g THURSDAY. MAY 3, 1962 MLDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORP. OREGON
'De Facto' Segregation of Northern Schools Being Tested in Courts
Editor! notti Tha light
ever d.i.gr.gaiion el pub
lie ichooli hat not ben
confin.d to in South this
yaar. Ntgro.i in many
noriharn eititi, basing Ihtir
arguments on iho 19S4 Su
pram Court school d.
i.gr.gaiion d.cition, hlr.
charged racial garryman
daring of ichool districts
and takan thair caiet to
iha iadaral courtt. Tha fol
lowing diipatch axamina
tha background and tha
tactics of tha northarn
school sagragation issua.
By DAVID SMOTHERS
UPI Corraipondsnt
"De facto" is a Latin
phrase which, roughly trans
lated, means "in fact."
In northern courts and in
northern cities, the words "de
facto" have become the trade
mark of a new phase of the
nation's running dispute over
racial segregation of the pub
lic schools.
Suits have been filed In the
federal courts charging that
northern communities are
practicing racial segregation
in fact, even though their
state and city laws recognize
no discrimination between
white and colored persons.
In towns through New
York state and New Jersey
and in such cities as Chicago,
Philadelphia, Detroit, Kansas
City, Kan., and Los Angeles,
courts have been challenged
on the twin issue of whether
"de facto segregation" exists
and what they're going to do
about it.
Sometimes the suits have
been filed by the National
Association for the Advance
ment of Colored People. In
other cities grousp of Negroes
have hired their own lawyers
to press their demands, osten
sibly without backing or urg
ing from an national organi
zation. In a few cases, the
Justice Department has filed
briefs as friend of the court
in support of the Negro
groups.
Issue tha Same
In almost every major case
the issue has been the same
whether Negro children are
receiving equal educational
opportunities or whether
trickery in school districting
is confining colored young
sters to inferior, "de facto"
who
their
war,
the
influx of immigrants
were Induced to make
homes there after the
has been absorbed in
economy.
It would seem thai living
in Oregon reminds Cliff of
the western part of Australia
where he spent most of his
time.
The principal industries
there, as in Oregon, are lum
bering, mining, wheat and
sheep raising, he points out.
There was a time when the
only product noted as typical
of Australia was wool,v from
the vast sheep raising activi
ty of the early days.
Now, experiments in the
southwestern region have re
sulted in extensive citrus
plantations.
Visitor To Australia
Reports Quiet Front
By SID HOLLINGSWORTH
Mail Tribune Correspondent
White City All is quiet
on the western front of Aus-
tralia, Cliff Pringle reports.
He is a member of the dom
Iclllary who recently returned
from a visit with his family
at Perth, a seaport city on the
southwest coast of the conti
nent.
"Australia is busy. Every
body is working and while
there is some concern about
the situation in southeast Asia,
life moves along in the way
of progress and development,"
Pringle says.
He spent the past three
months there, part of the time
in travel to the eastern sec
tor where the big cities of
Melbourne and Sydney are lo
cated. Progress Made
Progress has been made in
many ways in this new world
of enterprise, and while Prin
gle, a quiet and unassuming
leather craftsman here, says
little, he is much impressed
with the showing that has
been made since his last visit
there.
World War II was the turn
ing point in the history of
Australia. It Is still a land of
fabulous resources. The rich
est square mile of gold bear
ing land in the world is lo
cated near Perth.
The gold belt is 1,000 miles
long and 200 miles wide. The
gold rush of the 80'j made
the town, but only the sur
face has been scratched. Oth
er minerals, including iron,
also are there in abundance.
Changes Continent
The need for a base in WW
II changed the continent from
a strictly agricultural to an
industrial nation and its great
est source of wealth today is
the production and process
ing of raw materials.
The problem there, as in
the United States, is to find
markets abroad for this out
put. The British common
wealth is the chief consumer
but Australia Is hoping for
increased trade in the region,
through raising the standard
of living In this part of the
world.
