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HlbUttltlU MAIL inmuilt, MLUtUItU, OHtUUN
Korea Plans For Second Anniversary of Coy
, By CHARLES SMITH
United Pmu lnUrnaiionsl
Seoul - fflPO - South Korea's
military rulers are preparing
to observe tne second anni
versary of the May 16, 1961
coup that put them In power,
They are far ihort of the
goali they set for themselves
on that lalelul morning.
A few days after the take
over a handful of the nation a
600,000 soldiers, the new mili
tary mayor of Seoul set a
hnntert foot on a rough wood
en chair in his office, fingered
a swagger stick and remarked
to a foreign newsman:
"We may make mistakes In
running Korea. But they win
be our mistakes.
T.ntnr the same dav.
Atnprir-an officer at United
Nations command headquar
ters across town leaned dbck
In hit leather lounge chair
propped a foot on a low coffee
table and commented to the
same newsman:
Sad Day in Korea '
"Thp Aav the Korean sol
diers started playing politics
was a sad day for Korea -
and for us.
What lh mavor meant was
that the military regime
would not be so susceptible to
Ameriran rtressurea nor so de
pendent on American assis
tance as previous regimes.
' What the American officer
meant was that the Korean
army, built almost from
scratch Into one of the best
and most dependable in the
world with the help of Ameri
can blood, sweat ana aunaro,
suddenly was not so depend
able. ' Two years have passed. The
military mayor lost his Job
long ago. The American offi
cer has returned home, leav
ing Korea out of sight if not
out of mind.
What has happened to the
military regime in the light
of their remarks?
When the soldiers seized
power ' they Immediately
pledged to end political con
fusion, get rid of factionalism,
wipe out corruption, end so
cial unrest and civic disorder,
bring economic stability and
strengthen ties with the
United Slates.
Transfer Power
A little later, In response to
strong American prodding,
tlicy promised to transfer
power to civilians in tne sum'
mer of 1863.
As military Junta chairman
Cen. Park. Chung Hce and his
colleagues prepare for their
second anniversary, the po
litical confusion is as bad as
ever. Factionalism still is a
serious problem, in the mili
tary as well as civilian groups.
There is much talk, and some
evidence, of large-scale cor
ruption. The military rulers
have admitted their economic
programs have failed. .
Relations with the United
States are strained and could
get worse.
And Park Is trying desper
ately to hang onto power de
spite his repeated pledges to
give it up by this summer.
The United States was ex
tremely displeased over the
coup and even tried to get
then-President Posun Yun to
give the word to loyal troops
to crush it.
Yun Regrets
Yun refused. He now says
he regrets it.
Presented with a fait ac
compli, the United States
swallowed hard and worked
to help the military regime
achieve Its stated goals and
try to keep It on a path of
moderation while pressing
constantly for early restora
tion of civil rule.
After Park made a public
pledge in August, 1061, to re
storo civil government in the
summer of 1063, he was in,
vitcd to Washington.
While In Washington In
November, 1061, he Issued a
Joint statement with President
Kennedy reaffirming his "sol
cmn Intention to restore
power to civilians,
Park repealed this pledge
on many occasions after that,
But as he was doing so, Ills
secret police chief, Kim
Chong Pil (one of the chief
coup plotters and now a re
tired brigadier general), was
working feverishly to build
up a vast political organtza
tion that was to serve as a
vehicle for Park and other of.
fleers to run for office in
civilian clothes.
Black List nw.lt
Kim was doing this while a
light ban on political actlvl-
ties and a blacklist that in.
eluded 4.373 names prohibited
any rival party from orga
tilling.
A new constitution was
drafted and adopted In a na.
tional referendum. An elec
tion law that contained some
strange provisions, Including
one prohibiting independent
candidates in legislative and
presidential elections, was de
creed,
The way appeared clear at
the end of last year for the
military men to shed their
uniforms and run in spring
elections they could hardly
lose, enabling them legally to
perpetuate their rule.
They eased the ban on po
litical activities and early1 this
year the roof caved In.
The factionalism that had
plagued the military rulers
since Park ousted original
Junta chairman Lt. Chang Do
Young In the regime's early
days erupted into public feel
ing. Some feared it might
cause civil war.
Retired Lt. Gen. Song Yo
Chan, a former army chief of
staff and the military regime's
premier for about a year be
fore he quit in disgust, blasted
Kim Chong Pil.
Song accused Kim of under
handed tactics and warned
that he was building up a
p o w e r ful personal machine
that was dangerous for Korea
- and the United States.
Other soldiers and former
soldiers Joined in the public
attacks against Kim.
One of the Junta's key mem
bers, former marine corps
commandant Lt. Gen. Kim
Dong Ha, quit his post as head
of the Junta's foreign and de
fense affairs committee. He
accused Park and Kim of be
traying the people by trying
to hang on to power and said
he could not be a party to It.
Quits Politics
In a series of explosive de
velopments, Park publicly re
nounced all intentions of run
ning for office and vowed to
bow out of politics forever.
He accepted civilian demands
for postponement of elections
from the spring until mid
summer to give them time to
organize.
Under extreme pressure.
Park sent his brother-in-law
Kim Chong Pil into tempor
ary exile abroad, where he is
today as a "roving ambassa
dor." While Korean movie, the
aters were showing newsreels
of the weeping strongman
making his public pledge to
bow out of politics, Park
changed his mind again.
He stunned Koreans and
the United States by suddenly
announcing a plan to hold a
national referendum on a
four-year extension of mili
tary rule.
This announcement came
on March 16, shortly after his
new secret police chief had
tossed some of the leading op
ponents of Kim Chong Pil
into prison on charges of plot
ting a new coup.
The United States applied
some firm pressure, including
a statement by the state de
partment that prolongation of
military rule could increase
instability.
Bows to Pressure
In early April, Park bowed
to this pressure and pressure
by civilian politicians and an
nounced a face-saving solution
that really solved nothing. He
deferred the referendum plan
and promised elections next
fall if conditions warrant. He
also lifted a new ban he had
placed on political activities.
His new plan contained a
big if. The way things are go
ing, conditions next fall might
not warrant elections in the
eyes of Park and his col
leagues. .
As the military regime pre
pared to celebrate its second
anniversary of its takeover,
the talk was that Park once
again is thinking of running
for president in civil i a n
clothes, as head of a "Pan-Nation"
party he would like to
see formed.
There were strong expecta
tion that Park might make
some announcement on this at
the anniversary ceremonies.
If he does, the crisis that
has plagued the nation for
months, is almost certain to
deepen. .
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