MEDFORO MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD. OREGON
Proper Spray Application
Best Answer to Resistance
Talks given before Ihii
year's Oregon Horticultur
al Society meeting In Cor
valliss n insects' spray re
sistance Htm appropriate
ior printing this week on
the iarm page because of
the pesticide applicators'
courie sponsored by the ex
tension service Monday.
Speakers at this year's Ore
gon Horticultural Society
meeting in Corvallis empha
sized there is no single ans
wer to insects' resistance to
some chemical controls.
Above all, the insecticide
must be applied correctly, at
the right time and the correct
method of application used,
three representatives of chem
ical companies said.
Speakers on resistance
were J. J. Skelsey, Niagara
Chemical division, Donald F.
Dye, Stauffer Chemical com
pany, and Richard Williams,
of Chemagro Corporation.
"One thing is certain the
pests will not die if the spray
does not contact them," Skel
sey said. "Proper coverage of
the tree with the spray will
go far toward achieving max
imum control."
Skelsey urged orchardists
to examine sprayers for prop
er operation. Any one stand-
Farm & Garden
Safe Application
Featured in Talks
Like it or not the Food and
Drug Administration has es
tablished certain tolerance
levels for chemical residues
on crops and these must be
followed, R. W. Every, OSU
extension entomologist, told
the large group of farmers,
orchardists and spray appli
cators yesterday afternoon in
the extension service auditor
ium here.
The general public is mis
informed on multiple residue
tolerance levels set by FDA,
Every said. The residue from
each individual spray chem
ical or dust may be under the
individual tolerance levels set,
but the percentages when add
ed up may exceed the toler
ance level.
For instance, DDT residue
on a crop may be 43 per cent
of the safe level, Kelthane 40
per cent and Tedion 40 per
cent. However, added up the
total level is 123 per cent, or
23 per cent over the residue
tolerance limit set by FDA,
the entomologist illustrated.
Different Tolerances
Every noted, also, that the
various spray or dust chem
icals have different tolerance
levels i n comparing the
amount which, can be eaten
"in food and the amount which
can be absorbed through the
skin (as by spray or dust
applicators).
Spray applicators should
consider the dermal or skin
absorption rating when about
to apply certain chemicals and
protect themselves according-
ly, Every pointed out.
The Public Health Service
conducted studies to find out
what the safe absorption rate
i s, Evt ry noted. Average
individuals get 184 micro
grams of these chemicals per
person per day in their food,
the PHS noted. The greatest
amount of absorption found
was 667 parts per million and
this was a man who handled
DDT, it was noted. He showed
no adverse effects.
' Uranalysis is easier to make
to determine what the safe
tolerances should be so more
positive information on safe
chemical absorption should be
forthcoming, Every said. Or
ganic phosphates break down
easily and build up a load in
the human system, Eve.y
noted.
Drift Problem
Pesticide drift is another
problem. Beef and dairy
cattle feeding in pasture ad
jacent to a sprayed or dusted
orchard may consume some
chemicals blown onto their
grass. Beef tolerance is seven
parts per million, but there
is none in milk, Every said.
"Be very, very careful of
new materials," Every warn
ed. "New techniques for
measuring chemical residues
are very, very sensitive. So,
more attention to residues Is
coming from the FDA."
Don Berry, Jackson county
extension agent warned the
audience to be careful of what
containers they put chemicals
in and how they disposed of
used containers.
J. D. Patterson, of the state
department of agriculture,
said the responsibility for
safe application of chemicals
rests on the grower and can
not be transferred to the spray
applicator.
Dr. A. Erin Market, Jackson
county public health officer,
described the symptoms of
sickness from various groups
of chemicals. He urged all
growers and applicators to
know the symptons, the anti
dotes, to read the labels on
the package or can of chem
icals and to follow instruc
tions in applying it.
Applicators should wear
protective rubber or plastic
clothing, the proper respir
ator, goggles and rubber boots
when applying it. They should
be Just as careful when mix
ing, dumping it in the spray
rigs and in pouring it out. Dr.
Merkel warned.
He urged all applicators to
lake a cholinesterace level
test before and after applying
chemicals or between chem
ical applications. This estab
lishes the normal cholinerster
ace level in the blood, when
the level goes below normal
then the applicator must stop
spraying This test is given
by the local public health
office in the court house and
the blood sample sent to the
Salem laboratory, for examination.
