudy Brothers Circus which will appear in j
Mcdford Friday and Saturday, June 7 and 8. Matinee and :
evening performances will be held each day. Aerialists and I
wild animals as well as clowns will be on hand. Among the
acts being given for the first time this season is Kurt Jensen
and his performing chimpanzees. j
Folding Chairs
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