MEDFOBD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD. OREGON
SUNDAY. JUNE 24, 19B2
Court Decision from The Hague Could Make or Break the UN
By DONALD JOHNSTON
United Presi International
United Nations, N. Y. -(L'PD-A
court decision that could
make or break the United Na
tions as a guardian of world
peace will be handed down
soon at The Hague.
The ruling will be by the
15 Judges of the International
Court of Justice, the judicial
arm of the UN. It will be an
advisory opinion on whether
the UN General Assembly
can force its members to
share the cost of security mis
sions such as those in the
Congo (ONUC) and the Gaza
Strip (UNEF).
The question generally Is
regarded as the most impor
tant ever to come before the
court.
Huns Up Deficit
Because Russia, France,
Portugal, Belgium, South Af
rica and many other nations
have not paid their assess
ments for ONUC or UNEF,
the UN has run up a deficit
which threatens it with finan
cial collapse. U Thant, the
acting secretary general, has
estimated the debt may soon
reach $170 million.
ONUC, which began in
July, 1960, has cost an aver
age of $10 million a month.
UNEF, established in 1956,
has averaged $1.62 million
month.
The crisis is a result of a
conflict among members in
Interpreting the UN charter
as to whether payment of as
sessments for security opera
tions is mandatory. .
Asks World Court
In an effort to resolve the
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conflict, the General Assem
bly last December asked the
world court for an opinion on
whether the ONUC and
UNEF costs are "expenses of ,
the organization" which, un-I
der article 17 of the charter,
"shall be borne by the mem-1
bers as apportioned by the !
General Assembly.
A majority of members, in
cluding the United States and
Britain, say article 17 is ap
plicable. The Soviet bloc,
France and others who refuse
to pay insist it is not.
Enforcement of article 17
would be derived from arti
cle 19 which states that any
nation whose financial con
tributions fall more than two
years behind shall lose its
vote in the assembly.
Partial Cause Noted
A partial cause of the dis
pute is the fact that funds for
financing ONUC and UNEF
were established separately
from the regular UN budget.
There has been little difficul
ty collecting assessments for
t h e regular budget, which
covers normal administrative
expenses.
The idea of taking the dis
pute to the international
court is one part of a two
pronged western campaign,
led by the United States, to
unravel the United Nations'
financial mess. The other part
is the emergency $200 mil
lion bond issue designed to
give the organization breath
ing time until fiscal balance
is restored.
Seventeen nations submit
ted written arguments to the
court. Nine nations presented
additional oral arguments
during two weeks of hearings
in May before the court be
gan its final deliberations.
The written legal argu
ments are kept secret until a
decision is handed down, but
it is known that Russia,
France, Czechoslovakia, Por
tugal, South Africa, Spain
and Upper Volta submitted
appeals for a negative ruling.
Russia was the only nation
to argue orally for the nega
tive and it was the first time
the Soviets ever have been
represented before the World
Court.
In presenting Russia's case,
Prof. Gregoyi Tunkin, direc
tor of the judicial treaty de
partment of the Soviet for
eign ministry, advanced two
main arguments:
The charter empowers
only the Security Council
(where Russia has veto pow
er), and not the assembly, to
set up an international arm
ed force, and the manner in
which the ONUC and UNEF
operations have been conduct
ed is in violation of the char
ter. Should Be Responsible
UNEF was established as
a result of British, French and
Israeli aggression in Egypt,
and the Congo operation was
necessitated by "Belgian ag
gression, supported by Bel
gium's partners in NATO,
against the young Congolese
republic." The nations respon
sible for the aggression, Tun
kin said, should be responsi
ble for financing the peace
missions.
Abram L. Chayes, legal ad
viser of the U. S. State depart
ment and professor of law at
Harvard university, told the
court that countries default
ing on UN assessments were
ignoring the fact that the
United Nations "in the 15
years since its adoption has
Art Classes Are
Set For Young
Summer art classes for chil
dren 6 through 14 are being
sponsored this year by the
Rogue Valley Art association
in conjunction with the Med
ford Junior Service league.
Registration is scheduled
Tuesday, June 26, at the gal
lery, 220 West Main St., Med
ford. The gallery is open be
tween noon and 4 p.m. Classes;
will start Thursday, June 28,'
in the city park.
Enrollment fees for the six
week course is $10 for stu
dents between 6 and 9 years
of age, and $12 for those 10
to 14. The younger group
will meet between 9 and 10
a.m. each Thursday. The older
group will meet the same day
between 10 and 11:30 a.m.
