jq , SUNDAY. JANUARY 6. 1963 MEPFOHD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDfOHD. OREGON
New Generation Starts Life Knowing Only Displaced
Living
By GARY HAMPTON
United Press International
For 14 years, since they fled
their homes in what is now
Israel, more than 1,000,000
Arabs have lived as refugees
with no place to go - olten
without food or proper, nous'
ing, mostly without work,
And worst of all, until recent
ly, virtually without hope.
Amone the displaced, a
whole new generation has be-
oun life knowing nothing else
About half of the refugees
lire under 17 years of age.
Even those who arc now in
their later teens or early 20's
Jiavc little or no memory of
the homes in which they were
born.
The only thing that has
made life bearable or even
possible for these homeless
ones nas been me care ana
feeding provided them by the
United Nations Relief and
Works Agency for Palestine
refugees (UNRWA). It has fed
and housed them, established
schools and hospitals for
them, found work for some,
tried to make some kind of
life for all.
Vole To Extend UNRWA
The UN General Assembly
voted Dec. 20 to extend the
life of UNWRA until June
80, 1965. The United Slates
resolution, approved 100-2,
nlso called on the Palestine
Conciliation Committee to
continue seeking peace be
tween Israel and the Arab
countries, which would be an
important element in any
final solution of the refugees'
plight.
By the end of 1962 the cost
of this gigantic mercy opera
tion will have totalled, by
United Nations figures, about
$455,080,000. The United
States has contributed rough
ly 65 per cent of this, or $202
million. Britain's contribution
lias been nearly $75 million.
With the exception of Yugo
slavia, the Communist stales
have conlributcd nothing.
The host Arab stales - Jor
dan, Lebanon, Syria and the
:.U vH- Ik r. If ; j
m
RECEIVE MEAL Children receive i hot
mid-day meal at this Dobaych Champ, Leb
anon, food station. For 14 years, since they
fled their homes in what is now the young
Israeli nation, more than 1 million Arabs
have lived as refugees with no place to go.
9 '-
- 1
Mamma
The only thing that has made life bearable
or even possible for these homeless ones
has been the care and feeding provided
them by the United Nations Relief and
Works Agency for Palestine Relief. (UPI)
United Arab Republic - have
contributed approxi m a t e 1 y
$11,500,000 in cash and some
$45 million in such direct
services as providing water
and land, and police, educa
tional and medical services.
The balance of roughly $32
million has come from about
40 other regularly contribut
ing UN member countries.
About 44 per cent of the
total cost has been spent pro
viding 870,000 of the refugees
with food at 10 cents per day.
There are In all, today, nearly
1,200,000 registered refugees.
The UAR-occupied Gaza strip
holds 265,000; Jordan has
633,000; Lebanon 143,000 and
Syria 121,000. The exact num
ber of refugees is not known
since there arc others, un
counted and not under UN
RWA care, in Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, Aden and the trucial
Shickhdoms of Qatar, Oman
and Abu Dhabi.
The approximately o n e
third of the refugees who do
not depend on food handouts
are self - supporting. A few
were former professional peo
ple in Palestine - doctors, law
yers, teachers. But most of
the "self-supporting" scratch
a hard living as day laborers
There are a minority who
work as skilled clerks, store
assistants and the like.
What is to become of these
people?
Grapple With Problem
This is the problem with
which the United Nations has
been grappling since 1948
against the unending - and
also virtually insoluble-background
of bitter Israeli-Arab
strife. None of the problems
that sent the refugees fleeing
from their homes in the first
place has been settled.
The one thing the UN has
done is improve considerably
the condition of the refugees.
They are fed and housed, they
are provided clothing. There
are schools, hospitals and med
ical centers, workshops and
playgrounds. V his is progress,
is not salvation, but many
who fled from their homes
and farms with little more
than the clothes on their
backs.
The United Nations sees
some hope for turning the ex
plosive problem of the Arab
refugees into a spearhead of
progress throughout the Mid
dle East, by giving them
training and schooling. As it
is now, there is a real threat
to Middle East peace - even
world peace posed by more
than one million restless,
homeless Arabs cast adrift in
countries that offer them little
more than asylum.
