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9 8 f MONDAY.ANUAHY 30, lSflO
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD. OREGON
them to public notice without
a recoj vote.
Corwin promptly reported
five propositions.
By the end of February
r. resolution were voted
M the refills:
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tiJitnrd entannmttit ef the
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FOCAL POINT ILLUSTRATED The last
hope of avoiding civil war the Crittenden
Compromise died In 1861. It was before
Congress only 28 days and it died in com
mittee. Some of the points of the plan were
extension of the Missouri Compromise line
Crittenden
By MERTON T. AKERS
UPI Corrnpondtnt
The last and best hope of
avoiding civil war - the Crit
tenden Compromise - died
early in 1861 and its death
was a strange one
' Men who would fight the
Civil War on the battlefields
and women who would fight
no less bravely at home but
without the panoply and ex
citcment of war, scarcely
knew that this bright hope of
peace was crushed in the halls
of cloakrooms of Congress by
their representatives playing
a deadly game about equally
composed of idealism and
politics.
The professionals - politi
cians, editors and pressure
groups - recognized the op
portuily and reacted accord'
ing to their own lights, but
the gravity of the moment
never filtered down to the
citizens of either side, pre
occupied as they were with
the ordinary business of liv
ing. The compromise was before
the nation only 28 days, in
cluding the Christmas and
New Year holidays. In those
days of slow communications
public opinion had little time
to form.
Wat It Too Late?
With the death of the Crit
tenden Compromise went also
the one chance for these men
who would furnish the fodder
for the greatest blood-letting
in the nation's, history to
register a choice at the ballot
box for or against a try at
settling the North-South dif
ferences. Whether the compromise
would have averted the Civil
War is debatable. Most his
torians have concluded It
came too laic. .
Responsibility for killing
the compromise rests on many
shoulders. History has as
signed some of It to Abraham
Lincoln, President-elect who
wrote Republican congress
men to "shun compromise"
Another share goes to Jeffer
son Davis, Mississippi senator
soon to head the new Confed
eracy. Davis and his southern
colleagues in the Senate re
fused to approve the com
promise unless the Republi
cans also approved It, result
ing In a sort of circular trip
to nowhere.
Amendments Offered
The compromise grew out
of the Committee of 13, a Sen
ate group.
The chairmun was John J.
Crittenden of Kentucky. He
represented the In-belwccns-the
border slates, which were
split among themselves on
the principle of slavery. Ills
scat In the Senate once had
been held by Henry Clay, (he
"great compromiser," but un
fortunately, Crittenden had
not Inherited the slature and
vision of his predecessor. He
tried, certainly. For after he
was named on Dec. 21). 1860
th day South Carolina so
T "Wheat"
"AiY Large Sclliig
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1 JU .... ...
9 H n '8IB McAndrewi
to the west coast, forbidding of Congress to
abolish slavery inside a slave state, and
guaranteeing slavery against constitutional
change. This original drawing illustrates the
local point of the issues, the slave, and some
of the points of the compromise.
(UPI Telepholo)
Compromise Fails
ceded
lo head this commit-
tee he contacted colleagues
both North and South and
came up with a plan which
promptly was tagged the
"Crittenden Compromise."
In essence, his plan pro
vided for six amendments to
the Constitution.
The first would have ex
tended the Missouri Com
promise line - that is the
southern boundary of Mis
souri - to (lhc West Coast;
territories north of it to be
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free, slavery recognized south
of It
The second would have for
bid Congress to abolish slav
ery anywhere inside a slave
slate.
The third would have
barred freeing of slaves in
the District of Columbia un
less the residents voted for it
and compensation ;as paid
The fourth would havet
exempted from federal Inter
ference the interstate move
ment of slaves.
The fifth would have pro
vided indemnity to owners for
runaway slaves rescued by
abolitionists, counties where
(he rescues occurred to bear
the cost.
The sixth would have guar
anteed slavery as it then
existed against constitutional
change.
The compromise was voted
dtwn in committee, only the
northern Democrats and the
border slate senators favor
ing It.
Crittenden Tries Again
Crittenden tried another
way.
On Jan. 3, 1861, he intro
duced the compromise in Ihe
Senate, tacking to it a pro
vision for submitting the plan
to a nationwide referendum.
The showdown came Jan.
