Defense, Disarmament Inseparable in Foreign Policy of U.S.
6 A
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, ORE.
SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 1961
President Kennedy Calls for
Inspection. Control of Arms
sC
(Editor's note: This li the
seventh topic being discussed by
Great Decisions groups this
week. This week's subject Is
"Arms and Survival." Material
presented here was furnished by
the Foreign Policy association
World Affairs Center, New York
. City.)
U.S. defense and disarma
ment are inseparable foreign
policy issues, one dependent
on the other.
U.S. defense provides se
curity against Communist ag
gression. Yet to continue the
arms race poses a profound
dilemma for both the general
public and policymakers alike.
The pace and cost of the
arms race, the destructive
power of modern nuclear
weapons, the danger that this
power may be spread to oth
er nations, or may be set off
accidentally, are factors which
must be weighed in the bal
ance. President Kennedy has said,
"The deadly arms race, and
the huge resources it absorbs,
have too long overshadowed
all else we must do. We must
prevent that arms race from
spreading to new nations, to
new nuclear powers, and to
the reaches of outer space."
Ideal Solution
The ideal, of course, would
be to eliminate weapons and
to outlaw war completely. The
USSR has played on these
aspirations with propaganda
for peace, as the Stockholm
Peace Petition, and proposals
(whether genuine or not) for
"general and complete dis
armament."
But in the reality of the
cold war the U.S. has refused
to accept any form of dis
armament which may expose
it to treachery or to the secret
buildup of forces or weapons,
which might put it at a dis
advantage in case of conven
tional attack or which might
even invite defeat by non
military means. U.S. policy
is based on the premise that
It is necessary to deter ag
gression.
This reliance on power is
due to several assumptions.
It is assumed, for Instance,
that the arms race Is a symp
tom, not a cause of the cold
war, although the nature of
the weapons tends to aggra
vale the conflict. It is assumed
that the Communists are de
termined in their aims to
dominate the world. It is as-
turned that tree world se
curity may depend on con
trolled power rather than on
the elimination of power. It
is assumed that political set
tlement, for the time being',
is Impossible. And it is assum
ed that the aim of disarma
ment negotiations is to re
duce the danger of open mili
tary conflict.
Face Hard Realities
In the present world, in
other words, we are faced with
the hard realities of two mas
sive power blocs, armed with
deadly weapons, opposing
each other in potential com
bat. President Kennedy has
called for "serious and pre
cise proposals for the inspec
tion and control of arms.
But many complicated prob
lems must be solved before
arms are, In fact, controlled
The American public and
U.S. policymakers are there
fore faced with several more
immediate considerations
These stem from the reality
of today s world.
The U.S. must face, for in
stance, the fact that war, now
as before the Atomic Age, is
still possible by accident or
design. No defense system
however carefully planned;
can assure against a defec
tive guidance device taking a
test rocket off course, an acci
dental explosion at an over
seas U.S. air base being mis
taken for an attack, or man's
general fallibility.
Another Problom
Another immediate prob
lem is the likelihood of fur
ther stalemate in disarma
ment negotiations. The his
tory of negotiations between
1048 and the present suggest
that it is difficult to assure
"adequate" control of arms.
The USSR, obsessed with the
need for Internal secrecy, has
refused to approve various in
spection plans. The U.S., on
its side, requires adequate
control of arms as part and
parcel of a disarmament
agreement. Recent Soviet at
tacks On the UN, the most
probable watchdog of an arms
settlement, make the pros
pect of an early agreement
seem dim.
A third immediate problem
Is that of facing the conse
quences of possible failure of
negotiations. Should test ban
talks, reconvening in Geneva,
March 21, tail, tor instance,
the U.S., to maintain security,
may itnd it necessary to re-1
new testing of nuclear ' de
vices. The failure of other dis
armament negotiations may
mean a general speedup of
the arms race.
President Kennedy has al
ready urged measures to
remedy any possible weak
nesses in U.S. military
strength. He has ordered a
thorough study of relative
arms strength between the
U.S. and USSR.
He has also ordered an im
provement in U.S. conven
tional forces, such as increas
ing air transport for troops
and stepping up training for
guerrilla warfare.
But the most important, im
mediate problem before the
American public and its lead
ers is that of living, as long
as It may be necessary, with
the insecurity of the arms
race and the uncertain future
of renewed attempts at negotiation.
