10 A
MONDAY. APRIL 1. 10M
PiciyiL war!
KmSf- till tmmmiY - m. 1 1 i tm-m A
BASIC PRODUCTS SCARCE - By early
1883, inflation had set in in the South.
The Northern blockade and the ineffective
ness of the southern railroads had caused
fcarcities in many basic products and driv
en prices up. Corn meal was $17 a bushel,
coal $20.30 a ton and wood was $30 a cord.
The wealthy could get a good meal in a
restaurant for $25 but the poor was almost
starving. The situation was to get no bet
ter, and was to cause riots for bread. Above,
in a drawing from the Library of Congress
collection, another aspect of the inflation
is shown. It is a public auction for a "hard"
$5 gold piece. In the South such coins
often brought many times their value. (UPI
Revised Constitution Strengthens People's Rights
... . hoi,., Annthpr addition Will
new federal govern-1 Rights a guarantee of proced-; some oi tne propui wm . j , that compe
ot the state govern- Lai fairness, such as that , c. lied a
(This ii lh seventh in a
serie. oi articles about the
revised Constitution pro
posed by the Oregon Con
stitutional Ravision Com
mission. Tht articlas war
written by Hans A. Linda,
professor of constitutional
law at the University of
Ortgon and a member of
the Commission.)
When we speak of the con'
stitutional guarantees of In
dividual freedom, most of us
think of the first ten amend
ments of the United States
Constition the Bill of
Rights about which students
are taught in school.
Few people recall that this
federal Bill of Rights was
added to the U.S. Constitution
in order to limit the powers
Lack of Food Results in Riots
By MERTON T. AKERS
UPI Correspondent
"The gaunt form of wretch
ed famine still approaches
with rapid strides, ' John B
Jones, the dairy-keeping clerk
In the Confederate war cle
partment in Richmond, Vs.
wrote on March 30, 1863.
Jones was a white collar
worker and wbs having trou
ble making ends meet on his
alary which was shrinking
because of Inflation. "I am
ipading up my little garden,
and hope to raise a few vege
tables to eke out a miserable
existance for my family," he
wrote the same day, adding
"it is strange that on the 30th
of March, even in the 'sunny
south,' fruit trees arc as bare
of blossoms and foliage as at
midwinter."
The next day, still morose,
he noted some prices of nec
essities, heading the list as
"another stride of the grim
apector": Corn meal, $17 per
bushel: coal, $20.50 a ton;
wood, $30 a cord; common
tallow candles, $4 a pound.
No Food Troubles
Affluent Richmond people
were having no food troubles
Mary Boykin Chestnut noled
In her diary that she received
wine, rice, potatoes, ham,
eggs, butter and pickles about
once a month from the Chest
nut plantation in South Caro
lina. Nor was there any dearth
of luxury goods in Richmond
ih-va. Stores displayed ex
pensive silks and jewelry,
English mutton - iced and run
through the blockade - tropi
cal fruits and champagnes.
Few had enough money to
buy the luxuries but enough
did to make business brisk.
Some remarked it seemed
atrange that luxuries came up
from blockade runner ports
but staples like bacon, meal
and flour, known to be plenti
ful in North Carolina, did not,
the reason being given as the
feeble state of the southern
railroads.
The rich could buy a good
meal for $25 In Confederate
money at a first class Rich
mond hotel but the poor peo
ple and low-paid workers
found it difficult to get
enough bread to live.
A few weeks earlier Presi
dent Jefferson Davis had pro
claimed a day of fasting and
prayer. Church services were
well attended that day b"'. ihe
sardonic jibed: "Fasting in
the midst of famine!"
Quiet But Determined
A crowd of several hun
dred women and bnys gather
ed early that day in Capitol
Square. They were quiet and
orderly but determined.
An emaciated girl of about
18 told a bystander, who ask
ed why the crowd was form
ing that they were serving
and that they were going to
raid the bakeries and each
seize a loaf of bread.
By 9 a.m. the crowd num
bered about 1,000 nearly all
women but with a sprinkling
of men, boys and free Negroes.
Led by a six-foot woman
who wore a white feather in
her hat, (he crowd marched
out of Capllol Square past the
west gate, down Ninth St. past
the war department and flow
ed into Main and Cary sts.
Accounts differ about the
stalwart leader's name. The
Richmond Examiner later
said her name was Minerva
Meredith and described her
a local character. Other
accounts call her Mrs. Mary
Jackson, a painter's wife
Whatever her name, she was
reported to be armed with a
pistol and Bowie knife.
Alnn. Main and Cary sts.
the mob BiYi&sbed show win
dows and pilllaged shops.