The United States buys
hides and gold from the Aus
sies. Australia, like the home
land, has gone through the
throes of government owner
ship and while some socialis
tic interest is apparent, the
factories operated By the gov
ernment during the war, have
been leased or sold to pri
vate interests. The telephone
system, however, is govern
ment owned.
Transportation Dcvaloptd
Air, rail and water trans
portation is now highly de
veloped. During WW II a
transcontinental highway was
built and since then much at
tention has been given to mod
ern construction in the cities.
Australia has paid the price
lor favors received as the gem
of the Pacific Island, ( two
out of three Australian men,
between 18 and 45. served in
th armed forces in WW 11.
Print' says that the larue
O
Inspectors To
Help Prevent
Plane Hijacking
Washington-iUPP-The Federal
Aviation Agency is readying a
corps of specially trained
flight Inspectors to help pre
vent any recurrence of last
summer's "skyjacking" incid
ents, it has been learned.
The training Includes cours
es in firearms and judo, con
ducted by the United States
Border Patrol. Thus far, 18
volunteer "graduates" have
been sworn In as U. S. marsh
als. The FA A would not say
how many Inspectors eventu
ally will receive such training.
The 18 man nucleus of the
antihijacking corps will be
based In Chicago, Miami.
Dallas and Kansas Clly. Pre
sumably, they would board
any flight on which a hijack
ing attempt might be suspect
ed and assigned a scat near
the cockpit for the chief pur
pose of protecting the crew.
To Continua Duties
All 18 are regular Inspect
ors who will continue their
normal duties of spot-checking
pilot performances, monitor
ing maintenance procedures
and conducting qualification
and proficiency flights.
Creation of the "elite corps"
was the latest of many actions
taken after three hijackings
of U. S. airliners last summer.
Continental, Pan A m e r lean
and Eastern planes wound up
in Cuba for brief periods.
Congress swiftly passed leg
islation tightening the laws
against sky piracy, including
a provision allowing an op
tionul death penalty. Armed
guards rode many flinMs.
Confessed Arsonist
Undex Examination
Seattle-IVMI - An extensive
psychiatric examination has
been started on James V. Mill
er, Seattle, who has confessed
to setting fire to his home last
Friday. Three of his five chil
dren died as a result of the
blaze.
o
The examination was order
ed by King County Prosecutor
Charles O. Carroll.
Miller lold police he set the
fire in an ivt'cmnt to burn his
O wife and children to death.
The victims were David. 3.
ator examinations wftbe held "" ,n "
in the electronics building of 14
Oregon Technical InstltuttO o
Klamath Falls, Saturday, May AT TRAVIS O
19. according to a federal c c , cw ,im
communion, commission' ()( M w Vanent.ne.
Radio Operator Exams
Scheduled at 071
Klamath Falls - Radio oper-
segregated schools.
On the other side of the dis
pute is the belief, widely
held among educators, that
children should go to school
in their own neighborhoods.
It follows that children from
Negro neighborhoods will
often go to largely Negro
schools and youngsters who
live in primarily white neigh- i
borhoods will generally wind
up in schools which are pre-'
dominantly white. This, it is j
argued, is an accident of geo-!
graphy, not segregation. j
The first major break-!
through in the fight over "de
facto segregation" came last
winter in New Roehelle, N.Y.
A federal district court judge j
ruled that segregation does j
not have to be sanctioned by !
law to exist.
The judge ruled in favor of j
a group of Negro parents who i
! wanted to take their children j
out of a school they said was I
segregated and to transfer
them to other schools. His de
cision was based directly on i
the 1954 Supreme Court de-j
clsion which declared segre
gation of the public schools
to be unconstitutional.
The case went to the Su
preme Court, and the Su
preme Court refused to over
turn the decision.
The man credited with a
a large share of the victory
at New Roehelle was a young
Negro attorney from New
York named Paul B. Zuber.
In the months that followed,
Zuber, 34, became a special
ist in the techniques of bring
ing the issue of "de facto"
segregation before the federal
court.
