' MEDFORD MAIL. THIBUNE. MEDFORD. OREGON THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 21. 1963 0 j
Rugged Desegregation Pioneers Almost Forgotten By Successors
IT lrtfCPTur-t iii . .... ........... ...... '
Bt AL kuettner
f t I . n . .
wum-q rim uuwniuonil
AUnU -4UHL In the long
battle by Negroes to break
down the segregation bar
rier! In the South's institu-
4lnn. Ui 1 i .
v"o ingucr learning, me
rufffferi Rinnsart n 41,-. mnr.
, r . u'
uvc Dn aunosi lor
otten amid the attention fo
cused on their present day
followers.
. Those who iirst dared to
knock at the doors of Dixie
colleges and universities
found trouble and frustration.
But in the 27 years since Don
ald Murray, a Negro, was or
dered admitted to the Uni
versity of Maryland 1 a w
school, college doors have
been opened to hundreds of
Negroes in the South.
Girl Pioneers
Of the 240 public colleges
with all white or predom
inantly white enrollments,
150 will now accept Negroes.
That's about 62 per cent. Par
adoxically, only 15 of the
52 Negro colleges will accept
white students, only 29 per
cent.
One of the most celebrated
pioneers of college desegrega
tion was a Negro girl named
Autherine Lucy. On Feb. 1,
1956, armed with a court or
der, she arrived on the cam
pus of the University of Ala
bama. She stayed for ihree
days amid tension-charged ri
oting. She was expelled for
charging that the university
conspired in the violence.
Today, far removed from
the limelight. Miss Lucy lives
a quiet life as the wife of the
Rev. H. L. Fosier, a Negro
clergyman in Houston, Tex
Looking back on her fright
ening experience with deseg
regation, Mrs. Foster said: :"1
wouldn't try it again, know
ing what I know now. I just
wanted to study. I had no
idea of the trouble that would
follow."
Negroes Return
Similarly, riots greeted the
first Negroes to win admis
sion under court order to the
University of Georgia. Ham
ilton Holmes and Charlayne
Hunter were removed from
the Athens campus in a mid
night rescue by the state pa
trol in January of 1961.
But the two Negroes re
turned the next week under
another court order and that
time they stayed. The event
broke the back of segregated
school facilities in Georgia.
Miss Hunter is still enroll
ed at the university. While
she is not involved in extra
curricular activities on the
campus, she is accepted aca
demically as just another stu
dent. She has a negro room
mate, one of six Negroes now
on the Georgia campus.
Holmes, who will graduate
with high grades from Geor
gia in June, has been accept
ed as a medical school student
at Atlanta's Emory universi
ty and will enroll next fall.
Emory also was an all-white
school but took Holmes in
voluntarily.
Ward Assists
One of the Negro lawyers
who helped Holmes and Miss
Hunter win their case in court
was Horace Ward, who tried
for years but failed to win
admission to the University
of Georgia.
After the University of
Georgia victory for Holmes
and Miss Hunter, Ward as
sisted in the successful legal
battles that peacefully deseg
regated Atlanta schools and
cleared the way for the seat
ing of the first Negro in more
than 50 years in the state
senate.
One of the most sensation
al early desegregation fights
involved spending thousands
of dollars to get Ada Lois Si
puel (now Mrs. Warren W.
Fisher) into the University
of Oklahoma.
At one point in the battle,
the state set up a special
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SPOTLIGHT
SPECIALS
three-professor law school for
Negroes to accommodate Miss
Sipucl. The courts ruled it
out of order and the univer
sity finally capitulated.
More than 30 Negroes fol
lowed Miss Sipuel when the
ban was lifted and today all
of Oklahoma's 18 colleger are
open lo all.
Suprtm. Court Acts
Then there was Hcman
Marion Sweatt, a Houston,
Tex., mail carrier, who pio
neered in the desegregation
of Texas universities 13 years
ago.
In ordering Sweatt admit
ted lo the University of Tex
as, the Supreme Ourt issued
one of its earliest denuncia
tions of the "separate but
equal" doctrine under which
It had been traveling through
out the 20th century on the
issue of Negro education.
Sweatt stayed at the Uni
versity of Texas two years.
Later he attended Atlanta uni
versity and received a mas
ter's degree in social work.
He now works for the Nation
al Urban league in Atlanta.
Today school segregation is
pretty much a thread-bare is
sue in most of Texas. There
are at least 125 Negros at the
State university.
The situation is about the
same in North Carolina where
almost 100 Negroes are en.
rolled in the state colleges
and universities.
