SUNDAY, DECEMBER 30. 1962
Scales Turn to West During Year; Good Year for Russian People
MEDFORD MAIL, TRIBUNE. MEDFORD, OREGON
Initiative Is Held
By West for First
Time in Cold War
(Editor's Note: Who won
the 1962 bailie of the cold
war - if there was a winner
- the Soviet Union or the
American-led west? Th
answer seems to depend on
where you are sitting. In
this dispatch the Western
view is summed up by K.C.
Thaler, Chief European
Diplomatic correspondent
of United Press Internation
al. The Soviet viewpoint is
presented by UPI's acting
manager in Moscow, Rob
ert J. Korengold.)
By K. C. THALER
United Press International
London - lUPI) - The scales
of the 1962 balance have been
lipped in the West's favor for
the first time in many years
of the bitter East-West cold
war.
The past 12 months, which
witnessed the cold wars
worst crisis since Stalin s
Berlin blocade in 1948, left
the West holding the initia
tivc, with Russia on the dn
fcnsive on the home and in
ternational fronts.
From the trial of strength
between the two nuclear
giants which brought them to
the brink of atomic war, the
United States emerged con
siderably fortified.
Russia drew back, faced
with the threat of a nuclear
showdown and has since been
talking of "peaceful co-existence
through compromise"
as the preferable way to
global settlement.
Solution Not In Sight
But at year's end, neither
the Russo-American show
down nor the professed de
sire for negotiation have
brought a solution of the ma
jor cold war problems and
none was in immediate sight.
Three crucial events de
cisively marked cold war de
velopments in the past year:
The Cuban conflict, the deep
ening Sino-Soviel rift and
the Red Chinese attack on
India.
Each tends to have long
range effects on East-West re
lations.
In the Cuban conflict, Rus
sia suffered one of the sever
est diplomatic setbacks since
the allied airlift collapsed the
Stalin blockade of Berlin.
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
drew back in Cuba when
confronted with the determi
nation of the United State
to ride the storm out.
Numerical Superiority
According to latest esti
mates, if a showdown had
come, the United States
would have had a six-fold nu
merical superiority over Rus
sia in intercontinental ballis
tic missiles while Russia
would have had three time
as many medium range rock
ets as the United Stales.
But, Moscow still has a
case in Cuba and al a price
a satellite-type Communist
regime in the Caribbean that
could serve as a potential
jumping-off spot for spread
ing communism in Latin
America.
From the Cuban setback,
on the other hand, stemmed
a deepening of the Sino-So-vict
conflict, which al year's
end had assumed crisis pro
portions. Has Become Fiction
Whatever the Communist
attempt lo camouflage the
differences, the existence of
a communist "monolith"' has
become a fiction. The con
f 1 i c-1 which in the past was
merely ideological and large
ly limited to the Moscow-
Peking axis has spread!
throughout the Communist
world and beyond, to Commu-1
nisi parties in the west, j
Khrushchev, angered by
Peking's implirit claim to ;
communist leadership, has'
given every indication he is !
determined to maintain Mos- j
row as the Mecca of interna- ;
tional Communism with him-'
self as its chief prophet. 1
The third event. Red Chi
na's attack on neutralist In
dia, has perhaps more than ;
any sinele move in the past 1
tended to tip the scales of the
rold war against the Commu
nists. :
Destroys Fiction
It destroyed the fiction of
Communism's peaceful poli
cies, demonstrated glaringly
the fallacy of non-alignment
in a world of power bloc
strategy and undermined the
him to solidarity of the neu
tralist camp.
None of the major neutrals
hacked India unquestioning
ly, although India had been
the virtual leader of the neu
tral camp.
Lat but not lra;t, tradition
ally nemrM India moved clo
:r r the Wet than she ever
wi inr sh Mlnfd inde
n".nc orr.e 13 years sen,
-ma la yt unforeeeible
wirug jne fr the future
o.jry i-ft-irs of the ?mat-
wM$mmm
CONTRAST Tractors pull plows in Russian field (left)
in sharp contrast lo Chinese peasants working with prim
itive hand tools in the field of one of Mao Tse-Tung's com-
niunos. Agriculture has been one- of the internal problems
of both Russian and Red China. (UP1)
ly also has its shortcomings
for the West. The NATO
alignment displayed solidar
ity with the United States in
the Cuban affair, but the
European allies were resent
ful because of lack of Ameri
can consultation with them
on steps that almost led to
war.
Allied solidarity which
withstood the Cuban test has
shown considerable gaps in
Europe, where Britain's en
try into the European com
munity has become a big
question mark, despite
American insistence that
European integration is a vi
tal factor in the future cold
war battle.
France's go-it-alone policy
in the western defense align
ment has proved another
weak spot in the West's 19(12
balance.
But, Russia, too, has had
her internal problems, which
show every inclination to
overlap into 1963.