Turn From Homeland
In human terms the educa
tion and health programs are
turning many disinherited
"unemployable" peasants
away from their own land
Into cadres of skilled workers
who gradually are being wel
comed into factories and busi
nesses as the Middle East
edges slowly forward into in
dustrialized 20lh century life.
The major problem now is
the middle aged and old
among the rclugccs. These
cannot be trained to a new
Californians Looking Forward
To Smog Controlling Devices
Commercial and public
transportation firms also were
expecting stale deadlines with
which to conform to use of
the control devices.
Robert M. Barsky, public in
formation officer of the air
pollution control district (AP
CD), said air pollution caused
by sources oilier than automo
biles, were almost negligible.
Hydrocarbons dumped into
the atmosphere by cars totaled
about 1,500 tons a day, Bar
sky said.
But when the APCD was
formed in 1947, stationary
sources of smog also present
ed a problem to experts de
voted to "cleaning up" the
Los Angeles atmosphere.
Rubbish, industry and emis
sions from petroleum manu
facture and processing were
the largest contributors to air
pollution next to the automo
bile.
Since 1947, the "rubbish
problem is completely under
control, Bursky said. Laws
forbid open burning dumps,
clearing liud by burning and
Incinerators. All cities In Los
Angeles county agreed to
eliminate municipal incinera
tors and the single chamber
Incinerator was outlawed.
As a result, all rubbish
presently is being disposed of
by burial.
Attack Pollution Problem
The APCD alliiekecl the in
dustrial air pollution problem
by insisting firms install con
trol equipment, such as float
ing roots on petroleum stor
age tanks.
Petroleum processing plants
have set up sulphur recovery
requiring anti-smog devices on i about 1100 tons of sulphur from
By MYRAM BORDERS
United Press International
Los Angeles-WPll- Among
the things Californians ore
looking forward to this new
year is compulsory smog con
trol devices on new automo
biles. That is especially true
in this metropolis of smog
and freeways.
After months of talk, the
air pollution control district,
slate motor vehicle pollution
control board, legislators and
automotive manufacturers
agreed on a device designed
to reduce contaminating ele
ments in auto exhaust.
But experts admit It would
not solve the problem entire
ly and certainly not immed-,
lately. The device is not 100
per cent effective and there
arc many contributors to sinng
other than vehicle exhaust.
From Two Directions
Experts approached the
auto smog control device from
two directions ... the crank
case and the exhaust.
One approach is a simple
tube which directs fumes
from the crank case back into
the carburetor for reburning.
This is the system which will
be required equipment on
!)(:) cars sold in California.
The other approach Involves
mounting a device on the ex
haust pipe, perhaps in place
of the muffler, to burn out
hydrocarbons. Or the mechan
ism can use a catalyst to ab
sorb a required amount of
carbon monoxide and hydro
carbons.
Attempts to control eye irri
taling smog caused by cars
will lake its first giant step
in 1963, backed by legislation
new cars.
Plans for requiring similar
controls on old and used cms
were being worked out by the
slate motor vehicle pollution
control board. Enforcement of
such laws probably would be
the atmosphere daily, said
Rnrsky. It is reused for mak
ing chemicals. Vapor controls
also have been ordered tor
loading tank trucks.
Another smog source is the
power pmnts. Law forbids the
vcmber 15. Natural gas Is
used during that lime. When
the APCD predicts moderate
to heavy eye irritation from
smog during November to
March, power plants volun
tarily revert to natural gas.
Eventually, smog control
Ing agencies hope to require
the burning of nalural gus
all year long by power plants.
But before that can happen,
additional natural gas must be
piped info Southern California.
Applicators Course
Slated in Valley
A pesticide applicators
shorl course will be held
Monday, Jan. 7, at 1:15 p.m.
at the Jackson county cxlen
sion auditorium at the lair
grounds south of Medford.
J. D. Patterson, Oregon
stale department of agricul
ture, chief chemist, Bob
Every, Oregon State univer
sity entomologist, and Dr. A.
Erin Merkel, Jackson county
Public health officer, will be
on the program lo answer
questions regarding the safe
and proper use of pesticides.
Oregon laws pertaining to
or affecting use of agricul
tural chemicals also will be
discussed.
