MEDKOHD MAIL TR1BUNL. MEDFORD. OREGON
FRID.t Y. APRIL 27. 1962
A 9
College Research To Help Navy
Sort Out Sounds Under Water
Eugene - Research being
conducted by a visiting pro
fessor at the University of
Oregon may one day help the
Navy sort out the sounds it
hears in the ocean's depths.
Recording and interpreting
the underwater grunts,
squeaks, purrs, and knocks of
fish communicating with fish
is the, special interest of Dr.
Howard E. Winn, visiting pro
fessor in the biology depart
ment during spring term.
Dr. Winn is a Guggenheim
fellow on leave from his post
as associate professor of zo
ology at the University of
Maryland.
Fish Communications
More than 50 per cent of
fish make sounds and use
them as a means of communi
cation, Or. Winn said, al-
to 6
mum
Pil. imiI. adv.. StatflM fmr Stlta
Senator, R. Ricktm, ch., Medford,
Or..
though scientists were not
aware of this fact until the
development of sensitive un
derwater listening devices
during World War II.
The Navy found that enemy
submarines could go undetect
ed in schools of snapping
shrimp because the listening
devices could not be distin
guished between the sub's en
giner and the animal sounds.
Dr. Winn receives support
for his project from the Of
fice of Naval Research as part
of the Navy's project to cata
log all marine life sounds and
determine the times and
places when they may be
heard.
Studying Ears
In addition, Dr. Winn holds
a grant from the U.S. Public
Health service, which is inter
estcd in learning more about
the mammalian ear and, ulti
mately, human hearing, by
studying the ears of other
kinds of vertebrates, includ
ing fish.
Dr. Winn is on the Oregon
campus to collaborate with
Dr. Melvin J. Cohen, associ
ate professor of biology at the
University, in a study of the
neurophysiology of hearing,
using the fresh-water catfish.
In these experiments, Drs.
Winn and Cohen will broad
cast a scries of sounds on an
underwater loudspeaker' and
chart a hearing curve for the
catfish from an oscilloscope
connected to the fish's audi
tory nerve.
Later, during June and
July, Dr. Winn hopes to be
able to record the sounds
made by the midshipman, a
marine fish which produces
sounds only during the spawn
ing season. Spawning ground
for these small fish is the in
tertidal zone' along the Pacific
coast.
Three Types of Sound
Among the fish that Dr.
Winn has studied during the
past four years in Bermula,
Puerto Rico, Chesapeake bay,
and along the fresh water
streams of the east coast,
three types of communication
are predominant, the zoologist
said.
These are a warning sound
when a predator is near, a
defense sound to keep one fish
out of the territory of another,
and seasonal sounds associat
ed with the spawning period.
The male fresh-water min
now of Atlantic coast streams,
for instance, produces a slow
series of knocks to warn away
other males and a gentle purr
ing sound in his courtship of
the female, Dr. Winn said.
The male toad fish of Ches
apeake bay, Dr. Winn pointed
out, employs a grunt to warn
other fish away from its nest
and makes a sound like a boat
whistle during the spawning
season, apparently to allow
the female to find him.
May Sat Off Mines
In addition, Dr. Winn has
found that the toad fish sound
is almost as intense as that of
a jet engine and is sufficiently
powerful to set off under
water accoustical mines.
Fish produce sound by con
tracting muscles against the
swim bladder, which acts as a
sort of drum or sounding
board, the scientist said.
Fish have only an inner
ear, located next to the brain.
An outer and middle ear are
unnecessary, Dr. Winn point
ed out, because the density of
the fish and the water are al
most equal, and sound can
pass directly through the tis
sues to the inner ear.
Teachers Awarded
Paid Fellowships
James L. Healh, Medford
High school teacher, and Sis
ter Mary Agatha Aicher, St.
Mary's High school teacher.
have been awarded all-ex
pense fellowships to attend
the summer fellowship pro
gram in economics at Clare-
mont college, Claremoht,
Calif.
The program will be from
June 18 to July 27 and pre
sents a concentrated, non-
mathematical study of the
structure and functions of the
American economics systems.
Hatfield Discloses
Industrial Expansions
Salem-WI-Gov. Mark Hat
field said Thursday that in
March, Oregon had industrial
expansions of $3,230,000, with
10 new or expanded plants an
nounced, under construction
or opened, involving a po
tential of 352 new jobs.
COLLEGE INVESTMENTS
New York - OlFD - Corpora
tions across the nation invest
ed $10,413,731 in private
higher education throughout
40 states and regional associa
tions during 1961, the Inde
pendent College Funds of
America, Inc., reports.
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