16. The vole to consider the
compromise came on an in
nocuous substitute resolution.
The vote was 25 to 23 for the
substitute, killing the com
promise. Six southern Demo
crats abstained from voting.
The 25 votes for the substi
tute were all Republican.
During the roll call, An
drew Johnson of Tennessee,
a Union man who later would
be vice president and presi
dent, pleaded with Judah P.
Benjamin of Louisiana, to
vole. "Let us save this propo
sition and sec if we cannot
bring the country to it," he be
secehed Benjamin, but (o no
avail.
Benjamin and his five col
leagues obviously wanted no
compromise at this point. In
week Lousianna would se
cede.
House Try Fails
A parallel and oven less
successful compromise at
tempt ran simultaneously In
the House. A Committee of 33,
one member from each slate,
had been appo nted early In
December and wrangled for
weeks without result.
By Jan. 14, the committee
had reached a stalemate.
Finally the committee work
ed out from under respon
sibility by directing 'he chair
man, Tom Corwln of Ohio,
to report a set of resolutions
to the House without recom
mendation, thereby bringing
GET A CASH LOAN
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l.-A peropwrtiofr clH4 for
Unamhtul ejwenamefct
to prceiibti tesnftrrina with
slarvry. Adopted, 1 to (5.
J -A proportion fear i-rn-
mudiuUi udmiwHion ad fUir
MoHico to the Union, slavery
to be decided by the inlubi-
lante. Defeated, 115 Ut II.
4.-A propesitioa granting
fugitive slaves a trial ley jury,
Adopted, 92 to 83. I
5.-A proposition to tighten
extradition laws - a measure i
growing out of the John ;
Brown raid. Defeated.
None of the resolutions had i
the force of law, merely ex
pressing the sentiment of the
House.
Anolher Plan Offered
One more peace effort re
mained. Early in January,
1961, Gov. John Letcher of
Virginia, alarmed by the bit
terness between North and
South, proposed a national
peace conference to be held
in Washington with the Crit
tenden Compromise as a basis
for discussion. Virginia was a
border state torn between the
factions and a sure bet to be
a battleground if war came.
Twenty one states were
represented when the confer
ence met Feb. 4, -1861, the
same day southern delegates
gathered In Montgomery, Ala.,
to form the Confederacy. The
seven slates which already
had seceded and Arkansas
stayed away. Wisconsin, Mich
igan and Minnesota declined
to send delegates. California
and Oregon were too far
away to get the word in time.
The conference wore along
through February in secret
sessions. The fumbling Bu
chanan administration was
running out when the resolu
tions of the conference were
laid before the House and
Senate. The findings followed
the Crittenden plan and met
the same fate. A Senate com
mittee voted down the resolu
tions, 28 to 7. The House re
fused to consider them.
The conference remained in
being until the March 4 in
auguration of Lincoln.
Reunion Plans Are
Made for Old Timers
Ashland Reunion plans
for the Old Timers Branch of
the Southern Oregon oollege
alumni association were
drawn up at a meeting of col
lege alumni and officials at
the Mcdford home of Mrs.
Anna Beeson Carter, his
torian. Tentative dales for the re
union, which is held every
two years on the SOC
campus, were set for Aug. 11,
12, and 13 to coincide with
the college summer sessions
and the Oregon Shakespear
ean Festival.
Attending were Mrs. Alice
French Willits, Old Timers
secretary; Mrs. Carter, histor
ian; Hugh G. Simpson, SOC
director of alumni affairs; and
Miss Dana Halaas of the col
lege news bureau.
Other officers of the organi
zation which is composed of
all those attending the Old
Normal School prior to Its dis
continuation by the legisla
ture in 1910, are Worth Har
vey, Eugene, president; and
Dr. Herman Scullcn, Corval
lis, vice president.
Finletter Named
NATO Ambassador
Washington - (UPI) - Presi
dent Kennedy announced Sat
urday he will name former
Air Force Secretary Thomas
K. Finletter as U. S. Ambassa
dor to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO).
Finletler, who was Air
Force Secretary from 1950 to
1953, is a leader of the "re
form" faction of the Demo
cratic party in New York. He
is an attorney and investment i
banker who, before heading
the Air Force, was minister in
charge of the Economic Coop
eration administration mission
to the United Kingdom from
1948 to 1949.
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