Included In the instruction
will be the use of water color,
chalk, crayon and charcoal.
All materials will be furnish
ed, according to Mrs. Edwin
Gebhard, instructor.
Additional information may
be obtained by telephoning
Mrs. Gebhard, 664-1841, or
Mrs. Sam Richardson, 772-9985.
successfully defended a pre
carious peace."
Contribute Voluntarily
"In Palestine and Kashmir,
on the Gaza Strip, in Lebanon
and now in the Congo, armed
contingents contributed vol
untarily by their own govern
ments and acting with the United Nations has the power, (1) as an arbiter in disputes live opinion is debatable.
consent of all states concern- by resolution of the General between states; (2) as an ad
ed have operated successfully Assembly, to require t h e viser on legal questions sub
under the flag and command j members to pay for lawful ' mitted by an organ of the
of the United Nations, he i expenditures. He said expens- United Nations or its agen-
aid.
Regarding the charter, Cha
yes argued in essence that the
es incurred under the resolu-1 cies. Decisions are by a ma-
tions establishing ONUC and jonty of the judges present
P.O. Box 252
By NORMA CLARK
UNEF are a legal obligation
of the world organization.
Britain, Canada, the Neth
erlands, Australia, Ireland,
Italy and Norway also spoke
for enforcement of article 17.
The hearings took place in
the high-ceilingcd, oak-panel
ed court room of The Hague's
Peace Palace, headquarters
of the World Court since it
was established in 1946. The
present court succeeded the
old permanent Court of In
ternational Justice which was
set up by the League of Na
tions in 1921.
The court acts in two ways:
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HORSE BOATS RETURN
TO WINNIPESAUKEE
Not since the turn of the
century have horse boats been
seen on 72-square mile Lake
Winnipesaukee, New Hamp
shire. The horse-powered
barge-like boats made, their
debut on the big lake during
the 1830's, and they were
used primarily for the trans
portation of freight. Some
were powered by a single
horse, others by a pair or
more. Old-timers say the
boats used to do about four
miles per hour.
They have long fascinated
John Goodhue, one of New
England's major boat yard
owners, who is building an
exact replica of one of the
original boats to launch this
summer during New Hamp
shire's "Festival of 1300
Lakes" celebration.
Mr. Goodhue says he has
been told that horse boats are
still in use in Holland, but as
far as he knows that is the
only place on earth where
they still might be seen.
"The horses worked on
treadmills located well back
in the boat," Mr. Goodhue
writes. "The treadmills,
turn, were rigged up to paddle
wheels, one on either side of
the vessel. Sitting on a plank,
running between twin cabins,
Selective Logging
Sales Completed
On Rogue Forest
Two selective logging sales
were completed recently on
the Prospect Ranger district,
Rogue River National forest.
C. M. and D. Logging com
pany of Prospect completed
removal of 1 million board
feet of timber from 96 acres
on the Prospect flat.
The timber sale, purchased
by Olson - Lawyer Lumber
company, harvested mature
trees which over - topped a
thick understory of saplings
and poles. Considerable care
was required in order to re
move the large old growth
trees while preserving a valu
able young growth.
The job of logging has left
a vigorous stand of young
trees which the forest service
will thin to improve their
growth rate, according to C.
E. Brown, forest supervisor,
Under proper protection
and management this area
will yield an even larger vol
ume of timber within 30 to
40 years.
Another Sale
Another recently complet
ed sale was logged by B. F.
Nork Logging company of
Shady Cove. This sale, in the
Flat Creek drainage, harvest
ed 1 million board feet of
timber and was purchased by
Southern Oregon Plywood.
An understory of pole size
trees was released for faster
growth by removal of the old
growth stand. Brown noted.
The road which provided
access to the timber was built
two years ago as part of an
other timber sale operated by
the same two companies.
Portions of the logging
slash resulting from the re
moval of the timber will be
hand piled by forest service
crews. Areas of thick slash
are being tractor piled by the
loggers. This fall when snow
blankets the areas the forest
service will burn the slash
piles. Purpose of burning the
slash is to return the timber
stands to as safe a fire hazard
condition as existed before
logging took place, Brown
said.
the first place.
was a driver close to the
rumps of the horses and also
close enough to the stern so
he could control the direc
tion of the boat with a long
oar, or 'sweep.'
"The hustle and bustle of
servicing and getting about
500 boats out since Winnip
esaukee cleared of ice late
in April hat delayed me in
getting this project under
way. There are so many in
terruptions during the day
that I'm 'burning the mid
night oil,' and the night
crew Is getting the interest
ing job, under my supervi
sion, of building the horse
powered boat.