FROM
THE
GROUND
UP
By BART BARTLCTT
Recently there was an ar
ticle published that should be
of some interest to many per
sons. The subject of this ar
ticle was the training of ani
mals to do certain tasks in
industrial plants.
This means that in some
Instances industry will have
a choice among three means
of getting some jobs done. A
selection can be made and al
ready is being made based on
the economics of the particu
lar job to be accomplished.
The methods to be chosen
from are human labor, auto
mation, or animal labor.
The animals' used to date
have been pigeons, chimpan
zees -and dogs. Perhaps por
poises and even seals may be
easily trained to do many use
ful tasks. Pigeons haye done
such precise work as inspect
transistors and capsules or
pills on production lines. It is
reported that in this instance
the pigeon inspector is supe
rior to a machine as it can
detect off sizes, colors or bro
ken and dented pills and cap
sules. It would require a sep
arate machine to detect each
of these errors if machines
were used for the job. It is
felt by the scientists who are
working with the animals that
chimpanzees could be taught
to pick fruit and harvest many
other farm crops.
Problems Seen
All such advances as t h e
training of animals to. take
part in our productive labor
force will no doubt take place
rather slowly with certain ex
ceptions such as for very spe
cialized tasks. The impact on
industry and the human labor
force will be both good and
bad. As in the case of auto
maton human labor may be
replaced. This in turn creates
the problem of unemploy
ment. The politicians will get
into the act and in an effort
to make government be all
things to all people will turn
the simple problem into one
of uncontrolled chaos.
The simple economics of
many tasks demand a cheaper
method than the use of hu
man labor. Farmers cannot
keep paying higher and high
er labor and tax bills and at
the same time keep selling
their product for prices that
were adequate 15 years ago,
Deer Controversy
It seems we are in the
midst of another fine contro
versy regarding deer. Certain
groups maintain that .the deer
herds are practically gone due
to the fact that there has been
a doe season.
The game commision and
dthers contend that the doe
season is necessary in order
to keep the deer population
from getting too large for the
range.
Many farmers in this area
know that there are lota of
deer from actual observations
of the large herds that invade
orchards and range land dur
ing late summer.
This can, of course, mean
one of two things. Either there
are larger numbers of deer
during recent years or those
that do exist are forced off
their natural ranges to find
food. If the latter case is true
the ranges must be too heavily
populated for the maintenance
of healthy deer herds. What
ever the cause of deer forays
onto agricultural crop lands,
the farmers arc often forced
to take expensive measures
to reduce th damags deer can
cause to economic crops.
ard arrangement of nozzles
pressure and sprays volume
will not apply for all orch
ards or all varieties and sizes
of trees, he said.
Must Help
"We growers will have to
do our share in retarding this
development of resistance.
We cannot leave it up to the
colleges, chemical companies,
and our county agents to do
everything. If we understand
the problems involved, and
assume a positive attitude in
trying to do our part in
applying the chemicals in the
best possible manner, then I
am sure we as a group will
have done everything within
our power to preserve the ef
fectiveness of our pesticide
chemicals, he concluded.
"Even though we are faced
with resistance to insecticides
they are our main defense
against insect pests," Stauf
fer s Dye said. "In addition to
insecticides, work is being
conducted in other areas of
insect control. Some entomol
ogists are working with nat
urally occurring parasites,
predators and biological
agents for the control of in
sect pests. When used in con
junction with a carefully
selected insecticide this co
ordinated . control program
has been successful."
Natural Enemies
The use of natural enemies
alone has never been com
pletely satisfactory by our
present standards, Dye said.
Coordinated control, how
ever, is worthy of more attention.
Suspected resistance can be
determined by conducting
laboratory tests on the insect
in question, Dye said. The
suspected insect population
can be compared with a pop
ulation that is known to be
susceptible and the degree of
resistance determined. Stand
ardized testing techniques in
a recently published paper
will make it possible to de
tect resistance populations al
though non-resistant species
of insect are not available for
a comparative test, he added.
Study results on alternat
ing insecticides have not been
encouraging. Insects de
veloped resistance to both in
secticides as rapidly as to a
single insecticide. Dye said.