The formulation of a clear
sense of national purpose, be
ing considered by many groups
and people throughout the
country, therefore becomes
even more important in view
of the necessity of living with
the possibility of disaster.
'Precise' Formula Being Planned
(Kdltor'i note: The following
dispatch Is the icventh of eight
being published In connection
with the "Great Declf Ions" pro
gram of the non-profit, non
partisan Foreign 1'ollcy Associa
tion. It Is related to the seventh
dlscustilon topic: "Arms and
Survival Strategies to Avert
Disaster.")
Hardware Store
Is Semi-Fina!isf
Acme Hardware company,
Medford, has been named one
of 10 harthvare-housewares
and 24 building materials
dealers selected as finalists for
the Brand Names Foundation's
"Brand Name lietailcr-of-the-
Year" awards.
The Medford firm is one of
two finalists on the West
Coast.
. Later this month, a judging
panel, comprised of executives
of stores which won last year's
competition, will take charge
of picking one winner in each
of the foundations 24 retail
classifications.
According to contest offi
cials, the winners will be hon
ored at a banquet May 4, in
the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in
New York City.
By STEWART HENSLEY
Washington lUPIl President
Kennedy and his top associ
ates are trying to work out a
"serious and precise" formula
to halt the global arms race
and lessen the danger of glo
bal holocaust. The task is
truly formidable but the com
pulsions of the atomic age
spur on the new effort.
The administration hopes
to have ready by midsummer
a comprehensive proposal for
general arms control to pre
sent to the Soviet Union and
GETS IRAN POST
Washington llll'll Presi
dent Kennedy named Julius
J C. Holmes, a career diplomat
I now In Hong Kong, to be U.S.
ambassador to Iran. Holmes,
61, was chosen lo succeed Ed
ward T. Wales in Teheran.
Gongrafuf
C amp Fir e
nW".h
Birthday!
For fifty-one golden years camp fires have been burning, girls have been
singing the joys of being a Camp Fire Girl. Upon the occasion of Camp Fire
Cirl Week we congratulate those who belong to this fine, typically American
organization, and salute the many adult workers who devote generously their
time, effort and money toward advancing this fine Youth Program. May we
remind the people of Medford and the Rogue River Valley that TODAY is
CAMP FIRE CIRL SUNDAY when this organization is especially honored
in appropriate church services.
BIRTHDAY WEEK
Support the Camp Fire Girls' Week
Help Keep Them Happy
By Keeping Them Healthy!
Activities of Camp Fire Girls re
quire Energy . . . and MILK
MAKES Energy So, be sure
your girls get plenty
every day to give them
lary strength they need. Drink
plenty of MILK yourself you
NEVER outgrow your need for
MILK!
Drink at Least 3 Glasses of
,f.L;MILKittcjyiaui
ed. Drink it ! O
Milk a Day!
Phoenix-Talent
Teachers Receive
Institute Grants
Phoenix - Three teachers
in the Phoenix-Talent school
district have received Nation
al Science Foundation ex
pense grants for summer in
stitutes this year, according
to E. R. James, superintend
ent.
Participating in the sessions
at Reed college, University of
Oregon, and Southern Oregon
college will be Mildred James,
mathematics i n s t r u c t or;
George Nelson, Talent Junior
High principal; and Marvin
Williams, science instructor.
Mildred James was one of
25 teachers receiving a na
tional grant for a sequential
institute on the teaching of
secondary mathematics offer
ed at Reed.
The participants were se
lected from a group of 90
teachers from throughout the
United Slates attending for
mer summer institutes at the
Oregon college.
Nelson will attend the Uni
versity of Oregon conference
designed to acquaint teach
ers in grades 7 through 12
with modern developments in
the teaching of mathematics
He will teach the beginning
math sequence in the eighth
grade for students following
a coordinated math program
through high school.
Williams will attend the
SOC meeting designed to ac
quaint teachers with recent
developments in science
teaching, and to strengthen
their capacity to present the
inquiry-type of the junior high
school science course.
other major powers. Kennedy
is committed to try again for
the agreement with Russia
which has eluded negotiators
for many years.
Meanwhile, the atomic
"B i g Three" The United
States, Britain and Russia
are resuming their marathon
negotiations on one segment
of the arms problem. This
concerns a proposed treaty to
ban nuclear weapons tests
under discussion off and on
for 28 months.
The lengthy quest for arms
control which might lead
eventually to complete dis
armament always has broken
down in recent years in dis
agreement on the basic issue
of control and inspection pro
cedures to police the program.