They impressed drays and
carls along the way to haul
Ihcir loot.
Some seized food but most
of the rioters eagarly pillaged
shoes, clothing and jewelry.
Shoes and clothing were
scarce articles in Richmond
Small
Worlds
Around
Us
By
lynn W.
Walkins
'Register at Tribune syndicate, 19631
THIS
WEEK
The ...in
Fla9 Honor
Flies of...
Jjst off Jacksonville Highway"
MEMORIAL PARK
WEDDING CHAPEl
COLUMBARIUM
1395 Arnold tare
FUNERAL HOME
MAUSOLEUM
CREMATIONS
Phone 773-7338
1 and jewelry always could be
traded off for necessities.
May Reget Offsr
A part of the crowd was
diverted to the Y.M.C.A
where they received food but
most of them rejected the
offer and remained in the
mob.
Gov. John Letcher and
Mayor Joseph Mayo met the
crowd on Main st. Neither
had any Influence with the
rioters although the mayor
read the riot act to them.
Then a company of state
troops was called from the ar
mory and was posted in front
of the mob.
President Davis hastened to
the scene. He mounted a dray
and attempted to speak to
the rioters. They threw crusts
of bread at him, the leavings
from the loaves they had stol
en from the bakeries. But in a
few minutes they quieted and
listened.
Varine Davis, wife of the
president, wrote in later
years:
"He reminded them of how
they bad taken jewelry and
finery instead of supplying
themselves with bread, for
the lack of which they claim
ed they were suffering.
"He concluded by saying:
'You say you are hungry and
have no money. Here is all
I have; it is not much, but
take it:'
Given Five Minutes
"He then, emptying his
pockets, threw all the money
they contained among the
mob. after which he took out
his watch and said: 'We do not
desire to injure anyone, but
this lawlessness must slop. I
will give you five minutes to
to disperse, otherwise you
will be fired on."
The troops were workers at
the armory. Some of the wo
men in the mob were wives
of the soldiers who stood with
loaded muskets awaiting an
order to fire on their own
people.
The situation was tense.
with the soldiers and the pres
ident fair targets for any riot
er.
But within the five-minute
limit Davis had set, the
croud thought better ot its
spree, and dispersed without
the troops having to fire.
Jones said the president
"seem deeply moved; and in
deed it was a frightful spec
tacle and perhaps an omi
nous one, if the government
does not remove some of
the quartermasters who have
contributed very much to
bring about the evil of scar
city. . .
"All is quiet now (three
p.m.) and I understand the
government is issuing rice lo
the people."
He reported that those who
received government rice
threw it into the streets in dis
gust. The riots shook the govern
ment. Secretary of War James A.
Seddon "requested" th c
Richmond newspapers t o
avoid all reference "directly
or indirectly" to the riots for
"obvious reasons."
But by Saturday April 4
the news broke in the Exam
iner, which nntSfumH rifcifle
! when some of the rioters ap
peared i:i police court.
Laid To 'Foreigners'
The Examiner laid the riots
to "foreigners and Yankees"
and criticized the government
for not shooting down the
mobsters on the spot.
"If the officers of the law.
with the ample force and
power in their hands, had
not enough decision and en
ergy to do more than arrest
highway robbers and dis
perse a mob of idlers at their
heels, whose presence there
deserved Immediate death
quite as well, no words or
arguments can furnish them
with the pluck they need."
Scorpion Walks on Water
Thanks to Supporting Film
The skeptical youngster
who carefully places a needle
on the surface of water is sur
prised to find that the needle
floats.
The fact that there is al
ways a supporting film on
the water's surface is a con
dition in the hard-to-believe
fact. This supporting ability
of the water film is utilized
by some insects which have
perfected the technique of
walking on water.
of the
ment, not
ments. Thus the First Amend
L' r irst rtrnenu-i plied by tne supreme vspiu im , .
ment begins: "Congress shall j jn federal law, by adding inis oi inia wmu ,", Tl.-tTLl... . wi as when it is
Another addition will re
nsaiion oe
...,.-... ic
paid wncn private sjiuhcj -
damaged lor puouc use
taken by
make no law . . . abridging clause: on Ju" " v. , ;t Hnmim. as at nres-
revised
th. i. 1 .. I us- ,,, hA Hr. linn
iiic licnuui ui aiiccui . , . HO pursuit uiJ I "" -.r. . T.IJ .:,
Until the adoption of the prjved of any right or pnv-: never, ins. ss ""'" , - . Iummary. he
Fourteenth Amendment, after ilege by any unlawful or un- deem j Constitution strengthens Ore-
the Civil War. reliance! fair procedure ... : regulations ma . Bill of Rights in the
against the powers of state j This would permit Oregon unreasonable in bs'ance, . Bin m,
and local government over ; curls to enforce judical even h"Sh ,h "' , 70 Agnized I under modern con
individual rights had to be , standards of fairness above preme . Court would not so rogn:
placed on the bills of rights , the minimum which the Four- hole under the uTnee with eitating clauses.
teenth Amendment applies 10 r- "."Herod 1 1. would extend to Oregon's
ii . sine I irppnn nu iiiuii. - . ...
than Mississippi.