Some entomologists are
working with naturally oc
curring parasites, predators
and biological agents for con
trol of insect pests. When
used with a carefully selected
insecticide this coordinated
control program has been
successful, Dye noted.
. "The use of natural en.
emies alone has never been
completely satisfactory by
our present standards," he
added.
Some workers recently
found they are able to disturb
or alter certain physiological
processes which will prevent
development or interfere
with the normal life cycle and
cause Insects to die. This has
not yet been proven in the
field, however.
Irradiation has been effect
ive in some cases. The screw
worm in Florida was eradi
cated by this process, Dye
said. Male flies were released
which had been made sterile
by irradiation.
Plants resistant to insect
damage are being developed,
also. Evidence indicates
plants can be bred which In
sects would find undesirable.
Insecticides Needed
"Most of the control meas
ures that have been devel
oped require use of insecti
cides to some extent," Dye
said. "Insecticides are being
sought that will have in
creased activity against resist
ant insects. Perhaps these
might even be more effective
against the resistant insects
than the non-resistant. This
would have the effect of re
versing resistance and render
ing the insects susceptible
again to the 'old' insecti
cides." Williams, of Chemagro,
noted that "It has often
times been said of our in
dustry that it is unique, with
respect to our being guilty
until proven Innocent. All of
our problems are interwoven;
resistance, registration of pro
ducts, correct methods of ap
plication all these have
tended to bind our professions
together to the point where
closer cooperation between
industry and state and federal
agencies exist.
Williams noted that the in
dustry was somewhat shaken
with all the legislation at
first. This could account for
the lag in developing new
products, but the industry is
now making up for lost time,
he said.
Cost of registering a chem
ical prior to the Miller bill
was approximately 550,000.
A very conservative estimate
now for registering a chem
ical If at least $250,000, and
a cost of 11 and $2 million
dollars are common for some
products. This also increases
the cost to the grower, Wil
liams said.
Skelsey noted that develop
ment of more chemical sprays
because of resistence to old
ones raises the cost of such
chemicals to the orchardist.
TUESDAY. JANUARY 8. 1963
Chit Chat
By JOE COWLEY
Mail Tribune Farm Editor
Well, the general press has finally discovered the Com
mon Market just as it discovered, or rediscovered Asia at
the beginning of Korea and the brush fire wars in southeast
Asia.
It's not unusual now to see lengthy feature articles on
the Common Market in the large metropolitan papers. Read
ing such papers three months ago you would have thought
there never was such a thing.
Few state farm meetings now fail to mention the Euro
pean Common Market, This Includes fruit growers, cattlemen,
and wheat growers.
Kansans are pushing the U. S, toward closer trade ties
with the Common Market. The state's Republican Gov. John
Anderson Jr. said as early as August that his wheat state
needs European markets for distribution of agricultural
surpluses. Former GOP Presidential Nominee Alfred M.
Landon is also one of Kansas' political leaders who were
backing the president's trade expansion legislation, now law.
Britain, under political pressure from the Labor Party
and with the French opposing entrance of British Common
wealth nations, now is not quite so eager to join ECM. But,
Britain cannot postpone its decision on the Common Market
any longer. The big question still remains. Will France ease
its policy restrictions? British representatives are now par
ticipating in an important series of preliminary dscussions
on English entrance to ECM today through Friday. The ECM
ministers start their series of decisive meetings Monday.
Meanwhile France has been found guilty at a recent
Council on General Trade and Tariffs Agreements of violat
ing its GATT agreements in its restrictions on U. S. goods
entering France; particluarly fruit. Pacific Coast fruit ship
pers are Impatiently awaiting action by the state department
on some form of retaliation to make France face up to the
facts of free trade. .
Although the Common Market has been pictured re
peatedly as the advancing bulwark of western Democracy,
the Commonwealth contains halt of the free world's people
and cannot be ignored in the tight orbit of the ECM led by
France. The Commonwealth would be asked to give up
specific trade advantages they enjoy with Britain in ex
change for indefinite gains in the future. Also standing on
the rim peering uncertainly in are the new Independent
African states which seem resolved to refuse association
with Europe. And, uncertainty is like an open door to Com
munism as India learned.
One of the British Commonwealth is Canada, the largest
single foreign market for the United States. Canada, too, is
uncertain. The Progressive Conservative government of
Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker has always believed
Britain's entry into the Common Market would be danger
ous to Canada. However, titer losing its parliamentary
majority, the Progressive Conservatives have modified this
stand. It's Britain's decision, Diefenbaker has said.