Insists on Consultation
Now the general disarma
ment picture has been compli
cated by Red China s insist
ence upon being consulted
and France's breakthrough on
the nuclear front.
On the question of control
and inspection, the United
States and allies have insisted
that any arms limitation
agreement must provide for
foolproof procedures to guard
against violations of the pact.
The Soviet Union has de
manded that first there be a
formal agreement on disarma
ment before any attempt is
made to set forth procedures
to police the treaty. The West
says this is too risky. The
Kremlin claims Western in
spection and control propos
als are nothing but plans for President Eisenhower had as-
disguised espionage.
Recurrent efforts to nego
tiate disarmament have tend
ed to take on the aspect of
East-West propaganda battles,
with each side seeking to con
vince the world that it is the
only one sincerely working
for control.
President Kennedy's top
adviser, John J. McCloy, and
other officials in the field rec
ognize that secrecy is one of
the big military assets of the
Soviet Union and its closed
society. It is an asset which
the Kremlin is not expected to
bargain away cheaply, If at
all.
Some U.S. officials feel that
it may never be possible to
get the Russians to abandon
their pathological dread of
surveillance to the point of
accepting a reasonable inspec
tion system.
Replies to Proposal
When President Eisenhower
in 1956 offered his "open
skies" idea for aerial inspec
tion of all territory to guard
against surprise attack and
police a disarmament agree
ment, Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev had a blunt
answer for, the American
ambassador; "D oes Eisen
hower think I'm a fool? I
know where his military in
stallations are; he doesn't
know where mine are."
Communist China's growing
might presents Western offi
cials with another problem in
the disarmament picture.
sumed that if an agreement
were reached with the Soviet
Union, the Kremlin could per
suade Red China to abide by
its terms. Khrushchev appar-
enty encouraged that idea
Now. however, Chou En-
lai has said that Red China
will recognize no disarma
ment agreement or nuclear
test ban unless it has had a
hand in the negotiations.
Present Difficult Problem
Secretary of State Dean
Rusk has acknowledged that
this presents a difficult prob
lem, since the United States
refuses to recognize or deal
with the Peking regime. But
Rusk admitted publicly that
it would be impossible to con
ceive of a workable disarma
ment agreement if Red China
were not included.
The United States for many
years considered that an
agreement on disarmament
would be impossible until the
political disputes between
Russia and the West were re
moved. However, under Brit
ish pressure, the American
government came around to
the idea of trying to reach
arms and other agreements
despite inability to settle poli
tical differences.
The Kennedy administra
tion will continue this effort.
But it hopes to come up with
some new strategy and tactics
which offer greater hope for
winning Soviet acceptance.
The odds, in diplomatic cir
cles, are not considered good.
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Dts. 0Mf 1. Nstss mi WMIarn T. HodtM
Lenten
essage
By
THE
REV. THOMAS HOLDEN
Executive Secretary and
Stated Clerk,
Synod of California,
United Presbyterian Church
in the U.S.A.
(Written for UPI)
Christians are under neces
sity always to remind them
selves that "a man's life con
sisted not in the abundance
of the things which he pos
sesseth." The one who spoke
thus was an eloquent example
of the principal II pro
claimed. Concerning Himself he said,
"The foxes have holes and
the birds of the air have
nests, but the Son of Man
hath not where to lay his
head." Notwithstanding, He
lived a life so rich and full
that He stands as a water
shed In time.
This message is not to say
that poverty is more to be ex
tolled than riches, but rather
to remind us that, being as a
people possessed of super
abundance of things, wo need
the more to give heed to the
more important considera
tions of the spirit.
The observance of Lent
provides an occasion and op-
portunity for all who will to
make thoughtful and compre
hensive plans for the onrich-
ment of their lives. Resources
1 in great variety arc available
- through Christian churches In
every community, and minls-
ters and priests stand ready
j to make suggestions and to
open up avenues of study
and activities.
BUSY LITTLE BEE
London il'PH The Lon
don express, ever solicitous
of Princess Margaret, Thurs
day printed the following ar
ticle; "A bee buzzed Princess
Margaret yesterday as she left
the platform after a launching
ceremony at John Browns
Shipyard at Clydebank."
PICKET LINES "OP-"
Astoria -HT! - International
Woodworkers Alliance
Wednesday put up picket
lines at all Crown-Zellerbacli
operation and their contract
loggers In Clatsop county,.
t
ww pieces gBm
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