Substantive Due Process
in state constitutions
Guaranteed By State
Today the U.S. Supreme
Court has guaranteed some
basic rights such as free
dom of speech and religion,
and from unreasonable
searches and seizures also
against state action, by find
ing them included in the "lib
erty" protected by the Four
teenth Amendment. But many i
others are still guaranteed
only by the state, not the
federal, Bill of Rights.
Oregon's Bill of Rights,
adopted with the Constitution
of 1859, antedates the Four
teenth Amendment and its
subsequent interpretations.
Although some of its language
is awkward or archaic, its
basic provisions are good. In
some details it goes beyond
the federal guarantees, but in
others it falls short of them.
And over the years some mat
ters have been placed in the
Bill of Rights that rightly be
long elsewhere in the Con
stitution. Thus the death pen
alty and "liquor by the
drink," appear ludicrously
out of place in a Bill of
Rights, along with funda
mental human liberties. They
were moved to Article XIV
of the revised Constitution.
The Constitutional Revision
Commission did not take
away any right of freedom
guaranteed by anyone by the
present Constitution. In the
revised Constitution
this a vague, dangerous, ana citizens a muo a....- .
unwarranted extension of the rights and liberties as any
- . . ; It.. I .M.ia, nf iitriPP: OVer lilt' EUU5U.UI.IVU m m-
Later, however, a nwjw i . " .. nH I ltlex.. Loc,i oovernment.
r il. f-. PC nn i zr an- nnnciun ui euicu avv , . - ...
OI UUS UIIIlUiHWUU a-w j i
ded to the same section what I local authorities.
taxes and public control.)
and nam ... iscv
vamaW aaw7 0ET ,N(
NvamfaM asrav genuine
lamae. aeety
IDflTfR
IMflfl
America's, lar get Setting
TOILET TANK BALL
Tht tfficitnt Wot.r Mailt, inilanfly ilepl
Ihs flow of water alter tach flushing.
75c AT HARDWAM STORES
une ot me experts in mis revised Constitution, it
field of unusual accomplish-1 strengthened some rights, ad
ments is the water scorpion, I ded some not now provided
a fresh water insect which for. clarified and imnrnverf
occupies a place in just about i the drafting and arrangement
every section of the United
States where fresh water
ponds, lakes or streams offer
suitable environment. So
generally distributed is the
water scorpion that anyone,
anywhere, can visit a pond
or small stream and find one
or a hundred.
May Be Surpristd
They will be near the
shore in shallow water. Your
first impression may be one
of mild surprise, for they
closely resemble their obnox
ious namesake, the true scor
pion, even to the whiplike tail
which is not a tail at all, but
a breathing tube.
It you are observant, you
might also believe this is an
un-buglike creature, as in
sects have six legs and this
one appears to have only four.
But it does have six legs, ex
cept that the front pair is
developed into holding claws.
These, too, resemble the claws
of the true scorpion, probably
accounting for the insect's
name.
To the other inhabitants of
the pond or stream, the water
scorpion is a terrible mon
ster. About an inch and a half
long, he pounces upon his
victims, seizing them with
powerful foreclaws. To the
amazed human observer, this
creature is silly-looking but
capable of accomplishing
some amazing acts, one of
which is walking on Ihe
water.
When you first locate a
water scorpion, he will prob
ably be suspended an inch be
neath the water surface. At
the rear end of his body, what
looks like a long tail but in
reality is a snorkel tube will
be extended upward. This is
the creature's breathing device.
Walks on Bottom
At the slightest motion on
your part he will dive to the
bottom. There he will walk
along on his exceedingly long
legs. He may grab some luck
It i aquatic insect with the
jaekknife - like claws. The
claws are surprisingly strong
for so slender an insect.