New Zealand depends on export of livestock products
for its existence, not merely a profitable living. New Zealand
would support British entry if such vital interests are protected.
The trade-expansion law gives the president power to
negotiate tariffs downward, helps possible British entry
and acts as a spearhead for those countries hovering on
the outskirts of ECM.
1 '," -f s . I . vv . ...
A 11
ATTRACTIVE FAIR GROUNDS The top
picture shows the attractive fair grounds of
the Siskiyou County fair near Yreka, Calif.
The picture was taken looking down past
the buildings. The second picture shows an
all-purpose building which can house meet
ings and exhibits. A group of people inter
ested In promoting an open fair and better
fair grounds for Jackson county will be con
tinuing their meetings soon at the Southern
Oregon Production Credit association office
in Medford.
Beffer Times Seen
For Oregon Sheep
Sheepmen who survived the
recent low price years face
relatively better times, at
least until supplies build up
again, according to OSU Ag
ricultural Economist Stephen
Marks.
Lamb prices in 1063 should
average higher than in 1962,
he said.
Sheepmen who survived the
recent low price years face
relatively better times, at least
until supplies build up again,
Marks says.
Flock Liquidations
Flock liquidations in 1960,
1961 and 1962 have reduced
the number -of sheep and
lambs to a point where the
Jan, 1, 1963 Inventory may
show the smallest number
since 1950. However, with
price improvement, no further
large scale liquidation is in
prospect, but no large in
crease in holding ewe Iambs
for flock expansion is in pros
pect either.
Odds are that the 1963 lamb
JMais. . fa
980 Cattle Sold
At Midway Yard
In Friday Event
A total of 980 cattle were
sold on a very active mar
ket at Midway Auction yard.
Steer calves sold from $28
to $30.50 per hundredweight.
Good heifer calves brought
$25 to $27.70. Yearling steers
at 500 to 700 pounds sold for
$25 to $27.50. Feeder steers
weighing 800 to 950 pounds
sold at $23 to $24.50.
Yearling heifers sold from
$23 to $24. A pen of 67 head
of 670 pound heifers brought
$24. Holstcln steer calves
brought $22 to $24.50. Year
ling Holstein steers weigh
ing 550 to 650 pounds sold
for $21.50 to $22.70. Holstein
steers at 800 to 900 pounds
went out at $20 to $21.70.
Lots of Cows, Calves
"There were lots of cows
and calves in the sale," Own
er - Manager Bill Bray said.
"Good young pairs sold from
$220 to $245. Some pens of
thin cows with calves sold
from $195 to $212.50 per pair.
A pen of 23 Angus Spring
cows sold for $211 per head
and a pen of 10 Angus heif
ers went out at $190."
The registered Angus cows
went from $220 to $300 per
head.
Slaughter bulls brought $20
to $21.90.
STOCKMEN
FEED PELLETS
Your coirie or unpalatable
roughage will make bate
for a modern balanced ration
that you can feed with little
labor and no wairagt. The
incrtaiod moat er milk pro
duced will giva you mail
mum returns on a small cash
(nvoitmont.
MORTON
MILLING CO.
$00 Ron Lane, Medford
crop will be even smaller than
In 1962, Lamb prices during
the early part of 1963 will
average much higher than a
year earlier, with summer and
fall prices likely to hold above
the same seasons the past
year, he predicts.
Wool prices in 1963 prob
ably will average about the
same as In 1062, Domestic
stocks are down and a smaller
crop of shorn wool is in pros
pect due to the reduction of
sheep numbers, but prospects
are for continued strong com
petition from lower-priced
man-made fibers and from
larger imports of woolen fabrics.
SPECIAL
Rial Sharp Ud 202
MASSEY-MRGUSON WORK
BULL Tractor WDalt Loader
and Backhoe
NASH FORD TRACTOR
I IMPLtMENT CO.
300$ Crater Uka Hwy.
It's interesting to draw a parallel with the Common
Market development. Relation between British Prime Min
ister Harold Macmillan and French President de Gaulle is
the key to further strengthening of the European Economic
Community just as the relations between the late President
Roosevelt and Russia's Stalin were the key to reenforcing
allied effort in World War II.
