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About Medford mail tribune. (Medford, Or.) 1909-1989 | View Entire Issue (April 13, 1961)
arochial Schools Aid Involves Significantly Differen ' Editor's note: This is 'thn first of two 'interpretive reports sum marizing the pro and con argu ments in the growing national de bate over federal aid to parochial schools. By LOUIS CASSELS Washington IUP0 Two sig nificantly different questions are involved in the debate over federal aid to parochial schools. . They are: 1. Is it constitutional? ' 2. Is it desirable? ' ' There has been a tendency among some participants in the debate to confuse the two issues, or to lump them together. But President Ken nedy has kept them separate. He has consistently b?sed his opposition to parochial school aid on the grounds that it is unconstitutional, and has not voiced an opinion nn whether it might otherwise be desir able. The constitutional argu ment revolves around 10 words in the first amendment: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." ; Exactly what these words mean has been a matter of dispute since the earliest days of the Republic. ; Thomas Jefferson, who drafted the First Amendment, said it was intended to erect a "wall of separation be tween church and state." His interpretation has been so widely quoted that many Americans have come to be lieve that the phrase "sepa ration of church and state" is. contained in the Constitu tion, but it isn't. Took Different View i . Some historians say that many other Founding Fathers took a quite different view of the First Amendment at the time it was adopted. They thought that it was simply in tended to prevent the United States from "establishing" one particular religion as an offi- cial state church. England and many of the European coun tries had established churches at the time the Constitution was written, and the early Americans felt that this sys tem interfered with religious freedom and promoted sec tarian conflict. Historical speculation about the intention ot. the Founding Fathers is interesting, but it is purely academic insofar as the present dispute ' is con cerned. In practice, the Con stitution means what the Su preme Court says it means at any given point in history. The constitutional a r g u ment is further complicated by the fact that Congress has enacted several laws - such as the' GI Bill of Rights, the college housing loan program and the National Defense Ed ucation Act - which extend various kinds of federal aid in the field of higher educa tion without any distinction between public and private including church - sponsored institutions. None Successfully Challenged None of these laws have been successfully challenged in court, ana ienneay nim self has proposed the inclu sion of private colleges in his program of federal grants. loans and scholarships for higher education. - A number f Protestant and Jewish leaders, and others, have asserted that inclusion of religious schools in federal programs of aid to higher education is not a precedent for aid to church-sponsored elementary and secondary schools. Higher education, they say, is voluntary, a r d costs a tuition fee even at a public institution. Elementary there is no essential constitu- There is no certainty that and secondary education is tional difference between pub- the Supreme Court would re compulsory, and free public lie aid to a religious college solve the constitutional ques schools are available to all. and to a religious grade or tion with a clear-cut ruling Catholic leaders reply that high school. even if Congress enacted a MedfordTribune SECTION t, MEDFORD, OREGON, THURSDAY, APRIL 13, 1961 PAGES 1 to 8 law authorizing aid to paro chial schools. Prof Arthur E. Sutherland of Harvard Law School, a respected authority on consti tutional law, pointed out re cently that "you cannot have a court test without someone being hurt and bringing suit." Whose Toes Stepped On? "Whose toes are being step ped on if the U. S. govern ment gives aid to private and Quo asked. I whose slions church schools?" he "Only the taxpayer money it is. "But the Supreme Court has long since established the principle that a federal tax payer has no standing in court to challenge the constitution ality of a federal statute, be cause his involvement in the case would be too 'diluted.' " The practical effect of this principle, according to Prol. Sutherland, is that Congress can spend tax money for al most anything that it chooses to define as contributing to the "general welfare." Whether federal aid to paro chial schools would be good or bad for the "general wel fare" is the other big issue under debate, and the pro and con arguments on that issue will be examined in another dispatch tomorrow. l-j'ftf PENNEY'b te3tf'iS V3 DOST Phoenix Teachers Receive Grants Phoenix-Mrs. Mildred Hart, Phoenix High school journal ism instructor, has been awarded a financial grant of fered by the Wall Street Jour nal to attend a two-week school publication workshop this summer at the University of California. John Carter, executive di rector of the Wall Street Jour nal, wrote Mrs. Hart concern ing the award. Teachers participating in the workshop will have an op portunity to explore the theor ies and principles involved in the newer concepts of educa tion for journalism. Profes son H. M. Brier of the school of communications, University of Washington, will be in charge. Another Phoenix High school teacher, Robert Cess num, has received a National Science foundation partial grant to attend the science in stitute for teachers at South ern Oregon college this sum mer. The institute will ex plore new approaches to teaching of science at the jun ior high and high school level Three other teachers in the Phoenix-Talent system have previously received National Science Foundation grants to attend institutes in science or mathematics at Reed college University o Oregon and SOC, all this summer. Safe O'Rama Slated At Junior High . A Safe O'Rama program of safety skits and demonstra tions will be presented at Mc Lo'ughlin Junior High school at 1 p.m. Sunday, April 30. Sponsors are the Southern Oregon Regional Safety com' mittee, the Medford Safety council and the State Indus trial Accident commission. Thp nrnffram is Dlanned for all members of the family and skits will fte presentea tjy AchlanH Pratar and Medford TJioH erhnnl RtlldentS. Demon stration will be riven by numerous local organization and include SKin caving, low voltage, boating, hunting, and pole top resuscitation. The program is free, open to the public, ana reiresn ments will be served. Anniversary Buy! Better Sport Shirts Dan River Plaids Polished Challis Cotton 'n Cupioni Embossed Cottons Penney's brings you heap big val ues! The very latest in new spring clothes. Solids,. patterns and plaids." Choose from wash 'n wear, all styles machine washable tailored with permanent collar stays, 2 pockets. Men's sizes small, med ium, large. :. . 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