Two Professions
One of the North Carolina
pioneers, Edward O. Diggs,
finished medical school and
now practices in Washington,
D. C. Another, Bernadine
Booker, is teaching in a Ne
gro college at Greensboro,
N. C.
Forty-four Negroes are en
rolled at previously white
slate - supported colleges in
Virginia and in Florida bar
riers have been dropped at
the University of Florida
since Negro George H. Starke
Jr. enrolled in 1958.
The next big college deseg
regation battle may be at the
University of Alabama again.
Three Negroes have applied
for admission to the Tusca
loosa campus and the state
government has indicated
they will not be allowed to
enroll without another all-out
scrap.
on
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FIRST NEGRO ACCEPTED - Autherine Lucy, 26, was the
first Negro accepted by the University of Alabama. She was
one of the desegregation pioneers who met with nothing but
trouble and frustration in 193S. Today, living a quiet life in
Houston, Tex., as wife of Negro Clergyman H. L. Foster,
she says she wouldn't have entered the university had ah.
known of the trouble that would follow. (UPI)
Nuns of Red Hungary
Now in Secular Work
ILONA GAZDAG
I1IPII - Thousands
of nuns whose Roman Cath
olic orders were dissolved by
the Hungarian Com m u n i s t
government 13 years ago now
work as nurses, cooks or fac
tory laborers.
Others, forced almost over
night and without warning
into the world beyond their
cloisters, have found jobs as
house keepers, teachers and
seamstresses.
"The nuns were the victims
of a battle between the Hun
garian regime and the Roman
Catholic church.
In June, 1950, the govern
ment closed down many con
vents and monasteries. The
following September It dis
solved all but four of the fa'3
religious orders in Hungary
with their 11,000 monks and
nuns.
Four Left
The four left were the Bene
dictines, Franciscans, Piarlsts
and a teaching order of nuns.
The rest found great diffi
culty in returning to secular
life, which coincided with a
severe housing shortage.
Some lucky ones were able to
continue as teachers or nurses,
the positions they held before.
Others took whatever me
nial employment they could
find.
In 1054 the Catholic wel
fare organization came to the
aid of those who still had not
settled down. It founded the
"Solidaritas" production com
mune where several hundred
former nuns could work to
gether In their accustomed
community.
There now are 13 such com
munities throughout Hungary,
producing such things as
leather gloves, lingerie, baby
and doll clothes and religious
garments. Forty per cent of
the goods are for export.
Homes Built
Several homes also have
been built for old and sick
nuns. A few arc controlled by
the church and supported by
i the parishes. The majority
are supported by the health
and welfare ministry.
But there are not enough of
these homes. Many of the old
and sick"live with their fam
ilies. Those not eligible for so
cial security receive a state
pension of 800 forlnts ($20) a
month.
Th. few hundred nuns who
were allowed to retain their
orders live in the bishoprics
or are teachers in the two
parochial schools in Budapest
and Debrecen. Some also
work as nurses in the Buda
pest religious hospitals and in
the Esztergom hospital tot in
curably ill children.
No Habits
They must wear every-day
clothes, Instead of nun's hab
its, when they appear in public.
The curriculum at the paro
chial schools includes Marxist-
Leninist theory. Although th.
nuns must learn.it, they are
not required to take examina
tions on the political or phi
losophical facets of Commu
nism. But new teachers are
being recruited from the state
universities.
A limited number of no
vices are permitted, but only
lo replace nuns who have
died. Because of this, there
can be no increase of nuns In
Hungary.
Gigantic Salt Mine 1
Has Untold Supply
Belle Isle, La.-WPD-A gigan
tic new salt mine, containing
enough salt to supply th.
world's needs for centures,
has been opened here by Car
gill, incorporated.
The dome tapped by the
company's 1250-foot shaft
will have an initial annual
production of 400,000 tons of
rock salt, which is used ex
tensively in the chemical and
other industries, and also is
purchased by states, counties
and cities for snow and ice
removal.
Only three per cent of such
salt, according to Cargill, ends
up in the kitchen or dining
room.
Sevvoge Wafer Tests
Now Being Conducted
University Park, Pa. -OlrH-Penn
State university plans
to Irrigate 160 acres of forest
plantations and croplands
with treated waste water
from sewage In an effort to
determine whether plant nu
trients can be conserved.
Under present plans, a por
tion of the effluent from the
local sewage disposal plant
will be used. The effluent
will have undergone a cus
tomary sequence of disposal
treatments ending with chlor
tnatlon, I
1