Macmillan earlier proposed six points which he felt
would meet the Commonwealth Interests: (1) worldwide
measures to expand manufacturers' trade, world-wide meas
ures to strengthen trade in foodstuffs including a price
policy for Europe which would discourage self-sufficiency,
association for African and Caribbean countries wanting it or
special trade arrangements, new trade agreements for Asian
countries aimed at Increasing their foreign currency receipts,
special privileges for New Zealand, an enlarged Europe to
include Denmark, Norway and the Republic of Ireland and
as economic associates Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and
Portugal.
Now seven South American countries have set up a Latin
American Free Trade Association to promote free trade
among member countries, not necessarily to erect a tariff
wall against outside countries. This may help to stimulate
the greatly needed industrialization of Latin America countries.
Current news illustrates the tightening of ties between
Conrad Adenauer's Western Germany and France. It would
seem natural therefore for Adenauer to stress disadvantages
to Germany of British entry into the ECM. He has stated
strongly that British entry would have an undesirable effect
on German coal, textiles and agriculture.
And de Gaulle is busy establishing France as a fourth
empire. The de Gaulle election victory didn't help any. Farm
price policy Is the remaining hurdle to be cleared for British
entry and de Gaulle seems unwilling to lower the bars.
France seems intent on excluding the grains and meats of
the United Slates, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. This
is of concern to the American farmer since trade, like a
stream, seeks new channels. What cannot be sold abroad in
Europe must be sold to the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Orvllle L. Freeman slated earlier such terms would also
mean a trade war between the ECM and the U.S.
One of the new channels of trade being sought by the
Commonwealth is between Australia and Japan. The Aus
tralian government knows it must secure new markets in
Asia and North America to offset any bad effects of the
possible British entry into the ECM, It has developed a mil
lion dollar dairy products market in Burma, tor instance.
A new shipping line has been opened to ship meat directly
from Australian eastern ports to the U.S. East Coast markets.
And Japan Is pushing for trade. It Is expected this year
to strengthen ties with the ECM. Japan Is even willing to
allow comparatively high trade barriers to remain against
some of its trade goods. So Japan also has an interest in the
Common Market. Perhaps a strong one. It, like Turkey, is
a rampart against further spread of Communism, so what
affects Its trade relations should be of vital concern to the
U.S.
Sweden, Ireland and Spain are all feeling the effects of
the Common Market.
Swedish reaction to the Common Market is Important to
the Rogue Valley since a substantial amount of fruit Is
shipped to Sweden every year and this year's shipment of
all Pacific Coast fruit to Scandinavian countries has Increased
substantially. Denmark and Norway have applied for EEC
membership. And Sweden is seeking closer ties.
Ireland has applied, also, for EEC entry. The Irish prime
minister has proposed starting tariff reductions even before
the entry. A survey was secheduled earlier this year to
determine European demand for Irish foodstuffs,
Generallwimo Francisco Franco Is relaxing his stern rule I
over his country so Spain may find Its place In the EEC. One j
minister opposing the entry has been removed.
TBMELY HUM:
THAT SHOULD BE USED NOW!
CONCENTRATED BORASCU
Concentrated Boriscu A soil sterllant for weed
control on ditch banks and fence rows. A dry
granular material. Now Is the Ideal lime to clean
up those weedy ditch banks and fence rows..
BORDEAUX MIXTURE
Bordeaux Mixture with spreader stick for dormant
praying of peaches, apricots, res bushes and
shrubs. Use now, (his will prevent a lot of trouble
some problems next spring and summer.
T
PAX CRABGRASS KILLER
Pax crabgrass killer. Easy to apply with a spreader,
a 20-lb. bag covers 1,000 tq. ft. Don't waitl Tim
ing is the most important factor In controlling this
pest, And now is the tlmel
I
I
Remember . . . you don't have to
be a member to trade here
and SAVE!
GRANGE
m CO-or
! '! ! I- CENTRAL POINT
GRANGE
CO-OP
The place te go for
all your farm steal
naodi. A complete
rock en hand of.
OALVANIZIO
IRON
STIR POSTS
BARB WIRI
FENCING
- v -
1
J
(Gnaimge (C(IDjp
Highway 99
CENTRAL POINT
Phone 664-1261 or 773-4022
421 A Street
ASHLAND
Phone 482-2143