, Zuber took a hand in some
of the most far-reaching court
fights in Chicago, E n g 1 e
wood, N.J., and Newark, N.J.
Sometimes he acted with the
backing of the NAACP more
recently without it. Zuber
quarreled with some NAACP
leaders, charging that they
weren't moving fast enough.
And there were hints that
some top forces In the
NAACP didn't think much of
Zuber's dramatic tactics.
which included his backing of
a Negro buyers' strike In
Englewood.
Zuber answered critics of
the Englewood boycott this
way:
"The only time we are con
sidered is when we spend a
dollar. The people aren't try
ing to be troublemakers or to
resort to violence, but their
patience has run out."
Major Suits
These were some of the re
cent major suits levelled at al
leged "de facto segregation"
in the North and West:
New Jersey: New Jersey
federal courts fielded anti
segregation suit from four
cities the major center of
Newark and the well-to-do
Newark suburbs of Orange
and Montclair. and Engle
wood, just a 35-minute train
ride from mid-Manhattan.
Zuber was acting for the
NAACP when he filed the
Newart suit in federal court
last October. It received lit
tle attention, although the
New Jersey Federation of
Teachers agreed with him In
backing an "open enrollment
policy."
The New Jersey dispute
grew heated four months
later when Zuber, now dis
associated from the NAACP,
filed suit in Englewood. In
addition to the huycrs' strike,
100 Negro and white persons
staged an all-night protest
"sit in" demonstration.
Eleven of them were arrested.
New York: After the New
Roehelle decision, the town
of Hempstead became the cen
ter of the segregation dispute
in New York state. The
NAACP filed a federal suit
charging that three of the
city's schools were "rie fac'o
aegregated" and that a pro
posed school building pro
gram would continue the pat
torn. The NAACP launched
a similar campaign, but had
not yet filed suit, at Amily-
villo. N.Y. j
Chicago: Zuber launched
his most ambitious project in I
Chicago, the nation's second
largest Negro center. Acting !
on behalf of ,19 NcRro school
children, he and Chicago at- j
torney Raymond Ilarth i
brought suit against the entire .
Chicago school system. In ef-1
feet, they said they svere rep
resenting every Negro child
In Chicago in charging that
gerrymandered school boun
daries, school site selections
and the "neighborhood
school" theory added up o
"de facto segregation."
Philadelphia: The NAACP.
acting for eight children,
charged in federal court that
the Philadelphia board "as
sign teachers on the basis of ,
race and color (T) id controls
transfers of pupils and teach. I
ers from one district to an
other on the basis of race and
color." O ,
nearer. I mand integration of North- board orders insured that
Kansas City, Kan.: The west Junior High school. It Northwest would slay all
NAACP went to court to de-' was charged that new school white.
t.ns Anoples- A Pasadena ! Hren were allowed to cross I though they had to walk di-
Negro father, William John- j school district lines to attend : rectly past a predominant
'son. charged that white chil-! primarily white schools, even Negro school to do it.
release
The exams will begin at
8:30 a.m. and will include
radiotelegraph, r a d I o t e 1 e
phone, amateur code and an
amateur written test. Appli
cation forms may be obtained
bv writina to room 201.
United States Court house. ! school graduate
Portland. 5, or at the time of
the examination in Klamath
Falls.
nitrnit- In a on it mfit.-h
Medford, i, returning to Trav- ,, , dM(i ri r of
is Air Force base, Calif , fol-; Ncw Rc,.e case, it was
lowing his completion of the, l.h(1,.((rj , h a , )e nrlroit
Air Force special course fnr!uard o( E(1ut.Ht 1C1
sentry dog handler mporvis--?,,,,, jn(,d an(l ,un nantB1,
ors at Lackland Air Force a racially segregated school
base, Tex. He is a Crater High 1 svstem." ' At issue was the
and his wife
is the former Miss Michele L.
Watklns, 1641 Myers lane.
Medford.
transfer of 145 pupils between
two school a mile and half
apart instead of to schools
which attorneys said were
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