12 A
MONDAY. JULY 2, 1962
MEDFOHD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, OREGOtS
CIVIL WAR'
By MERTON T. AKERS
UPI Correspondent
Not until July 3, 1862, did
the North learn that its Army
of the Potomac had been de
feated on the Virginia Pen
insula and lay penned up and
in peril, licking its wounds
at Harrison's Landing on the
James River.
The North recoiled. Col
umns of casualty figures in
the newspapers hammered
home the bad tidings to Nor
therners who had forgotten
for the moment, at least
that war meant battles and
that battles meant death and
maiming,
The last vestiges of hope
for a "quirk war" died and in
its place grew f-lowly but
surely, the cold realization
sacrifice, more taxes and more
calls for troops if the South
was to be subdued.
And with defeat came re
newed clamor to make this
Civil War a war to free the
slaves and use tliem io speed
up victory rather than a cru
sade solely to maintain the
Union.
Seitei Opportunity
Sen. Charles Sumner of
Masfachusetts, a dedicated
radical Republican and anti
slavery man, seized this op
portunity to press his case.
He visited the While House
twice on July 4, urging Presi
dent Lincoln to re-dedicate
Ihe holiday to ihc einaniepa
tion of the slaves
Lincoln was still not con
vinced ihal the time was a,
hand. He told Sumner tlrA
Small Worlds
Around Us
By LYNN M. WATKINS
(Register jnd Tribune
Syndicate 19621
Crayfish Doesn't Know
Why He Swallows Sand
Whether you call them
crawfish or crayfish . . . whe
ther you use a small one for
fish boil or a large one to eat
. . . alters not at all the strange
facts about 'Ms member of
the crab family to which the
lobster also belongs.
Of course the crayfish has
not the faintest Idea why it
is forced by an exacting na
ture to swallow a quantity of
sand from time to time, or
why the creature's inner me
chanism directs some of this
sand in a specific direction
and deposits it in a certain
internal sac.
This is all taken care of
without Hie crayfish's con
scious knowledge, but without
that sand the crayfish would
not know whether he was go
ing or coming; whether he
was bottomside up or upside
down.
It is the sand grains press
ing against certain nerve ends
Ihat give the crayfish his
sense of position; keep his
senses from misinforming him
as to his balance or position.
Inside the crayfish's body Is
a tiny slatocysl, a little sac
which encloses a series of
nerves. The sand grains press
against the nerves, imparling
lo (lie creature its body po
sition. It's a lucky crayfish Ihal
reaches maturity, a time lapse
of several years. In the envi
ronment In which he lives he
must combat many enemies;
dangers of many kinds threat
en constantly.
Even uejathcr conditions
are "hazards. A falling water
period may end his struggle
long before he reaches adult
hood. Evidently falling water
triggers a peculiar activity,
for he begins to dig himself
a hole. Ifi, really a little well
which he constantly deepens
as the water level falls. He
even begins building a little
round dike around Die hole
by depositing marble-sized
pellets of dirt about the en
trance. Another effective ruse Ihe
crayfish uses, mainly to es
cape an enemy, is Ihe tail-flip.
The fan-shaped tail is brought
under the body with a violent
swoop. This propels Ihe cray
fish backwards and at the
same time stirs up a cloud of
mud in which the creature
can hide.
The crayfish lias four pairs
of legs and a pair of pinchers
in front. These are really mod
ified forelegs or should we
ray fiflhlcgs. These pinchers
are very powerful, strong
enouuh to crush weak shells
which, along with aquatic
worms, furnish Ihe crayfish
with a varied and adequate
diet
it's "too big a lick now." He
still feared the impact on the
border states if he freed the
slaves as a war measure Yet
he also knew that if he de
layed much longer, Congress
would take the issue out of
his hands.
Sumner quoted Lincoln as
saym., on that Fourth ol July:
"I would do it if I were not
afraid that half the officers
would fling down their arms
and three more states would
rise
At the time Congress- had
before it the Conliseation and
Emancipation bill. Republican
governors were pressin J for
its enactment. Gov. ltjchara
Yates of Illinois was typical.
"Blows must be struck a1, the
vital parts of the relx Uien,'
lie wrote lo Liieoln. The bid
passed July 12 and Lii-coln
telegraphed his Illinois friend:
"Dick, hold still and see the
salvation of God.'
Enthusiasm Lacking
Lincoln signed the bill July
17 without enthusiasm.
The act provided that slaves
of all rebels wherever reached
were free, but loyal slave
owners were not affected. No
escaped slaves were to be re
turned. But military questions
pressed in as the lull story
of the Peninsula defeat fil
tered in with arrival of offi
cers from the Army oi the
Potomac.
Lincoln had read par! ef
Maj. Gen. George B. McCIcl
lan's frantic telegram of de
feat, dated June 28 from the
Seven Days' battlefield. The
telegram ended with the bit
ter paragraph:
"If I save this army now, I
tell you plainly that I owe
no thanks to you (Secretary
of War Edwin M. Stanton) or
any oilier person in Washing
ton. You have done your best
to sacrifice this army.'