Economically, the Soviet
has suffered some severe set
backs, notably in the agri
cultural sector. And she has
quietly dropped her pretense
to overtaking the United
Stales in the near future. In
stead, Moscow has begun to
look to capitalist working
methods as a stimulus to her
own lagging economy.
These and the inner bloc
troubles may force on the
Kremlin a period of consoli
dation that could be reflected
in a more cautious approach
to cold war problems, includ
ing Berlin, in lfltiH.
4j m
WW
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SYNCHROTRON SITE - This is an aerial view of the Zero
Gradient Synchrotron site at Argonne National Laboratory
at Argonne, 111. Covering 42 acres, this atom smasher, one
of the largest and most powerful in the world, will be
completed in l!)(i:i. A 200-foot circle of magnets, around
which sub-nuclear particles will be accelerated, will form
the "heart" of the synchrotron. This magnet ring is being
installed in an earth-covered structure in the center of the
picture. At left is the framework for a high energy physics
research center. (UPI)
1963 To Be Year of Deep Breath
For America's Growing Space Program
Editor's note - After the
dramatic missile and space
achievements of 1962, the
new year may seem dull.
Actually it will be a busy
time preparing for almost
unbelieveable c o n q u e sts
due for 1964. In the follow
ing dispatch, third and last
of a scries, the manager of
UPI's Cape Canaveral bu
reau inventories the na.
lion's space program in the
year ahead.
the second one probably will ;
! be cancelled if the first goes I
all right. !
Astronaut L. Gordon Coop- 1
er Jr., a 35-yoar-old Air Force
major, has been se'ected for
the next U.S. manned orbit
al mission a 17-circuit trip,
i the most ambitious ever al
; temped in the free world.
If al! goes well. Cooper
I will fly five orbits farther
i than the combined trips of
By ALVIN B. WEBB JR. ,
Cape Canaveral - HOT -Newcomer
l!HS:t will he the
"year of the deep breath" for
America's ever - growing
space program and it's go
ing to seem dull compared
with booming 1IIK2.
Americans will continue to
pour millions of tax dollars
into space projects, but they
will have to wait until 19K4
or later to find out just what
they bought.
Many of those dollars will
be fed into existing programs
which will lie spending time
on the ground for the "big
push" ahead. Others will go
into giant new space projects
The most significant event
to be expected in the year
ahead i the ending of Proj
ect Mercury, the nation's first
man-into space program, and
its replacement by the huge
'-. and expensive new Gemini
and Apnlln proirrls aimed at
i conquering the moon this dec
' fide
The t'nitrd State h
s"r.pl!.'rd only iwn manned
Computer Studied
For County Assessor
The Jackson county court
is considering leasing a com
puter for the county assessor's
office, it was reported Friday,
County Assessor Triad Hal
ten said the machine, to he
teased at $30 n month, is
needed mainly to keep up
with the greatly increased
work load.
Two computers now being
used are wearing out, and
rannot keep up with the work.
The monthly rental fees could
be applied to purchase, of the
machine later.
The court authorized sur
vey of other courthouse of
; fires lo see what their com
puter n certs might be.
his three globe-girdling pred- i
ecessors - astronauts John
Glenn, M. Scott Carpenter
and John M. Schirra - who
flew in H2.
But the day-long flight, set
originally for the end of l!)H2,
already has slipped badly. Il
is now set for April, 19(i;i, '
and it stands a good chance
of being postponed until May
or June. '
A second day-long flight
would be attempted only if
something serious went
wrong with Cooper's mission.
Otherwise. U. S. space scien
tists will turn their attention
tf Gemini, the two-man space
ship program.
Prepares for Apollo
Meanwhile, t h c federal
spare agency is tooling up
for the even more ambitious
Apollo project, designed to
put Americans on the moon
hopefully ahead of the Rus
sians -t before the end of tne
decade. But here again, a
date well beyond Ifhin is the
target.
The main space - bound
tasks connected with Project
Apollo this year will be in
three .scheduled flights of the
Saturn Cl "super-booster" -a
1 ,5 million-pound-thruvl
rocket believed to be more
powerful than anything Rus
sia has flown to dale.
The Saturn Cl, with three
successes in as many attempts
under its bulky belt, will go
to the firing pad for the
fourth time in the spring,
probably around April, for
still another booster-only test.
The next shot, scheduled for
late in the year, will carry
a live, hydrogen - propelled
upper stage for the first time.
This, then, will be the full
scale Saturn rocket which
will launch three-man teams
of U. S. astronauts into earth
orbits aboard Apollo space
ships starting in late 1KH4
More powerful Saturn C5
rocket.; under development
will lift them to the moon in
another five years or so.
Signs of Easing
Seen; New Goods
Get Into Shops
By ROBERT J. KORENGOLD
United Press International
Moscow-(VPP-To the averaue ;
boviet citizen, liibz seemed a
pretty good year.
There was some belt-tightening,
but also some signs of
easing - such as in housing.
And some frightening mo
ments came over Cuba.