"Locating 'antique' tread
mills in pairs heavy enough
to support the two big work
horses has been such a vex
ing problem that for awhile
I contemplated using a motor
somewhere within the boat to
help motivate It. But just re
cently I ran across one set
of double treadmills in good
condition in neighboring Tuft.
onboro. Now if I can find
second set, it will be unnec
essary to give the horses
mechanical boost.
"Nearby in the stables of
Belknap County Farm are
two pairs of elegant, chestnut
Belgian horses, awaiting the
day of launching, which is
planned for July 4. They be
long to Norman Hubbard,
prominent Laconia dairyman,
who is also the owner of a
sizeable sled dog kennel.
"King and Diamond, weigh
ing about 1,800 pounds apiece,
will work in competition with
Betsy and Nancy, who weigh
in at 1,700 pounds each. The
winning pair of horses will
doubtless gain national fame
since the horse boat doing a
'comeback' has already at
tracted attention from coast
to coast. Hubbard says he sort
of hopes the boys will win
out over the girls. 'You can
talk to them, man to man,'
he explains.
"His Belgians have been
seen at country fairs and in
parades, and King and Dia
mond grandly hauled the
old stagecoach at the an
nual Columbus Day Sand
wich Fair. The horses have
been used for general farm
chores, so working the
boat will be child's play for
either pair. All they will
have to do is walk with
nothing heavier to haul
than sightseers out for ex
cursions across the lake.
Taking a leisurely stroll on
cool, beautiful - Winnipe
saukee in the good old sum
mertime beats doing chores
any day in the week.
"Many special events are
planned for the 'Festivil of
1300 Lakes,' but we think it's
quite likely that the horse
boat will win the honors
'hands down' for the most fas
cinating attraction to be
staged."
Mrs. Tweedy Serves
A! Aquatic School
Mrs. Larry Tweedy, Jack
sonville, is serving as a nurse
at the National Aquatic
school being conducted at
Twin Echo resort at Randrum,
Idaho, by the American Na
tional Red Cross.
Mrs. Tweedy is one of sev
eral Red Cross nurses who
is on duty during the training.
The school, at which some
75 future water safety in
structors are undergoing a 10-
day training program, is one
of three western schools
which will be conducted dur
ing June and August to train
instructors for swimming,
lifesaving and small craft
safely.
The Red Cross has been
conducting national aquatic
schools throughout the nation
since 1922, and has trained
more than 78,000 water safety
instructors in the past 40
years.
Enrollment in the school
includes students from Wash
ington, Oregon, California,
Montana, Utah and Jdaho.
Sessions and practice will
continue daily through June
30.
and judgments are without
appeal.
Resolve Disputes
The court has helped re
solve some important dis
putes. A 1950 ruling settled
a French - American quarrel
about rights of U. S. citizens
in Morocco. A decree in 1951,
led to the peaceful settlement
of an oil dispute between
Britain and Iran. In' 1957,
Egypt agreed to accept the
court's jurisdiction in disputes
arising out of its administra
tion of the Suez canal.
The current president of the
court is Bohdan Winiarski,
78, of Poland, a former in
mate of a Nazi concentration
camp and a long-time profes
sor of international law at the
Academy of International
Law in The Hague.
Among the judges are Phil
ip C. Jcssup of the United
States, a Columbia universr.y
professor and former U. S.
delegate at the United Na
tions; and Vladimir M. Ko-1
retszky of the Soviet Union. I
vice president of the Soviet
International Law association
and author of more than 50
works on international law.
At the United Nations, the
dominant but cautious specu
lation has been that the court
will rule affirmatively. This p.
is based on the fact that all
resolutions on ONUC, UNEF,
the proposal to go to the
court, and the emergency bond
issue have nassed by comfort
able margins.
The court's opinion will be
only advisory, and will re
quire further action by the
assembly if it is to be en
forceable. Most diplomats
here believe, however, that
the assembly, once having
asked for the opinion, will
follow it up. This has been
the practice in the past
Abiding Is Debatable
Whether the Comm
would abide by an affirma-
Soviet delegates said last What will happen if tha
December that Moscow would ! court's opinion is negative is
not alter its position on the ' not known. Few non-Commu-basis
of the court's action. I nist delegates care to even
They insisted their interpre-1 think of the possibility, De
lation of the charter was cor-; cause they believe UN fi
rect and that there was no nances would be in a worse
need to consult the court in i tangle than ever.
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