Stanton and Lincoln did
not sec those words. Col. E.S.
Stanford, supervisor of tele
graph, struck them out on his
own responsibility. But they
saw plenty to warn them that
all was not well on the Pen
insula. Fortunately for Northern
morale the telegraph was not
made public for seven months.
II would be two years before
the last two senlcnces were
published in McClellan's bat
tle report.
Lincoln now began lo pick
up ihe pieces and try to fit
Bad Tidings for the North
although unpopular, adminis- j
tralor. His value as comman-'
der lay largely in taking over
the paper work which Stan-)
ton and Lincoln had been 1
handling since McClellan had !
j slancd for the Peninsula.
I Obviously the Union must
: have more troops. How to!
raise them now with a Union
! downcast by McClellan's de-
feat was the biggest military
j question.
Slanton had uspended re
I cruiting when the Peninsula
campaign started. The North
read into this the implication
1 that the Union had enough ;
men to sec the war through, i
Secretary of State William I
H. Seward undertook the task
of breaking the news to se
lected governors that the na
tion needed more troops
300.000 more. Then the gov
ernors were to "request" the
President to call the new lev
ies. He went first to see Govs.
Edward Morgan of New York
and Andrew Curtin of Penn
sylvania, carrying a letter
from Lincoln which said in
part:
"I expect to maintain this
contest until successful or till
I die, or am conquered, or
my term expires, or Congress
or the country forsakes me:
and I would publicly appeal
to the country for the new
force, were it not that I fear
a general panic and stampede
would follow. . . "
The governors made the re
quest and the troops came.
The victorious Confederate
Gen. Robert E. Lee had about
as many problems in winning
as Lincoln had in defeat.
His army of about 75.000
men in' high spirits after
their Seven Days' success des
pite heavy casualties still
guarded Richmond and watch
ed the beleaguered Army of
the Potomac.
; Not Satisfied
Lee was not satisfied with
! the way his army had per
formed. It had been put to-
gether hastily in the face of
1 invaders. It had not function
!ed smoothly. Lee diagnosed
: the trouble as too many in
. dependent commanders with
inadequate coordination. Ba
sic Confederate military law
provided only for units up to
and including divisions. Le
saw the need for an organi
zation by corps. While wail
ing for the law to be amend
ed, Lee designated two "com
mands" which later would be.
cone the 1st and 2nd corps.
Maj. Gen. James (Old Petel
Longstreet was given the first
"command" and Jackson the
second.
Organization of the n e v
Union army of Virginia under
Pope posed a threat. He sent
Jackson with the 2nd "com
mand" nortli to watch Pope.
Longstreet's troops were kept
around Richmond to watch
the army of the Potomac, also
still a threat.
NORTH RECOILS - On July 3. I8(i2 the North recoiled at
the news that its Army of the Potomac had been defeated,
and the casualty lists hammered home the bad tidings. The:
last vestiges of hope for a "quick war" died, and in its place'
grew the realization that the Union faced more sacrifice,
more taxes and more calls for troops. Lincoln, center, was
pressured by politicians on the slavery issue. Sen. Charles i
Sumner of Massachusetts, upper left, urged Lincoln to email-'
cipatc the slaves. Lincoln was not convinced the lime was j
right. He feared the resignation of some of the Army's off t- j
ccrs and the revolt of three more states. Gov. Richard Yates j
of Illinois, lower left, was one of the state leaders pressing
for the enactment of the Confiscation and Emancipation bill
then before Congress. Lincoln, although opposed to the
measure, signed it. lie now began to piece together the parti j
of the shattered military situation. He appoinied Maj. Gen.
John Pope, upper right, to head a new force, called the Army
of Virginia. Then, on July 11, Lincoln named Maj. Gen.!
Henry W. Halleck, lower right, as commander of all the I
Union Armies. The pieces would now begin to fit. (UPI)
!
won a measure of success in !
the West by capturing New
Madrid, Mo., and Island No.
10 in tile Mississippi. He had
commanded one wing oi me
Union army which occupied ;
Corinth. Miss., in the spring i
of '62 after Ihc battle of Shi
loh. j Then Lincoln began look-
ing around for a man to head
I all the armies. Late in June
I he made a hasty trip to West
; Point and spent a day talk
j ing with old Gen. Winfield
j Scott, living there in retiri
menf.
Close-Mouthed
TRADTI THE!
3- ---" t Porcelain
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C rrnN- C" Cap'1Ci,,
s" ' " Wator
'iji . i :. Control
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I . "3 , j Filler
' J Automatic
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lY.il -"T"""1 Cold Water
1 j ! Rm,
1 Sclcclof
WITH YOUR TRADE
Operating or Not
MATCHING DRYER
169
00
NEEDS NO SPECIAL WIRING
NO DOWN PAYMENT WE SERVICE
1ST PAYMENT AIL
IN SEPTEMBER MAKES
132 So. Central
Phone 772-4131
Petersons Visit
Friends in Area
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene K.