Sooner or later, he will run
out of steam and have to come
to the surface for a breath
of air. He may arrest his as
cent just before he reaches
the surface and extend the
snorkle up, or he may break
through the water surface
film and arrange his feet care
fully on that thin skin. But
his feet keep sinking. They
are wet and he knows it. hut
he also knows what to do. i Teamsters Ordered
lie uitldlicrs Ills long. SUCK- ci n . ,
like body and raises one leg. ,0 JnOW Picket Cause
holding it there in the air I Portland - HOT - Local 32-
until It is dry. Then, one after of the Teamsters Union has
another, he raises the other been ordered to show cause
legs, drying each. Now he is why it should not be enjoined
ready. With dry feet, he can from picketing two dairies in
walk on the water film, op-, the Salem - Lebanon area
plying the same principal as The National Labor Rela
practiced by the small boy lions Board filed a show
when he lays a needle on that : cai,Se order after pickets ap
thin skin of surface film. i pcared at Curlv's Dairy and
Lightly, this grotesque in- Timber Vallev Dairv The
sect, UKC a oanerina, nances
across the waters of the pond.
of sections, and moved some
provisions to other parts of
the Constitution.
Right To Counsel
A significant change is that
the traditional guarantees in
criminal trials have been ex
pressly extended to "any of
fense punishable by loss of
liberty." Tliis means that they
will apply equally to ordin
ance violations tried in muni
cipal courts, which are not
now considered "crimes," al
though the sentence may be
the same term in the same
jail as is pronounced for a
misdemeanor in a state court.
The most important right so
extended is the right to coun
sel. The revised Constitution
guarantees the right to one's
own counsel In all proceed
ings (not only court trials),
and the right to counsel ap
pointed at public expense for
indigent defendants faced
with a possible loss of libertv.
The Commission believed that J
anything less than this pro
vides one kind of justice for
those who can afford their
own lawyers, and another
kind for the poor. Yet justice
at the level of the city and
justice courts is the point at
which most individuals have
any direct experience with
our legal system.
Another new provision in
the revised Constitution
strengthens the guarantee
against double jeopardy and
mult;, j trials of a defend
ant lor the same act.
Due Process Clause
One new provision in the
Bill of Rights is among the
most controversial in the re
vised Constitution. It is re
ferred to as the "due process"
clause.
"Due process" is traditional
language in the U.S. Consti
tution, as old as the Fifth
Amendment. The U.S. Su
preme court has interpreted
It to mean primarily "fair
procedure." But for a period
of years early in this century,
the Court sometimes also used
this concept to strike down
the substance of legislation
that is considered unreason
able. Particularly where so
cial or economic laws (such as
minimum-wage or utility rate
regulations) were involved,
this involved the courts deeo
ly in contemporary contro
versies. The Constitutional Revision
Commission first voted to
place in the Oregon Bill of
the Examiner said in an edi
torial. In a few days President
Davis issued a proclaimation
to stimulate patriotism and
urging farmers to raise more
food and less cotton and to
bacco. Some of the rioters were
tried and convicted, one worn
an being sentenced to five
years.
firms had refused to join oth
er dairies in an agreement
with the union.
More Comfort Wearing
FALSE TEETH
Here Is plnunt wmy to ovftvom
oose plt dUcomlort. FASTEETH.
aii improved powder, sprinkled on
upper tvnd lower plutes holds them
firmer so that they (Ml more eom
forwble No gummy, gamy, pty
Uste or (eellns It' alkaline' mon.
MM D.vs not tour Check. "plat
odor" (denture breath. Get PAS
TL&ru today tt J dry countw
the savin
OH IN
are greaF2i
At Your Friendly
MARK'S
6th & Grape
Pork
Chops
69
Loin Roast H . 45
Spare Ribs r - , 43
Center
Cuts
14
WHIFF
DOG
FOOD
$100
KITCHEH QUEEN
FLOUR
INSTANT
MAXWELL HOUSE'
COFFEE
WHITE STAR
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10 LB. BAG
79
10 oz.
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99 4i99
HUNT'S CATSUP THE BEST .:.,4
PHEASANT TOMATOES mm; 599
BAKER'S CHOCOLATE CHIPS,., 599
DENNISON CHILI REG. OR HOT 15 oz. 499
BONFIRE SALMON, mmm 59
ZEE WAX PAPER mo ft. roll 19
PACIFIC WHOLE BABY CLAMS wrm .389
CREAM FLAKE SHORTENING 3 ,., 47
HEINZ SOUP QUALITY AT A PRICE 699
vir,non fsfiinFN "!
w ivvnvr vvhobii Reg. q.79 L
Valencia wlm ms. mim
. Full of Juice WIUIIUNW
J Ba9 v
U.S. NO. 1 NORTH DAKOTA RED
POTATOES 10 49
L.4
aKt.1 i 'j '