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MEDFOSD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, OREGON
THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, 1961
B 7
$ t$A t
- ' yCjJ
WAVY ANNIVERSARY - Crewmen aboard the atUck car
riers Intrepid, Saratoga, and Independence, top to bottom,
form ranks to spell out greetings in observance of the 50th
anniversary of naval aviation. The photo was taken off the
north coast of Sicily.
(UPI Telepholo)
I960 Was Important Year for Korea
Seoul - (UPI) - The year 1960
was the year of revolution for
the Republic of Korea. It saw
student demonstrators over-
. tnrow the autocratic govern-
ment of Dr. Svngman Rhee.
who ruled the country for 12
years.
, II was the most significant
I year for the South Korean
f people since the Korean War
which began in 1950 and end-
! td in 1953.
The April student uprisings
! that put an end to Rhee's rule
brought numerous democratic
freedoms to the South Korean
v people.
' But it also brought political
instability and social unrest.
Prime Minister John M.
: Chang's Democratic Party
government, which took the
reins auer ine levuuuiim, whs
constantly faced with the dan-
get iuuaja(: uiiuui a jjuuit-
Ical system similar to the one
that existed in the Fourth Re
public of France.
Demonstrations, large and
small, became the daily order
of the "Second Republic" of
jvorea. . .
The nation's economy, de
spite the political changes,
continued slow, steady prog
ress, although it was still far
' from attaining self-sufficiency.
The fear of inflation loomed,
however, as the year neared
its end.
i The year opened with the
nation prepared for elections
to choose a president and vice
president to rule for four
years.
Rhee, the country's first
and only president since it
recovered independence in
; 1948, seemed certain to be re
turned to office for a fourth
term. This was assured when
,nis oniy opponeni, ur. unougn
Pyung Ok, died of a heart at
tack in Washington one month
before voting day, March 15.
Rhee won the election.
It was charged and later
admitted that Rhee's govern
ment and party officials
rigged the election by stuffing
ballot boxes and using three
man and nine-man voting
teams in which the team lead
er checked marked ballots be
fore putting them into the
ballot box.
As soon as tabulation be
gan, some 20,000 high school
students and adults at the
south coast port of Masan
rose up in bloody riots attack
ing the city hall and police
stations.
The uprising soon spread to
other cities with a demand
that the election be nullified.
On April 19, a major, de
termined revolt broke out in
the capital of Seoul.
More than 100,000 students
swarmed into Seoul streets de
manding the resignation of
.the government and new elec
tions. -
Police opened fire when the
demonstrators attempted to
storm Rhee's hillside man
sion. A total of 138 bodies
were counted when the day
was over.
Maritial law was hastily
proclaimed and troops moved
in to quell the revolt. But
they were helpless.
Rhee finally was forced to
resign a week later when a
similar major uprising came
and the National Assembly
demanded he step down.
The constitution was amend
ed to establish a British-type
parliamentary form of gov
ernment in place of the presi
dential system.
Through the general elec
tions held July 29, the Con
servative Democratic Party
won a two-thirds majority in
the powerful lower house and
a substantial majority in the
upper house of the first bi
cameral parliament. Its lead
er John M. Chang became the
prime minister. t
But bitter factional strife
split the party into two op
posing groups - one led by
Prime Minister Chang and the
other headed by former Fi
nance Minister Kim Do Yun
The split reduced Chang's
strength in the National As
sembly to barely more than
a simple majority.
In the diplomatic field, the
US,-iifja Break Has Hea
in
impact
By DOUG KNDSBSON
UPI Coitnipoodent
'Washington' abrupt si'ver
ani of diplomatic relaiions
with Cuba had a heavy impact
today on all Latin America,
including Premier Fidel Cas
tro's own revolutionary re
gime. fn Argentina and Brazil,
there was talk ef a ipecial
hemisphere - wide conference
to dral with the situation cre
ated by the break. One influ
ential Brazilian congressman
Mid flatly he believed all New
World nation! tljould break
off relations with Cuba.
"Cub has placed Itself oni
eidf the Pan-American system,
and has become a Communist
bridgehead and stronghold in
the hemisphere," said Hay
rnundo Padilha, chairman of
the Foreign Relations Com-
m It dee of 8iiiIi,Cl(vnber of
I)eDiitiSy O
"The Organisation of Ameri
can States jhould liall an im
mediate meeting and Uike a
c o 1 1 e c 1 1 v stand iigmnst
Cuba."
Guatemalan Foreign Minis
ter Jetiif Unda Nfurillo, whose
government broke relation!
with the Castroites ome tima
ago, urged other Latin Ameri
can nationa-specifically Vene
zuela. Panama and Uruguay
to follow tuit.
Argentine; Foreign Minitter
Diccnea Taboada laid the
U.S.-Cuban break probably
would force pottponement of
the Inter-American Confer
ence scheduled to start March
17 in Quito.
Argentine diplomatic circles
were reported considering a
call for an emergency meet-
o
ing of Western Hemisphere i
foreign ministers to deal with
ilrgcnt mat (era on the agenda'
of the Quito confereiute.
Communist and Cantroite
minorities in auine countries'
echoed the Moscow Havana
line that Ihe break reprpient
ed U.S. "aggresiion" against
Cuba, but the general feeling
appeared lo tie that it was a
"natural and logical" conse
quence ef Castro'a unflagging
hate-America campaign.
"The grave decision of lha
Department of State only con
firm! what public opinion hat
long regarded at inevitable,"
said one observer in Uruguay.
REt CELLS
Philadelphia - It is ettima
led that t h e human blood
stream contains 35 trillion red
cells.