But newspapers told the i
nation that Nikita Khrush-1
chev's "statesmanlike hand-1
ling" of the emergency saved
the world from a thermoiui-1
clear catastrophe. i
There was the normal thin
trickle of new goods into the
shops.
And once again the USSR
showed itself a pioneer in
space exploration with the
marathon cosmic flight of
Andrian Nikolayev and Pavel
Popovich and the launching
of a one-ton space probe to
ward the planet Mars.
Price Hike on Meet
A roughly 30 per cent price
hike on meat, butter and oth
er dairy products early in the
summer was a blow to the
pocketbook of the nation's
consumers.
But most Russians, respond
ing to an appeal from Khrush
chev, pulled in their belts,
and accepted his explanation
that it was a necessary meas
ure to boost the nation's lag
ging agricultural production.
A local stir was caused by
such foreign invasions as Ben
ny Goodman's jazz band and
Russian-born composer and
conductor Igor Stravinsky's
return to his native land for
the first time in 48 years.
Nikita Sergeyevich, as the
Russians often call their pre
mier, displayed his expected
energy all year long.
Some Anxious Moments
There were some anxious
moments in January when it
was rumored someone had
tried lo assassinate him during
an agricultural junket to By
elorussia, But he soon turned up, ap
parently unharmed and un
bothered, al his Black Sea va
cation residence.
Summer seemed to be just
one thing after another.
There was the price boost,
then the announcement that
the Soviet Union was going lo
hold atomic mililary maneu
vers in the Arctic - billed as
an answer to continued Anglo
American testing - and the
official claim that the nation
had developed an underwater
missile similar to the Ameri
can "Polaris."
The most memorable event,
however, was the joint flights
of the "space twins," Nikola
yev and Popovich, who sang
to each other as they whizzed
around the globe in separate
rocket ships.
Tell of Bad Days
Poets told of the had days
of Stalin.
But in art and music the
signs at year's end pointed to
a tightening of party control
in the wake of attacks by
Khrushchev himself on mod
ern abstract artists and West
ern jazz.
On the international scene
it seemed to be a matter of
some gains and some losses.
The peaceful settlement of
the Laos crisis early in the
year appeared a good start.
But Cuba was a real scare
for a nation bitterly aware
; of what destruction a war can j
i bring.
' Pledge From President '
, Pravda told the nation !
, Khrushchev saved the world s
; from a war over Cuba.
What's more, as the Rus-'
k'M i , 14 H
, " J ' f- V s Si. , - i'i -
i i ; 1 u -J i. t " i - f
, - , " !l 1 , ,
hiini f-----v - ... j- . -'-'
FRIENDLY MEETING There is little evi
dence of tile serious Sino-Soviel quarrel in
this friendly meeting of Nikita Khrushchev,
Premier of the Soviet Union (right), and
Red China's Mao Tse-Tung. Since the spring
of l!)ti0 there have been rumblings of
'"ideological" troubles between the two
giants of International Communism. (UPf)
sians saw it, Khrushchev got I
a pledge from U.S. President
Kennedy not to carry out any
American aggression against
Cuba, a diplomatic victory
which allowed the Soviet Un
ion to remove its defensive
missiles from Cuban soil.
Of course the Soviet press
left a lot of questions un
answered - including why the
risk had been taken to put
the missiles into Cuba to be
gin with, and why First Depu
ty Premier Anastas Mikoyan
had to spend so long in Ha
vana talking with Cuban Pre
mier Fidel Castro.
It was also unclear, from j
the reports available V So
viet citizens, just why a big ,
country like America was so
heated up about a tiny one
like Cuba, which had claimed '
il only wanted lo be let alone.
Fight Over Border
For that matter, it was
hard to tell from the Pravda
reports jusl why a big Com
munist partner like China and
a good neutral friend like In
dia were fighting over some
apparently desolate border
territory.
Pravda summed il up neat
ly enough for most Soviets,
however, by claiming editori
ally that the main thing was
to slop the fighting and sit
down al a conference table to
settle the dispute.
As for the long-simmering
question of Berlin and a Ger
man peace settlement, Rus
sians liad divined from their
press and radio reports that
post-Cuba Berlin policy was
going to be slow and cautious
for some time to come.
Skyholf Success
Less Than Claimed I
Washington lUI'D- The test
of the controversial Skybolt .
missile above Cape Canaveral,
Flu., lust Saturday was con-!
sidernbly less than the big I
success claimed for it, inform-1
ed sources have stated.
Arcording to reports, the i
air-to-ground missile would j
have missed its target by ap- i
proximately inn miles if it
had actually come down. Ac-'
tually it burned up at a high
altitude because it carried mi;
nose cone to protect it on re
entry Into the earth's atmos
phere. The Air Force announce
ment of the successful test
was released without prior
Defense Department approv
al of the statement, il was
learned.
HEADS INVESTIGATION
Washington TP! Dr. Fran
res O. Kol.sey, who kept tha
lidomide off the American
niarkrt. has been named to
heart a new drug investigation
unit of the ledrral govern-
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