"The meeting's purpose is
to better acquaint applicators
wilh their responsibility lo
the public and liabilities aris
ing from misuse of agricul
tural chemicals." according to
Don Berry, county extension
agent.
Examinations for the 1963
Oregon slate pesticide appli
cator's license will be given
at the end of the meeting. All
interested people are Invited
lo attend.
aided by making Ihe devices ; burning of fuel oil at Mich
prerequisite to registration, plants from April 15 to No-
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life, and it is they who tic
pend most on charity for their
very existence.
What prevents any final
solution of the problem of the
refugees is the existence of a
state of war between Israel
and her Arab neighbors. A
virtual battle of extermina
tion between Jews and Arabs
closed out British rule over
Palestine in 1948. No peace
treaty followed the 1949 ar
mistice and bolh sides still
live ready to fight. For 14
years, Arab - Israel border
clashes or aerial duels occur
almost weekly, and there
have been major outbreaks,
as during the "Suez War" in
1956.
Expected To Return
When the refugees first
fled Palestine, they expected
to return within weeks be
hind Arab armies sworn lo
sweep the Jews and their
state into '.no sea. But the
Arabs were held back. The in
volvement of Western and
Communist powers - which
strengthened and supported
the Israelis on the one hand
and armed and encouraged the
Arabs on the other - height
ened the existing Arab-Israeli
military stalemate.
Today Israel is a thriving
nation and, although 'he
Arabs still refuse to recognize
its existence and negotiate
peace, the outlook for the
refugees to go back to an
"Arab" homeland in Palestine
is bleak indeed.
The UN's role is as much a
holding operation as it is one
of rehabilitation. The Suez
episode alone showed the risk
of world war inherent in the
continuing Arab - Israel con
flict. When France and Britain
intervened in the Israeli at
tack on Egypt the Soviets
countered by threatening to
rain rockets on Paris and Lon
don. The United States urged
restraint and UN troops were
rushed between the opposing
Arab and Israeli armies in the
Gaza area. Peace had been
preserved. But so was the
stalemate which seals the fate
of the refugees.
The question Is asked why
the refugees cannot be re
settled in the Arab lands, or
absorbed into their popula
tions. For one thing the refu
gees cling to the dream of one
day going back to their own
homes. They have shown no
enthusiasm for resettlement.
But neither have their host
nations, already burdened by
population and economic
problems. They explain that
any such action would com
promise the status of the
homeless ones as political
refugees and weaken their
claim to their former homeland.
Thus the choice to the UN I
was either to simply turn 'he
refugees loose to fend for !
themselves which patently
was impossible, or caring for
them while training the
younger generation to earn
their own livings and even
tually make their way In the
world.
The vast majority of Pales
tine refugees were unskilled
laborers, holders of small
farms, or herders. Another
30,000 were Nomadic Bedouin
tribesmen.
Became More Healthy
Under UNRWA care the
refugees have, by and large,
become more healthy than the
averige citizen in the host
countries. They live longer,
and their birth rate has in
creased. This has continually
added .30,000-a-year to the
numbers of unemployed.
In 1960 UNRWA launched
a three-year program to pro
vide as many of the young as
possible with an education
and job training.
Under its program UNRWA
has established 11 higher
training institutions and sub
sidized several others. By mid
1963 these institutions are
scheduled to graduate some
2,200 skilled workers an
nually. UNRWA runs or sub
sidized about 400 general
schools attended by more
than 180,000 refugee children.
The existing training cen
ters for men provide instruc
tion in 20 main trades as well
as training in Arabic, English
and mathematics. For girls
UNRWA has established at
Ramallah, Jordan, a teaching
and vocational school for 600
students. This is a pioneer
effort in the Middle East
where the idea of a girl learn
ing a trade to support herself
was unhe.iro of up to a few
years ago.
UNRWA officials say the
training programs are highly
successful. They report that
90 per cent of graduates from
UNRWA training centers find
work immediately. . 1
Only 4.400 out of the 30,
000 who become adults each
year benefit from the pro
gram. But UNRWA believes it
is on the right track and, until
real peace comes to the Mid
dle'East, the people being sal
vaged from the enormous: ref
ugee pool will help to build
a better lit"! for future generations.
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William Simpson Rickey,
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Phyllis Harriet Shultf. 14IIS
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