Peterson, Washington, D, C
formerly of Medford, have
been visiting here for several
days Willi family and friends.
"Pete" Peterson fornierl
was head of the district office
of the bureau of land manage
ment, and since then has
served in both the state of
fice in Portland and in Wash
ington. lie recently was named
chief of the new branch of
recreation tor the BLM, which
is charged with the responsi
bility of inventorying the rec
reationa potential of the
many millions of acres of
U L M administered lands
throughout the nation, and
then preparing plans for their
recreation, lie also works co
operatively witli state and
county recreational agencies, i
He worked with the new
bureau of outdoor recreation 1
for ; few months after it :
was first created, and then
was named head of the other
new agency. Both arc in the
Department of the Interior.
lie is now en route to Se
attle. Wash., to attend the
In st World Conlorenee on Na
tional Parks starting today,
and later will proceed to Alas
ka and Montana before re
turning to Washington.
Mrs. Peterson. Ihe former
"A" Latham, is the sister of
Mrs. Mark Taylor and of Ger
ald Latham, both Medford.
Five Area Students
Get Scholarships
The Oregon State Schol ir
ship commission, Eugene, re
cent ly awarded scholarship-;
lo five Jackson county stu
dents. Recipients are Judith F.ber
harl and Peggy Parsons,
graduates of Ashland llic.ii
school; James Nelson and
Jeffrey Aiihoin, Crater High
school; and J tunes Tungiuc.
Meiifonf High school
The scholarships may be
used at any public or private
college in Oregon or other
schools approved by tile
Northwest Association of Sec
ondary and Higher schools
They are renewable for up
to four years if the stud-Mi
remains eligible.
Santa Monica. Calif U'l
Actress Pamela Mason :i.is
filed a separate maintenance
suit against her husband, ac
tor James Mason, an, I asked
$H.0H0 monthly suppo.-t
from the British -horn star.
this Chinese puzzle into a suc
cessful military pattern.
First he united Ihe scatter
ed forces in the Shenandoah
Valley which Rebel Maj.
Gen. Thomas J. (Stonewall)
Jackson ha 1 left befuddled
with other Union troops in
northern Virginia. Instead of
naming Maj. Gen. John C.
Fremont. Ma;. Gen. Nathan
iel P. Banks or Maj. Gen. Ir
win McDowell, i.ie discred
ited leaders, to command. Lin
coln reached into the West
and came up witli Maj. Gen.
John Pope lo head this new
force, called the Army of Vir
ginia Tlie appoinlnicnt was
made June 2(i, the day Con
federate Gen. Robert E. Lee
launched the Seven Days'
battle, which resulted iw the
retreat of the Army of the
Potomac, breaking the siege
of Richmond.
Pope wiK a West Pointer.
Mexican War veteran and in
11102 just turned 411. lie had
Lincoln was close-mouthed ;
about the conversalions.
Whatever Lincoln and Scott
talked about, the President
on July 11 named Maj. Gen.!
Henry W. Ilallcck as comman-
del- of all the Union armies.
Halleck had aninlv demon
strated his incompetency in :
the field. Yet lie was an able.
h'&:A '
Oil, gas, or electricity are all "clean, dependable, efficient and
modern" methods of heating. The difference is money.
THE FACT IS . . . OIL HEAT COSTS LESS THAN
GAS OR ELECTRICITY. It's as simple as that.
It's simple, too, to save important money for years to come.
Just insist on safe, low cost Oil Heat when building or buying
a home.
Save with Oil Heat, too, when converting or modernizing your
present heating system.
STUDY HOME:
LOCATION:
HEATING COSTS
COMPARISONS:
Contemporiry, with 3 bedrooms,,
1,600 sq. ft.
Medford and vicinity
Gas costs 41 MORE than oil heat
Electricity costs 97',o MORE than oil
heat
GET THE FACTS,.. Ask your local oil dealer or write the Oil Heat Insti
tute, 433 N. E. 22nd Avenue, Portland, for the HEATING ENGINEER.
STUDY and prove it to yourself the FACT is Oil Heat costs less.
MEDFORD OIL HEAT DEALERS
know
2l
better reason
to have
lowcost
Oil Heat?
i - ? - . i
ft " WV i 1 s
In
7 iF
'A-
FKKKDOM does not confer linatu'iiil
security . . . only Ihe opportunity to
work and save for it. A reg-nlar sav
ing's program with us will start you on IK'l jllil
your way. Sav ings insured by the
KPL1C ... a I'.S. Government agency.
Investment made
by the tenth earns
ti of the first.
l.
and LOAN ASSOCIATION
201 West 6th
Fr Customer Purking in Our lot
&t,Vt!i P. Kyle, Mgr.
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