MoT aneK&?en
Lyifi, Mass.-IUPIl-Ejght per
jons,(a)mothcr(a)id .-fe.1! djil-
rifed, nerislted1 inJ)l-.giijli:
today.
o Tim dead' (BoluSed Mrg) .
Aitterault, &j, and ex c lice
seven children. Ill ftra 8,'so
claimed tfie fif t ftie chil
dren'! . month-old eaja.
Mrs. Amerault'l husband,
Donald, 89, tossed thair young'
est child, Dawn Marie, 4
months, 25 feet into the arms
of a neighbor.
Swn other persons includ
ing We children flf)the pre
dawn fire in the two-family
house. 0
gBCBgJUgORITY DIES
'SJahpoac, N.Y.-IUPU - Mrs.
08 Hone RfQ'i's, a dog
teeaeb'r id judge who wa3
,onsi8giCii aWiutstanding au-
thSitej cM ponies and Eng
lish coiar anielsQ died
Wednesday.
chiefceo meatvinh eWmMik
5 Moss CM FOB
new government discarded
Rhee's strong anti-Japanese
policies and his policy of non
fraternization with the so-
called neutral countries.
In efforts to improve rela
tiont with neighboring Japan,
the Chang government per
mitted the long-banned entry
into South Korea of Japanese
officials, newsmen and busi
nessmen, and resumed trade
with Janan
Preliminary diplomatic ne-1
gotiations for normalized re
lations with Japan opened in
Tokyo in October following
the good will vitit to Korea
of Japanese Foreign Minister
Zcntaro Kosaka.
The government also aban
doned Rhee's "march north"
policy of unifying the divided
nation by force. But it oppos
ed unification through neu
tralization - an idea advocat
ed by some student groups.
It insisted that Korea should
be unified through free gen
eral elections under United
Nations supervision, which
Communist North Korea firm
ly rejects.
The prospect of national
unification, thus, remained at
remote as ever.
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American Officials Seek Ways
To Help People Fleeing Cuba
Washington - (UPI) - Ameri
can officials today sought a
way to help thousands of Cu
bans whose efforts to enter
the United Stales have been
blocked by the break in rela
tions with the Castro regime.
The State Department gave
public assurance that this
country has always believed
in "open doors to people who
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are fleeing from -suffering and
tyranny."
But several proposals for
admitting Cuban refugees
have run into difficulty. Be
fore it began evacuating Wed
nesday, the U. S. embassy in
Havana had been issuing on
an average of 1,000 visas a
week for Cubans to enter the
United States.
Long Waiting List
When visa operations were
closed down, some 50,000 Cu
bans were on a waiting list
for visa interviews. Those at
the bottom of the list would
not have received an inter
view until July, 1962. The em
bassy had assigned some 30
employees to isuisng visas.
Switzerland is taking over
U. S. diplomatic inlerestt in
Cuba, but some Slate Depart
ment officials said this did
not include the power to issue
visas. Other officials said the
Swiss could issue visas, but
could not be expected to de
vote the manpower to do so
in much quantity.
At one point, officials
thought of asking Switzerland
to simply forward visa appli
cations to Washington for
processing here. But the de
partment was informed that
under the McCarren-Walter
Immigration act, visas could
be issued only in the field,
not in the United Slates.
Cubans still can enter the
United States by going first
to a third country and then
applying for visas at the
American consulates there.
U. S. officials also indicated
this country would continue
its policy of broadly inter
preting immigration laws to
permit Cubans to land in the
United States with no visas
and then be "paroled" at ref
ugees. This would require the
refugees to get themtelves out
of Cuba.
Classroom Discipline
Is Number One Problem
According to Educator
New York (Science Serv
ice) - Clasroom discipline is
the number one school prob
lem practically everywhere,
but it is more acute in U. S.
schools, a University of Cali
fornia at Los Angeles edu
cator reported here following
a six-month study tour of 14
European and Middle Eastern
countries.
The caus and solutions
vary from nation to nation,
Dr. Lawrence E. Vredevcx
told the annual meeting of
the American Attocittlon for
the Advancement of Science.
Students may be cheered by
the news that caning and pad
dling, well-applied remedies
fr breach of clastroom dis
cipline, ara becoming Itss re
spectable. However, in at
leat one private European
school, parents ra atill charg
ed for canes as a "medical"
expense.
Comparing discipline prob
lems In the U. S. with those
abroad, Vrcdevoe listed some
factorrQhat make it hartier to
enforce discipline In the (0)S.
Among of? factors are Hick
offline durninanl culture
religion, confused standards
and altitudes tov()l law en
forcement, longer and more
rigidly enforced compulsory
education, use of cars by
many high school students,
population mobility, resulting
in more transfers and less
home stability, confused atti
tudes about discipline and au
thority in the home, and
shortage of competent admin
istrators and teachers lo meet
the demand of a rising en
rollment. Schools in Ihe U. S. often
are atked to play the role ot
parent and church, "an im
possible task," Vredevoe stid.
Despite Ihe discipline handi
cap in U. S. school systems.
Vredevoa tounrl certain ad
vantage U the tysUma hart
ire not generally thertd in
F.urop or the Middle Eatt.
CUM RalaliMMBie
Among U. S. advanlagta ara
the clnaar relationship be
tween home and school, cm1
phasis on the worth of the
individual and broad oppor
tunities regardless ot" soelal
or economic background; the
comprehensive secondary
school program that can be
cK(M-aricrJ accorainR 10 uie apin
ornics of individual students,
and improved professional
status of tJJfe American
teacher.
U.S.D.A.
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